Management of obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary care

AimsObesity and being overweight is the most powerful risk factor accounting for 80–90% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The epidemic of obesity is driving the diabetes epidemic to alarming levels and primary care is becoming an important setting for obesity management in T2DM in India. Yet many primary care providers feel ill-equipped or inadequately supported to address obesity in patients with diabetes. This article reviews the most recent and strongest evidence-based strategies that may aid physicians in management of obesity in patients with T2DM in primary care.Material and methodsA systematic literature search of MEDLINE using the search terms Obesity, Obesity in T2DM, weight loss and Primary Care was conducted. The American Diabetes Association, National Institute for Health, National Institute of Health and Excellence (NICE), Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) and World Health Organization websites were also searched. Most studies in this area are observational in design with few randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Articles and studies involving meta-analysis or RCTs were preferred over other types.Results and conclusionEffective weight management treatment in T2DM patient can be implemented in the primary care setting. Evidence based individualized lifestyle and pharmacologic measures supported by behavioral intervention and counseling with appropriate and informed surgical referrals has the potential to improve the success of weight management within primary care.     

原发性硬化性胆管炎合并2型糖尿病患者糖皮质激素和胰岛素的合理应用经验

正原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC)是一种以肝内外胆管慢性进行性炎症和纤维化,导致胆管多灶性狭窄为特征的胆汁淤积性自身免疫性肝病。西方国家流行病学报告PSC患病率为3.36~4.7/10万,年发病率为0.41~1.3/10万,男性多见,男女比例为1.5~2.0∶1.0,患者确诊时中位年龄约为40岁,大部分患者最终进展至肝硬化甚至肝功能衰竭,10 a生存率约为65%~[1-4]。PSC发病机     

2型糖尿病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与下肢动脉硬化的关系

目的 探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平与2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者下肢动脉硬化的关系,并分析影响2型糖尿病患者Hcy代谢的因素.方法 将118例2型糖尿病患者分为2组：无下肢动脉硬化并发症组（55例）和2型糖尿病合并下肢动脉硬化病变组（63例）;60例体检正常者作为正常对照组.采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定血浆Hcy浓度,发光免疫法测定叶酸、VitB12浓度;自动生化分析仪测定空腹血糖（FBS）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）.对各组不同指标的差异进行统计学分析.结果 2型糖尿病合并下肢动脉硬化组患者血浆Hcy浓度较2型糖尿病无下肢动脉硬化组和对照组高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,血浆Hcy水平与叶酸、VitB12水平呈负相关.结论 Hcy参与了2型糖尿病下肢动脉硬化病变的发病过程,Hcy水平与叶酸、VitB12水平有关.     

利拉鲁肽对2型糖尿病患者血浆丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂水平的影响

目的 探讨胰高糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)类似物利拉鲁肽(Liraglutide)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血浆丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(Vaspin)水平的影响.方法 采用酶联免疫法测定T2DM患者及正常人Vaspin水平,分析血浆Vaspin水平与体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-IS)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)等的关系,观察利拉鲁肽治疗前后T2DM患者血浆Vaspin水平变化.结果 T2DM患者血浆Vaspin水平显著高于正常人(P＜0.05).血浆Vaspin水平与空腹血糖(FPG)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)呈明显正相关(r=0.35,P＜0.01和r=0.25,P＜0.05),而与DBP呈明显负相关(r=-0.25,P＜0.05),FPG、WHR分别是影响血浆Vaspin水平的独立相关因素.T2DM患者经利拉鲁肽治疗后,体重、BMI、WHR、FPG、餐后2小时血糖(2 h PG)、HbA1c均显著降低(P＜0.01),而HOMA-IS则显著增高(P＜0.01),空腹血浆Vaspin也显著增高(P＜0.05).结论 利拉鲁肽能有效改善T2DM患者糖脂代谢和胰岛素敏感性,增强胰岛β细胞功能,同时升高血浆Vaspin水平.     

