Endoluminal stenting for the management of leak following sleeve gastrectomy and loop duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy

Postoperative leak is a serious complication of bariatric surgery and often results in significant morbidity and mortality. Stent placement is a less invasive alternative to surgery for the treatment of bariatric surgical leak. We evaluated the efficacy and complications of covered self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) in the treatment of post-bariatric surgical leak. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent stent placement for leak after bariatric surgery. Leak was diagnosed by upper gastrointestinal series or was visualized during the endoscopy. We examined the timing of stent placement, size of the leak, stent migration and its complications, total stent treatment duration, and treatment outcome. Between January 2011 and April 2015, seven patients underwent covered SEMS placement for leak after bariatric surgery, including laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) (n = 5) and laparoscopic loop duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (LDJB-SG) (n = 2). A stent was placed in one patient for infection control and bridging to revisional surgery. Among the other six patients, one patient who received stent placement one year after leak diagnosis failed to achieve leak closure, and five patients with early stent placement achieved leak closure. Three patients with small leak achieved leak closure more quickly. Stent migration was found in six patients, and associated ulcers occurred in five patients. We conclude that stenting is effective in the management of staple-line leaks following LSG and LDJB-SG. Stent migration and associated ulcers are common after stent placement. Early stent removal can be achieved in patients with small leaks.     

Staple-line leak after sleve gastrectomy in obese patients: A hot topic in bariatric surgery

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a surgical procedure that is being increasingly performed on obese patients. Among its complications, leaks are the most serious and life threatening. The placement of esophageal, covered, self-expandable metal stents in these cases has been performed by many authors but reports on the outcome of this procedure are limited and the technical aspects are not well defined. Stent migration is the main complication of the procedure and poses a challenge to the surgeon, with a limited number of options. Here we evaluate the technical and clinical outcome of a new, dedicated, self-expanding metal stent, comparing the advantages of this stent to those traditionally used to treat staple-line leak after sleeve gastrectomy. While published data are limited, they seem support the use of this kind of new stent as the best option for the stenting treatment of a staple-line leak after sleeve gastrectomy, over other kinds of stents. Further studies based on larger series are needed to better evaluate patient outcome.     

Early major complications after bariatric surgery in the USA, 2003–2014: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

The effectiveness of bariatric surgery has been well‐studied. However, complications after bariatric surgery have been understudied. This review assesses <30‐d major complications associated with bariatric procedures, including anastomotic leak, myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism. This review included 71 studies conducted in the USA between 2003 and 2014 and 107,874 patients undergoing either gastric bypass, adjustable gastric banding or sleeve gastrectomy, with mean age of 44 years and pre‐surgery body mass index of 46.5 kg m^?2. Less than 30‐d anastomotic leak rate was 1.15%; myocardial infarction rate was 0.37%; pulmonary embolism rate was 1.17%. Among all patients, mortality rate following anastomotic leak, myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism was 0.12%, 0.37% and 0.18%, respectively. Among surgical procedures, <30‐d after surgery, sleeve gastrectomy (1.21% [95% confidence interval, 0.23–2.19%]) had higher anastomotic leak rate than gastric bypass (1.14% [95% confidence interval, 0.84–1.43%]); gastric bypass had higher rates of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism than adjustable gastric banding or sleeve gastrectomy. During the review, we found that the quality of complication reporting is lower than the reporting of other outcomes. In summary, <30‐d rates of the three major complications after either one of the procedures range from 0% to 1.55%. Mortality following these complications ranges from 0% to 0.64%. Future studies reporting complications after bariatric surgery should improve their reporting quality.     

