Ruptured Saccular Aneurysm Arising from Fenestrated Proximal Anterior Cerebral Artery : Case Report and Literature Review

The aneurysm arising from fenestrated proximal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is considered to be unique. The authors report a case of a 59-year-old woman who presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to a ruptured aneurysm originating from the fenestrated A1 segment of right ACA. The patient had another unruptured aneurysm which was located at the right middle cerebral artery bifurcation. She was successfully treated with surgical clipping for both aneurysms. From the previously existing literatures, we found 18 more cases (1983-2011) of aneurysms associated with fenestrated A1 segment. All cases represented saccular type of aneurysms, and 79% of the patients had SAH. There were three subtypes of the fenestrated A1 aneurysms depending on the anatomical location, relative to the fenestrated segment. The most common type was the aneurysms located on the proximal end of fenestrated artery (82%). Azygos ACA and hypoplastic A1 were frequently accompanied by the aneurysm (33% and 31%, respectively), and multiple aneurysms were shown in three cases (16%). Considering that fenestrated A1 segment is likely to develop an aneurysm, which has high risk of rupture, early management may benefit patients with aneurysms accompanied by fenestrated proximal ACA.     

平板3D-DSA在前交通动脉瘤血管内治疗中的价值

目的评估平板3D-DSA在前交通动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析12例前交通动脉瘤行介入栓塞治疗的资料,常规全脑血管DSA检查后,再行三维重建,选择适合的栓塞材料及工作角度进行手术,并分析3D-DSA对介入栓塞治疗的应用意义。结果 8例动脉瘤100%栓塞,2例栓塞95%,1例栓塞90%,1例栓塞80%,急性脑血栓形成1例,血管痉挛2例,无动脉瘤破裂出血及死亡病例。结论 3D-DSA能够详细地显示前交通动脉瘤的解剖信息,可明确其诊断,对制定栓塞手术计划及介入治疗具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Endovascular Treatment of Aneurysms Arising from the Proximal Segment of the Anterior Cerebral Artery

Objective

Aneurysms arising from the proximal segment of the anterior cerebral artery (A1) are rare and challenging to treat. The aim of this study was to report our experience with endovascular treatment of A1 Aneurysms.

Methods

From August 2007 through May 2012, eleven A1 aneurysms in eleven patients were treated endovascularly. Six aneurysms were unruptured and 5 were ruptured. One patient with an unruptured A1 aneurysm presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Procedural data, clinical and angiographic results were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

All of the aneurysms were successfully treated with coil embolization. Six were treated with a simple technique while the remaining 5 required adjunctive technique : double catheters (n=2), balloon-assisted (n=2), and stent-assisted (n=1). The immediate angiographic control showed a complete occlusion in all cases. Procedure-related complication occurred in only one patient : parent artery occlusion, which was not clinically significant. All patients had excellent clinical outcomes but one patient was discharged with a slight disability. No neurologic deterioration or bleeding was seen during the follow-up period in this cohort of patients. Follow-up angiography (mean, 20 months) was available in ten patients and revealed stable occlusion in all cases.

Conclusion

Endovascular treatment is a feasible and effective therapeutic modality for A1 aneurysms. Tailored microcatheter shaping and/or adjunctive techniques are necessary for successful aneurysm embolization because of the projection and location of A1 aneurysms.     

大脑前动脉A_1段动脉瘤的临床特点及治疗(附8例分析)

目的探讨大脑前动脉A_1段动脉瘤的临床特征以及治疗方式。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2014年3月收治的8例大脑前动脉A_1段动脉瘤的临床资料。结果蛛网膜下腔出血6例,未破裂2例;栓塞治疗4例,夹闭4例。术后随访12~36个月;6例可正常工作生活,2例生活基本能够自理;改良Rankin量表评分2分2例,1分2例,0分4例;8例DSA或CTA复查均未见复发。结论大脑前动脉A_1段动脉瘤破裂可主要表现为蛛网膜下腔出血,血管内栓塞治疗及显微夹闭术均是可行并有效的治疗方法。     

Contralateral Transradial Access for Coil Embolization of Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Associated With a Steep Ipsilateral A1-A2 Angle