Apolipoprotein (a) levels in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are both characterized by increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Since several reports have indicated that apolipoprotein (a) [apo (a)] levels are positively associated with an increased risk of macrovascular disease, we investigated whether apo (a) levels are elevated in both types of diabetes mellitus and may thus represent an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. Apo(a) concentrations in type 1 diabetic patients were not significantly different from matched controls (276±78 vs 149±46 units/l). Type 2 diabetic patients had considerably higher levels of apo (a) than matched controls (471±89 vs 221±61 units/l,P=0.06), though the difference was not statistically significant. However, concentrations of apo (a) were above 300 units/l in 36% of type 1 and 67% of type 2 diabetic patients, but in only 14% and 25% respectively of matched control subjects. Plasma triglycerides were positively and independently correlated with apo (a) levels in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. On the other hand, no significant correlation was found between apo (a) levels and glycosylated haemoglobin, total cholesterol or high density lipoprotein cholesterol in any of the groups studied. In conclusion, apo (a) levels are not significantly elevated either in type 1 or type 2 diabetic patients without proteinuria and in moderate metabolic control; however, levels above 300 units/l were 2.6 times more frequent in both types of diabetes mellitus than in carefully age-, sex-, and weight-matched control subjects.     

对2型糖尿病患者启动胰岛素治疗的思考

在2型糖尿病的治疗中尽早启动胰岛素治疗,是血糖达标的需要,也是保护胰岛β细胞、恢复其功能,从而延缓糖尿病进展的需要。初诊2型糖尿病患者经过3个月的生活方式干预和优化的口服降糖药物治疗血糖仍不能达标时,即应启动胰岛素治疗。对代谢紊乱严重、血糖水平较高的患者,应及时启动胰岛素强化治疗。可供选择的胰岛素治疗方案很多,各有优缺点和适应人群,临床上应当因患者而异地选择适宜的起始治疗方案。如何依据糖化血红蛋白（Hb）A1c选择起始治疗方案,目前尚无定论。推荐当HbA1c≤8．5％时主要选择基础胰岛素,HbA1c〉8．5％时选择预混胰岛素或基础—餐时或持续皮下胰岛素输注（CSII）作为起始胰岛素治疗方案。     

2型糖尿病患者血瘦素水平与高血压的相关性研究

选择122例2型糖尿病患者,分为合并高血压组和血压正常组,各组又分别分为肥胖和非肥胖亚组.测定其体重指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FBG)和胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及血清瘦素水平,并作相关性分析.结果显示,2型糖尿病患者高血压组与非高血压组间血清瘦素水平无差异(P＞0.05);血清瘦素水平与BMI、空腹胰岛素呈正相关关系(P＜0.01),与血压无明显相关性(P＞0.05);但在合并高血压组,血清瘦素水平与HbA1c呈负相关关系(P＜0.05).提示2型糖尿病患者的血清瘦素水平与血压无明显相关性,但合并高血压患者长时间血糖控制不良可能会导致血清瘦素水平的下降.     

Effects of the long-acting human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide on plasma omentin-1 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective

Omentin is a protein expressed and secreted from visceral but not subcutaneous adipose tissue, which increases insulin sensitivity in human adipocytes. However, its pathophysiologic role in humans remains largely unknown. The objective of this study is to assess plasma omentin-1 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and matched control subjects and to investigate the effects of liraglutide on plasma omentin-1 levels in patients with T2DM.

Patients and methods

Thirty T2DM patients with poor glycemic control after more than 3 months of treatment with one or two OHA(s) (T2DM), and 30 matched normal glycaemic controls (NGT) participated in the study. The T2DM group was given an injection of liraglutide once-daily for 16 weeks. Plasma omentin-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the relationship between plasma omentin-1 levels and metabolic parameters was also analyzed.

Results

Plasma omentin-1 levels were lower in T2DM than in the control (19.3 ± 4.0 μg/L vs. 26.4 ± 6.0 μg/L, P < 0.01). Plasma omentin-1 levels increased significantly in T2DM patients after treatment with liraglutide compared with pre-treatment (19.3 ± 4.0 μg/L vs. 21.2 ± 3.9 μg/L, P < 0.01). In all diabetic patients, multiple regression analysis showed that FINS and HOMA-IR were independently associated with plasma omentin-1 levels.

Conclusions

In T2DM patients, plasma omentin-1 levels decreased, but significantly increased after the treatment with liraglutide and metformin. These data suggest that liraglutide may play a role in increasing omentin-1 levels in T2DM patients.     