Inflammatory and metabolic markers and comorbidities remission following sleeve gastrectomy: A single center one-year cohort study

Background and aimObesity is a global concern with several health-related complications. Bariatric surgeries are major treatment options in patients with obesity and other comorbidities. This study aims to investigate the effects of sleeve gastrectomy on metabolic indexes, hyperechogenic liver changes, inflammatory state, diabetes, and other obesity-related comorbidities remission after the sleeve gastrectomy.MethodsThis prospective study was conducted on patients with obesity candidates for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Patients were followed for one year after the surgery. Comorbidities, metabolic and inflammatory parameters were assessed before and one- year after the surgery.Results137 patients (16 males, 44 in the DM group) underwent sleeve gastrectomy. One year after the study, obesity-related comorbidities improved significantly; diabetes had complete remission in 22.7% and partial remission in 63.6% of patients. Hyper-cholesterolemia, hyper-triglyceridemia, and hyper-uricemia also improved in 45.6%, 91.2%, and 69% of the patients. Metabolic syndrome indexes improved in 17.5% of the patients. Also, the prevalence of hyperechogenic changes in the liver has declined from 21% before the surgery to 1.5% after that. Based on logistic regression analysis, increased levels of HbA1C reduced the chance of diabetes remission by 0.9%. In comparison, every unit of increased BMI before the surgery improved the case of diabetes remission by 16%.ConclusionLaparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a safe and effective treatment option in patients with obesity and diabetes. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy alleviates BMI and insulin resistance and effectively improves other obesity-related comorbidities such as Hypercholesterolemia, hyper-triglyceridemia, hyper-uricemia, and hyperechogenic changes of the liver. HbA1C and BMI before the surgery are notable predictors of diabetes remission within the first year after the surgery.     

Gastric leaks post sleeve gastrectomy: Review of its prevention and management

Gastric sleeve gastrectomy has become a frequent bariatric procedure. Its apparent simplicity hides a number of serious, sometimes fatal, complications. This is more important in the absence of an internationally adopted algorithm for the management of the leaks complicating this operation. The debates exist even regarding the definition of a leak, with several classification systems that can be used to predict the cause of the leak, and also to determine the treatment plan. Causes of leak are classified as mechanical, technical and ischemic causes. After defining the possible causes, authors went into suggesting a number of preventive measures to decrease the leak rate, including gentle handling of tissues, staple line reinforcement, larger bougie size and routine use of methylene blue test per operatively. In our review, we noticed that the most important clinical sign or symptom in patients with gastric leaks are fever and tachycardia, which mandate the use of an abdominal computed tomography, associated with an upper gastrointrstinal series and/or gastroscopy if no leak was detected. After diagnosis, the management of leak depends mainly on the clinical condition of the patient and the onset time of leak. It varies between prompt surgical intervention in unstable patients and conservative management in stable ones in whom leaks present lately. The management options include also endoscopic interventions with closure techniques or more commonly exclusion techniques with an endoprosthesis. The aim of this review was to highlight the causes and thus the prevention modalities and find a standardized algorithm to deal with gastric leaks post sleeve gastrectomy.     

Resolution of an esophageal leak and posterior gastric wall necrosis with esophageal self-expandable metal stents

The use of weight reduction surgeries has increased over the years with a higher proportion of these surgeries being sleeve gastrectomies,this has been associated with some complications including staple line leaks.We report a 32-year-old male who had undergone a laparoscopic gastric band surgery and subsequently a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,this was complicated by both an staple line leak at the gastroesophageal junction as well as a large(> 4 cm) posterior gastric wall defect due to gastric wall necrosis. We used two co-axially inserted self-expandable stents(SEMS) in the management of this patient,5 stents were used over repeated endoscopy sessions and 20 wk. Both defects had resolved without the need for surgical intervention.This is the first reported case were SEMS are used for both a staple line leak as well as a gastric wall defect.We also review the literature on the use of SEMS in the management of leaks post weight reduction surgeries.     