ObjectiveEndovascular treatment of distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms is commonly addressed via the ipsilateral A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery. However, when the parent pericallosal artery has a sharp ipsilateral A1-A2 angle, catheterization through the ipsilateral A1 segment can potentially result in vessel injury, catheter kinking, and/or compromised/stagnant anterior cerebral artery flow. Here, we present a case of a distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm associated with a steep ipsilateral A1-A2 angle treated with contralateral transradial coil embolization.Case presentationA 91-year-old woman presented with a ruptured left distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm at the A3 segment. The parent pericallosal artery had a steep ipsilateral A1-A2 angle. To safely achieve coil embolization of the aneurysm, a contralateral transradial system via the right A1 segment was employed. Although a secondary ipsilateral transradial system was required for contrast injection, aneurysm obliteration was successfully achieved without vessel injury or system instability.ConclusionThe A1-A2 angle can be a key anatomical factor in the endovascular treatment of distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms. The contralateral transradial system is a useful treatment option for distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms associated with sharp ipsilateral A1-A2 angles. However, if the distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm cannot be clearly visualized through the contralateral system, an ipsilateral system will be required for contrast injection.     

创伤性大脑前动脉瘤的早期诊断和治疗

目的探讨早期诊断和治疗创伤性大脑前动脉瘤的临床意义。方法回顾性分析9例创伤性大脑前动脉瘤患者的临床资料,分析其受伤机制、临床表现及头颅CT或MRI的特征性表现。患者早期行CTA或DSA检查,早期手术治疗,术后随访,并进行格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分。结果 9例患者的动脉瘤均位于大脑前动脉分支,7例患者在动脉瘤破裂之前行手术治疗,2例患者在动脉瘤破裂后手术治疗。随访12个月,7例患者GOS评分5分,1例患者GOS评分4分,1例患者GOS评分3分。术后复查CTA,均无复发。结论对于高度怀疑创伤性大脑前动脉瘤的患者,应早期行CTA或DSA检查,早诊断、早治疗,手术治疗是其有效的治疗方法。     

颅内破裂动脉瘤合并脑内血肿的复合手术治疗

目的 探讨复合手术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤合并脑内血肿的疗效。方法 回顾性分析簧圈栓塞术后行颅骨钻孔血肿腔引流术治疗的5例颅内破裂动脉瘤合并脑内血肿的临床资料。结果 5例头颅CT均表现为典型蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）合并脑内血肿;DSA发现动脉瘤位于大脑前动脉A2段分叉部1例、大脑前动脉A2段1例、前交通动脉1例、颈内动脉后交通动脉1例、大脑中动脉分叉部1例;术前Hunt-Hess分级Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例。引流术后3~4 d血肿大部分引流干净,无再出血、感染及脑梗死。术后6个月GOS评分3分1例,4分1例,5分3例。结论 对合并脑内血肿的自发性SAH,首先应考虑动脉瘤破裂出血可能,需尽早行DSA检查明确诊断;复合手术对于部分未发生脑疝又合并脑内血肿的破裂动脉瘤是可行的,能取得良好的疗效。     

微小破裂前交通动脉瘤的血管内栓塞治疗

目的 总结应用血管内技术治疗微小破裂前交通动脉瘤的经验和体会。方法 回顾性分析应用血管内栓塞治疗的22例破裂的微小前交通动脉瘤患者的临床资料、栓塞过程以及结果。结果 22例全部成功栓塞,每个动脉瘤应用1～3个弹簧圈,平均2个。18例完全栓塞,3例95％栓塞,1例瘤颈残留。术中未发生动脉瘤破裂出血。10例影像学复查未见动脉瘤复发。结论 选择合适的病例,血管内栓塞可以安全有效地治疗破裂的微小前交通动脉瘤。     

早期电解可脱性微弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤

目的探讨早期血管内栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的疗效。方法回顾性分析33例颅内破裂动脉瘤行电解可脱性微弹簧圈(GDC)血管内栓塞治疗的经验。动脉瘤位置:前交通动脉7例,后交通动脉10例,颈内动脉5例,大脑中动脉6例,基底动脉2例,小脑后下动脉3例。Hunt-hess分级:Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级12例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅳ级6例,Ⅴ级2例。结果动脉瘤完全闭塞20例,90%～99%闭塞11例,90%以下闭塞2例。随访3～12个月,良好23例,中等7例,差3例,无再出血发生。结论GDC早期血管内栓塞治疗颅内破裂性动脉瘤是安全有效的治疗手段。     

Z-shaped microcatheter tip shaping for embolization of aneurysms at the proximal A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery: a technical note

Embolization of an aneurysm at the proximal A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is technically challenging. We treated four consecutive patients with unruptured aneurysms at the proximal portion of the A1 segment of the ACA. We tested various microcatheter tip shapes before we successfully embolized a lesion with a zigzag-shaped microcatheter tip, which was made by steam shaping. The shape of this microcatheter tip resembled the letter "Z", had a relatively long distal straight segment and was helpful in prompt catheterization of the aneurysm sac and stable placement of the catheter and delivery of coils.     