2型糖尿病并发脂肪肝的临床研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并脂肪肝的主要危险因素。方法采用病例对照研究的方法观察338例2型糖尿病并发脂肪肝和无脂肪肝患者的年龄、身高、体重、腰围、臀围、体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比、空腹血糖（FBG）、C肽、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、总胆红素（TBIL）、直接胆红素（DBIL）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（γ-GT）、肌酐、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、2 h血糖、2 h C肽等指标：多因素相关分析采用Logistic逐步回归。结果2型糖尿病并发脂肪肝组与无脂肪肝组年龄、身高、FBG、2 h血糖、HbAlc、TBIL、DBIL、ALP、肌酐、TC、LDL无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,体重、BMI、腰围、臀围、腰臀比、空腹C肽、2hC肽、AST、ALT、γ-GT、TG、HDL有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;BMI（OR=1.22）、空腹C肽（OR=2.24）与2型糖尿病并发脂肪肝呈正相关,HDL（OR=0.26）与2型糖尿病并发脂肪肝呈负相关。结论肥胖、胰岛素抵抗及脂质代谢紊乱是2型糖尿病并发脂肪肝的主要危险因素。     

老年2型糖尿病高尿酸血症相关因素分析

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病高尿酸血症的相关因素。方法将2013-01~2016-01该院住院治疗的240例60岁以上2型糖尿病老年患者,按血尿酸水平分为高尿酸(HUA)组(A组)45例,非高尿酸(NUA)组(B组)195例,分析两组体重指数(BMI)、血压、空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)水平差异。结果老年2型糖尿病高尿酸血症患病率18.7%。高尿酸血症与TG、TC、BMI、血压密切相关。结论应控制体重,降低TG,积极预防老年2型糖尿病高尿酸血症。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病合并2型糖尿病患者血清铁蛋白变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清铁蛋白(SF)的变化及其临床意义.方法 本文纳入633例NAFLD合并T2DM、163例T2DM和163例NAFLD患者,检测血清SF和其他血清指标,应用二分类Logistic多元回归分析.结果 NAFLD合并T2DM患者血清SF水平为(293...     

74例酮症倾向的2型糖尿病患者临床特点分析

目的 探讨酮症倾向的2型糖尿病患者的临床特征.方法 选取我院74例酮症倾向的2型糖尿病患者,与172例无酮症倾向的2型糖尿病患者及58例1型糖尿病患者临床特点进行回顾性分析.结果 酮症倾向的2型糖尿病患者有如下特点:(1)血糖水平明显高于无酮症倾向的2型糖尿病患者(P＜0.01);(2)与1型糖尿病患者相比,仍存留部分胰岛功能,空腹C肽、餐后C肽水平明显高于1型糖尿病患者(P＜0.01);(3)体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、血脂水平明显高于1型糖尿病患者(P＜0.01);(4)代谢综合征的发生率明显高于1型糖尿病患者(P＜0.01),与无酮症倾向的2型糖尿病患者相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 以酮症起病的初发2型糖尿病患者具有较高的血糖水平,胰岛β细胞功能受损,代谢综合征发生率较高.     

Evaluation of unmet medical need among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and efficacy of Lixisenatide treatment among Asian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

AimsThis study determined the unmet medical need of basal insulin therapy among type 2 diabetes patients who participated in the ALOHA study. Also a meta-analysis of the GetGoal-Duo1, -L, and -L-Asia trials was conducted to examine the impact of lixisenatide add-on treatment to basal insulin therapy ± OADs specifically among Asian type 2 diabetes patients.MethodsThe proportions of Japanese patients with an unmet need of diabetes management, defined as not achieving an HbA1c < 7% despite having a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) < 130 mg/dL, and without an unmet need, defined as having an endpoint HbA1c < 7%, regardless of FPG level, were determined for the ALOHA study population, which was conducted as a post-marketing survey for insulin glargine in Japan. For the meta-analysis, all Asian modified intent-to-treat patients with baseline and endpoint HbA1c measurements reported from the 3 GetGoal trials were included.ResultsAmong 1013 Japanese type 2 diabetes patients in the ALOHA study, 36% had an unmet need. In the GetGoal-Duo1, -L, and L-Asia trials, 237 Asian patients were treated with lixisenatide add-on treatment to basal insulin and 226 received placebo. Lixisenatide add-on treatment vs. placebo was associated with the following significant mean changes in efficacy outcomes at week 24: HbA1c: −0.6%, p = 0.005; FPG: −13.3 mg/dL, p = 0.004; PPG: −101.4 mg/dL, p < 0.001; weight: −0.5 kg, p = 0.018; basal insulin dose: −1.6 U, p < 0.001.ConclusionsLixisenatide add-on treatment may provide a viable option to address the unmet need of basal insulin therapy among Asian type 2 diabetes patients.     