腹腔镜袖状胃切除术操作指南（2018版）

中国肥胖症患病率逐年增加,越来越多的临床证据表明"腹腔镜袖状胃切除术"能明显减轻单纯性肥胖症患者的体重,并缓解肥胖相关代谢性疾病。对于腹腔镜袖状胃切除术,我国仍缺少相应的规范手术操作指南。因此,"中国医师协会外科医师分会肥胖和糖尿病外科医师委员会"组织编写首版《腹腔镜袖状胃切除术操作指南》,旨在对国内减重代谢领域的腹腔镜袖状胃切除术操作进行规范化和标准化,为该领域的临床外科医生们提供标准规范手术操作步骤。     

Nonoperative Management of Leaks After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy With Endoscopic Stents in a Tertiary Referral Center

BackgroundLaparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a frequently performed operation. Leaks are formidable complications; however, the optimal management of these leaks is controversial.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 15 patients referred to our tertiary center between 2012 and 2016 with leaks after LSG.ResultsIn 12 patients with whom ongoing leaks were identified, stents were inserted with the intent of definitive therapy. In addition to attempts at source control, percutaneous drainage was carried out for intraabdominal collection in 9 patients and pleural effusion in 4 patients. The length of stay in the intensive care unit was significantly shorter in patients referred earlier or in those without any intervention.ConclusionLSG leaks can be treated nonoperatively in well-organized centers under meticulously designed protocols, depending on the clinical condition of the patient.     

腹腔镜袖状胃切除在治疗肥胖及代谢综合征的疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜袖状胃切除（LSG）在治疗肥胖及代谢综合征的疗效,并分析其手术的安全性。 方法收集2014年11月至2018年1月期间长江大学医学院附属仙桃市第一人民医院肝胆外科的18例及昆明医科大学附属第二医院胃肠外科的32例,共50例接受LSG治疗的肥胖症患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析,通过术后4年随访,记录患者体重、实验室指标、合并症的改善、并发症的处理等数据等,统计分析患者术前及术后机体的代谢指标、微量元素的变化、合并症的缓解及并发症的处置结果等情况。 结果50例肥胖症患者均成功实施LSG,患者术后体重、体质量指数（BMI）、多余体质量减轻百分比（%EWL）等指标于术后3月出现明显下降（P<0.05）,术后24月、36月、48月趋于稳定（P>0.05）;评价指标甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）于术后6月改变明显,术后12月趋于稳定（P>0.05）;铁元素（Fe）、维生素B₁₂术前3月曾下降趋势（P<0.05）,术后3月经过饮食调理及补充趋于稳定（P>0.05）。合并症情况,30例糖尿病患者空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）术后6月内逐渐下降（P<0.05）,期间其中术后6月有27例完全缓解（90.0%）,3例部分缓解（10.0%）,术后4年内血糖趋于稳定（P>0.05）;术后2年内高血压,睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSA）,多囊卵巢综合征得到了不同程度的缓解。术后近期严重并发症3例,远期并发症9例,通过相关处理后达临床治愈。 结论LSG对肥胖及代谢综合征效果显著,手术操作易行,并发症较少,在临床上值得推广。     

Gastroesophageal reflux disease,obesity and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: The burning questions

Obesity is a global health epidemic with considerable economic burden.Surgical solutions have become increasingly popular following technical advances leading to sustained efficacy and reduced risk.Sleeve gastrectomy accounts for almost half of all bariatric surgeries worldwide but concerns regarding its relationship with gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)has been a topic of debate.GERD,including erosive esophagitis,is highly prevalent in the obese population.The role of pre-operative endoscopy in bariatric surgery has been controversial.Two schools of thought exist on the matter,one that believes routine upper endoscopy before bariatric surgery is not warranted in the absence of symptoms and another that believes that symptoms are poor predictors of underlying esophageal pathology.This debate is particularly important considering the evidence for the association of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy(LSG)with de novo and/or worsening GERD compared to the less popular Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure.In this paper,we try to address 3 burning questions regarding the inter-relationship of obesity,GERD,and LSG:(1)What is the prevalence of GERD and erosive esophagitis in obese patients considered for bariatric surgery?(2)Is it necessary to perform an upper endoscopy in obese patients considered for bariatric surgery?And(3)What are the long-term effects of sleeve gastrectomy on GERD and should LSG be done in patients with pre-existing GERD?     