脑前循环系统动脉瘤显微手术(附92例报告)

目的 探讨脑前循环系统动脉瘤的手术时机、术中动脉瘤破裂的处理和多发性动脉瘤的治疗原则。方法 回顾性分析我院自1996年12月至2005年12月92例脑前循环系统动脉瘤显微手术治疗患者的临床资料。结果 92例患者共手术夹闭动脉瘤98个，同时清除血肿20例；4例多发性动脉瘤（其中1例先行一侧动脉瘤直接夹闭术，术后40d对侧动脉瘤破裂脑疝急诊手术直接夹闭3个动脉瘤）；92例中死亡2例（大面积脑梗脑疝1例，肺部感染1例）。结论 脑前循环系统动脉瘤早期施行显微手术疗效较佳。对于多发性动脉瘤，应尽可能在一期内行单侧或双侧开颅术，先处理破裂的动脉瘤，后处理未破裂动脉瘤。手术中避免动脉瘤破裂和正确处理破裂后的出血，显微镜下充分解剖蛛网膜，避免解剖关系不清状态下盲目操作及术后积极防止血管痉挛是手术成功的关键。     

The Merits of Endovascular Coil Surgery for Patients with Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Objective

The purpose of this study was to report the morbidity, mortality, angiographic results, and merits of elective coiling of unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

Methods

Ninety-six unruptured aneurysms in 92 patients were electively treated with detachable coils. Eighty-one of these aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation, and 15 were located in the posterior circulation. Thirty-six aneurysms were treated in the presence of previously ruptured aneurysms that had already undergone operation. Nine unruptured aneurysms presented with symptoms of mass effect. The remaining 51 aneurysms were incidentally discovered in patients with other cerebral diseases and in individuals undergoing routine health maintenance. Angiographic and clinical outcomes and procedure-related complications were analyzed.

Results

Eight procedure-related untoward events (8.3%) occurred during surgery or within procedure-related hospitalization, including thromboembolism, sac perforation, and coil migration. Permanent procedural morbidity was 2.2% ; there was no mortality. Complete occlusion was achieved in 73 (76%) aneurysms, neck remnant occlusion in 18 (18.7%) aneurysms, and incomplete occlusion in five (5.2%) aneurysms. Recanalization occurred in 8 (15.4%) of 52 coiled aneurysms that were available for follow-up conventional angiography or magnetic resonance angiography over a mean period of 13.3 months. No ruptures occurred during the follow-up period (12-79 months).

Conclusion

Endovascular coil surgery for patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms is characterized by low procedural mortality and morbidity and has advantages in patients with poor general health, cerebral infarction, posterior circulation aneurysms, aneurysms of the proximal internal cerebral artery, and unruptured aneurysms associated with ruptured aneurysm. For the management of unruptured aneurysms, endovascular coil surgery is considered an attractive alterative option.     

手术治疗大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤(附九例报告)

目的 探讨大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤(DACAA)的诊断和显微外科手术治疗.方法 回顾分析2007年10月至2010年3月显微手术治疗DACAA 9例.术前Hunt-Hess分级0级1例,Ⅰ级2例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级1例.结果 9例DACAA经额纵裂入路成功夹闭动脉瘤11个,动脉瘤直径在3～30 mm之间,其中囊性动脉瘤9个,梭形动脉瘤1个,巨大动脉瘤1个;位于A2段2个,A3段8个,胼周动脉末梢段1个.2例为多发动脉瘤,1例合并动静脉畸形.1例梭形动脉瘤患者术后出现对侧肢体偏瘫,余治疗效果满意,无手术死亡,亦无其他并发症.按照GOS预后评分,8例恢复良好,1例重残.结论 通过术前3D-CTA和DSA等影像学诊断和准确手术定位,经额纵裂入路显微手术夹闭DACAA效果满意.

Abstract：

Objective To report the clinical diagnosis and microsurgical treatment of ruptured distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm(DACAA)patients treated over the last 3 years.Methods 9 consecutive cases of ruptured DACAA operated from October 2007 to March 2010 were reviewed and followed up.Methods 11 aneurysms were clipped through interhemispheric approach microsurgery in 9 cases with ruptured DACAA.The diameter of 11 aneurysms was between 3-30 mm.Of which 9 cases were saccular aneurysms,1 case was fusiform aneurysm and 1 case was giant aneurysm.There were 2 aneurysm located at A2 segment of the ACA,8 located at A3 and 1 located at distal pericallosal artery.So there were 2 cases with multiple aneurysms and 1 case combined with AVM.The clinical outcomes of these patients evaluated by Glasgow Outcome Scale were:Except 1 case of fusiform DACAA presented hemiplegic paralysis after the surgery,all 8 cases discharged without deficit and no mortality in the group.Conclusion Depending on precise understanding of angiography imaging and location of 3D- CTA and DSA,interhemispheric approach is a safe method to clip the DACAA.     