Serum uric acid levels and diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A dose-response meta-analysis

ObjectiveOur study aimed to assess the existing evidence on whether serum uric acid (SUA) levels are associated with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsWe conducted a systematic search of articles up to October 2021 in Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and Web of Science that estimated DKD by SUA levels in patients with T2DM. Pooled relative risks with 95% CI were calculated using random effects modelsResultsA total of eight cohort studies involving 25,741 T2DM patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that compared the highest with the lowest category of SUA level, the summary risk ratios were 2.04 (95%CI 1.43–2.92, P < 0.001). The linear dose-response analysis revealed that the risk of DKD increased by 24% for each 1 mg/dl increase of SUA. The non-linear dose-response analysis also showed a significant relevance between SUA and the risk of DKD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (P < 0.001).ConclusionsSerum uric acid is associated with an increased risk of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum uric acid level could be a good indicator for predicting diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

重组促胰岛素分泌素对2型糖尿病患者血浆FGF-21水平的影响

目的 探讨注射用重组促胰岛素分泌素(recombinant exendin-4 for injection,E-4)治疗对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血浆成纤维细胞生长因子-21(FGF-21)水平的影响.方法 采用酶联免疫法测定40例健康对照和33例T2DM患者血浆FGF-21水平以及使用E-4治疗前后的变化,探讨血浆FGF-21水平与体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、血脂、血糖及胰岛素等的关系.结果 T2DM患者血浆FGF-21水平明显升高[(2.16±0.20)vs(1.53±0.36)μg/L,P<0.05].多元逐步回归分析表明,HbAlc及TG是影响血浆FGF-21水平的独立危险因素(YFGF-21=1.370+0.069XHbAlc+0.056XTG).E-4治疗后T2DM患者血浆FGF-21水平明显低于用药前[(2.15±0.21)vs(1.99±0.12)μg/L,P<0.05].结论 T2DM患者血浆FGF-21水平改变可能与其代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗有关,并可能是E-4作用的生物靶点之一.     

Screening for type 2 diabetes after a diagnosis of gestational diabetes by ethnicity: A retrospective cohort study

AimsTo estimate rates and identify determinants of post-partum glucose screening attendance in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).MethodsRetrospective cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to Hospital Episode Statistics, to identify women diagnosed with GDM between 01/01/2000 and 05/11/2018. Age adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsIn 10,868 women with GDM, with an average follow-up of 5.38 years (95% CI 5.31,5.45), there was an average of 3.79 (95% CI 3.70,3.89) screening episodes per individual, with a mean time to first screening test of 1.22 (95% CI 1.18, 1.25) years. South Asian women had a significantly greater likelihood of being screened compared to White women within the first 5 years post-partum, aOR: 1.89 95% CI (1.20,2.98). A low proportion of women received at least one test per year of follow-up (23.87%). Older age at GDM diagnosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, prescribed medication for GDM, and living in England, were all associated with a greater likelihood of being screened.ConclusionWhile the majority of women with previous GDM receive at least one glucose screening test within the first 5 years post-partum, fewer than a quarter of them receive on average one test per year of follow-up. Developing strategies to motivate more women to attend screening in primary care is essential.     

Prevalence and associations of low plasma erythropoietin in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: Low plasma erythropoietin (EPO) is a key causal factor in the anaemia of diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anaemia in relation to EPO in patients with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In a clinic-based cross-sectional study of 161 Type 2 diabetes patients, we measured EPO, ferritin and full blood count. The patients were classified on the basis of the urine albumin:creatinine excretion ratio as normo-, micro- or macroalbuminuric. Serum creatinine, cystatin C and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated from cystatin C were used as markers of renal function. All the patients were assessed for symptoms and signs of diabetic complications, including diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy (PSN). RESULTS: Twenty-one (13.0%) patients were anaemic; 80 patients (49.7%) had low EPO (< 5 mU/ml), of whom 28.8% had a GFR < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2; 57.5% were normoalbuminuric, 33.7% were microalbuminuric and 8.8% macroalbuminuric. Although EPO was significantly higher in anaemic patients compared with non-anaemic patients, the EPO response was inappropriate for the degree of anaemia. Of patients with PSN, 66.7% had low EPO but there was no significant difference in EPO between patients with and without PSN. Log EPO correlated significantly with urine microalbumin:creatinine ratio and logistic regression analysis showed that haemoglobin, age and urine microalbumin: creatinine ratio were the main determinants of EPO. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of microalbuminuria is the most significant determinant of plasma EPO, which is often low or inappropriately normal in diabetic patients with and without anaemia.