血管内栓塞治疗多发性颅内动脉瘤

目的评价血管内栓塞治疗多发性颅内动脉瘤的安全性与有效性。方法回顾性分析经血管内栓塞治疗16例多发性颅内动脉瘤（共38个动脉瘤）患者的临床资料。36个动脉瘤在前循环,2例病人分别有1个动脉瘤在后循环。根据Hunt—Hess评分,Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级2例。结果15例病人一次性将所有动脉瘤栓塞,1例仅栓塞责任动脉瘤,未能栓塞的动脉瘤二期手术夹闭。无死亡病例,临床随访6个月以上,所有病例无再出血;预后按GOS评分,良好11例,轻残3例,重残1例,植物生存1例。结论血管内栓塞治疗多发性颅内动脉瘤是安全有效的。诊断明确后应尽早治疗责任动脉瘤;然后再根据未破裂动脉瘤的处理原则,选择性栓塞其它未破裂动脉瘤。     

Intraaneurysmal embolization of an unruptured basilar tip aneurysm associated with moyamoya disease.

We describe a patient with moyamoya disease associated with an unruptured basilar tip aneurysm which was treated by endovascular embolization using Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs). A 53-year-old man presented with left hemiparesis persisting for 3 mon ths before admission. Cerebral angiography revealed occlusion of the bilateral middle cerebral arteries and the left anterior cerebral artery, stenosis of the right anterior cerebral artery, and basal moyamoya vessels. In addition, a saccular small aneurysm was seen at the top of the basilar artery. The aneurysm was completely embolized by intraaneurysmal GDCs. Direct surgical clipping is often selected for the treatment of posterior fossa aneurysms in moyamoya disease. However, complete clipping is usually difficult due to the difficulties in operative technique associated with moyamoya disease. We suggest that the endovascular treatment using GDCs is comparatively safe and effective for the treatment of surgically difficult aneurysms in patients with moyamoya disease.     

血管内栓塞治疗破裂的前交通动脉瘤

目的探讨血管内栓塞治疗破裂的前交通动脉瘤的方法及并发症的防治。方法60例前交通动脉瘤采用水解、电解可脱性弹簧圈进行血管内栓塞。结果59例患者栓塞成功，1例因栓塞失败行手术夹闭。按GOS评分进行疗效评价，Ⅳ-Ⅴ级55例，Ⅲ级3例，Ⅰ级（死亡）2例。58例随访3～12个月均无再出血症状。55例行DSA或MRA检查，50例均未见动脉瘤再通，5例动脉瘤残腔未见增大。结论破裂的前交通动脉瘤栓塞术前应对动脉瘤进行充分评估。选择适当的弹簧圈进行填塞，术中适时造影，了解动脉瘤填塞情况及载瘤动脉的循环情况可避免血栓形成、动脉瘤再破裂等术中并发症的发生。血管内栓塞前交通动脉瘤的近、中期疗效是肯定的，但远期疗效还有待进一步观察。     

Perioperative management and outcome after surgical treatment of anterior cerebral artery aneurysms

The authors present clinical experience with 28 cases of ruptured anterior cerebral artery (ACA) aneurysms managed personally during a 36 month period, and 10 unruptured ACA aneurysms. The cases included five giant aneurysms and four distal ACA aneurysms. Management strategy was uniform and included early operative intervention (except in the setting of deteriorating neurologic deficit, not attributable to hydrocephalus or hematoma), and vasospasm prophylaxis including calcium channel blockers and hypervolemic hemodilution and arterial hypertension. Modern diagnostic adjuncts including transcranial doppler were used as they became available. Good outcome (outcome grade 1 or 2) was observed at 6 months in 71% (20/28) of ruptured cases and in 90% (9/10) of unruptured cases; fair outcome (outcome grade 3) was observed in 14% (4/28) of ruptured cases and in 10% of unruptured cases; bad outcome (outcome grade 4 or 5) was observed in 14% (4/28) of ruptured cases. There were no instances of rebleeding after admission to the hospital. There was a single mortality in a patient moribund on admission. Delayed ischemic deterioration (DID) was documented in 46% (13 of 28) of the ruptured cases, and was a major source of morbidity in 7 of the 9 instances of fair or poor outcome in the series. Management outcome, including the occurrence of subtle neuropsychological difficulties commonly described in cases with ACA aneurysms, is discussed with relation to the incidence of DID, the clinical course of DID, and the possible impact of various therapeutic strategies.     

Size and Location of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Objective

The aim of study was to review our patient population to determine whether there is a critical aneurysm size at which the incidence of rupture increases and whether there is a correlation between aneurysm size and location.

Methods

We reviewed charts and radiological findings (computed tomography (CT) scans, angiograms, CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography) for all patients operated on for intracranial aneurysms in our hospital between September 2002 and May 2004. Of the 336 aneurysms that were reviewed, measurements were obtained from angiograms for 239 ruptured aneurysms by a neuroradiologist at the time of diagnosis in our hospital.

Results

There were 115 male and 221 female patients assessed in this study. The locations of aneurysms were the middle cerebral artery (MCA, 61), anterior communicating artery (ACoA, 66), posterior communicating artery (PCoA, 52), the top of the basilar artery (15), internal carotid artery (ICA) including the cavernous portion (13), anterior choroidal artery (AChA, 7), A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery (3), A2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery (11), posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA, 8), superior cerebellar artery (SCA, 2), P2 segment of the posterior cerebral artery (1), and the vertebral artery (2). The mean diameter of aneurysms was 5.47±2.536 mm in anterior cerebral artery (ACA), 6.84±3.941 mm in ICA, 7.09±3.652 mm in MCA and 6.21±3.697 mm in vertebrobasilar artery. The ACA aneurysms were smaller than the MCA aneurysms. Aneurysms less than 6 mm in diameter included 37 (60.65%) in patients with aneurysms in the MCA, 43 (65.15%) in patients with aneurysms in the ACoA and 29 (55.76%) in patients with aneurysms in the PCoA.

Conclusion

Ruptured aneurysms in the ACA were smaller than those in the MCA. The most prevalent aneurysm size was 3-6 mm in the MCA (55.73%), 3-6 mm in the ACoA (57.57%) and 4-6 mm in the PCoA (42.30%). The more prevalent size of the aneurysm to treat may differ in accordance with the location of the aneurysm.     

颅内动脉瘤破裂导致脑内血肿的诊断与治疗

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂导致脑内血肿的诊断和治疗原则。方法本组男15例，女12例，年龄18～67岁，平均51岁。27例脑内血肿均经脑血管造影（DSA）或CT脑血管造影（CTA）检查确诊，其中前交通动脉瘤7例，后交通动脉瘤10例，大脑中动脉瘤9例，后交通动脉瘤合并大脑中动脉瘤1例。本研究对其临床表现、影像学特点及处理原则分别进行了分析。结果27例患者中有24例行开颅动脉瘤夹闭及血肿清除术，2例行股动脉穿刺血管内弹簧圈栓塞治疗，1例行DSA检查确诊动脉瘤后术前准备时再出血，抢救无效死亡。根据GOS分级，本组Ⅰ级3例，Ⅱ级1例，Ⅲ级3例，Ⅳ级7例，Ⅴ级13例。结论某些特殊部位的白发性脑内血肿，有可能是颅内动脉瘤破裂出血所致，需尽早行DSA或CTA检查明确诊断，治疗以手术为首选，术中夹闭动脉瘤并将血肿清除。     

Upregulation of HMGB1 in wall of ruptured and unruptured human cerebral aneurysms: preliminary results

A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation plays a crucial role in cerebral aneurysm initiation, progression, and rupture. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a non-histone nuclear protein that can serve as an alarmin to drive the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of HMGB1 in the wall of ruptured and unruptured human cerebral aneurysms. Human cerebral aneurysms (25 ruptured and 16 unruptured) were immunohistochemically stained for HMGB1. As controls, four specimens of the middle cerebral arteries obtained at autopsy were also immunostained. Immunofluorescence double staining was used to determine HMGB1 cellular distribution. HMGB1 was nearly undetectable in the controls. All aneurysm tissues stained positive for HMGB1 monoclonal antibody, and expression of HMGB1 was more abundant in ruptured aneurysm tissue than unruptured aneurysms (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of HMGB1 had no correlation with aneurysm size and time resected after the rupture. HMGB1 nuclear immunoreactivity was co-localized with immunoreactivity of CD3 in T lymphocytes, CD20 in B lymphocytes, CD68 in macrophages, α-SMA in smooth muscle cells, and CD31 in endothelial cells. Cytoplasmic HMGB1 localization was also detected in macrophages and T lymphocytes. Taken together, HMGB1 is expressed in the wall of human cerebral aneurysms and is more abundant in ruptured aneurysms than in unruptured ones. These data indicate a possible role of HMGB1 in the pathophysiology of human cerebral aneurysms.