Complications of antiobesity surgery

Bariatric surgery is an effective long-term treatment for patients who suffer from morbid obesity, the incidence of which is increasing in North America. Laparoscopic gastric bypass and laparoscopic adjustable gastric band placement are the two commonly performed bariatric procedures. This article discusses the indications for bariatric surgery and the early and late complications associated with these two procedures. Laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy are also briefly discussed.     

减重代谢手术并发症单中心总结

目的 总结山东大学附属济南市中心医院胃肠外科减重代谢手术的并发症及处理方法.方法 回顾性分析自2013年11月至2018年11月在山东大学附属济南市中心医院胃肠外科接受减重代谢手术的230例患者的病例资料,其中行腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术(LRYGB)57例和腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)173例,总结分析并发症、...     

Déficit en cuivre et neuropathie périphérique compliquant une gastrectomie

Introduction

Bariatric surgery may be indicated in patients with morbid obesity. Peripheral and central neurological complications can occur after bariatric surgery.

Observation

We report a 47-year-old woman who presented with a tetraparesis related to copper deficiency after sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity.

Conclusion

Neurological complications related to copper deficiency can occur after bariatric surgery.     

Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Heart Transplant Status in 4 Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Bariatric surgery helps many morbidly obese patients lose substantial weight. However, few data exist on its long-term safety and effectiveness in patients who also have continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices and in whom heart transplantation is contemplated. We retrospectively identified patients at our institution who had undergone ventricular assist device implantation and subsequent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy from June 2015 through September 2017, and we evaluated their baseline demographic data, preoperative characteristics, and postoperative outcomes.Four patients (3 men), ranging in age from 32 to 44 years and in body mass index from 40 to 57, underwent sleeve gastrectomy from 858 to 1,849 days after left ventricular assist device implantation to treat nonischemic cardiomyopathy. All had multiple comorbidities.At a median follow-up duration of 42 months (range, 24–47 mo), median body mass index decreased to 31.9 (range, 28.3–44.3) at maximal weight loss, with a median percentage of excess body mass index lost of 72.5% (range, 38.7%–87.4%). After achieving target weight, one patient was listed for heart transplantation, another awaited listing, one was kept on destination therapy because of positive drug screens, and one regained weight and remained ineligible.On long-term follow-up, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy appears to be safe and feasible for morbidly obese patients with ventricular assist devices who must lose weight for transplantation consideration. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate this weight-loss strategy after transplantation and immunosuppression.     

腹腔镜袖状胃切除术中大网膜复位的应用及效果

目的探讨腹腔镜袖状胃切除术（LSG）中大网膜复位的应用及效果。 方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年12月在暨南大学附属第一医院肥胖与代谢病外科行LSG加大网膜复位术的264例肥胖症患者的临床资料,记录患者的体质量指数（BMI）、年龄、性别、合并症及术后并发症。 结果共行LSG加大网膜复位术264例,其中女性199例,男性65例,平均年龄（29.72±9.79）岁,平均BMI为（36.39±5.22）kg/m²,其中单孔手术18例,同时行胆囊切除术的病例数为17例。有2名患者出现少量呕血,保守治疗后好转。观察到1例发生胃漏,未见扭转和狭窄,无死亡病例。 结论残胃扭转是袖状胃术后胃功能性狭窄的原因之一。LSG中通过大网膜复位可稳定残胃大弯侧,防止胃扭转。     

Chirurgie de l’obésité et ses complications

Bariatric surgery (gastric banding, gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, bilio-pancreatic diversion) is the most efficient long-term treatment concerning weight loss, comorbidities and quality of life improvement, and mortality reduction for massive obesity and complicated obesity. These benefits need to be compared to immediate and late adverse events. The adverse events involve operative risk, surgical, nutritional, and sometimes psychological events. This review describes the various surgical techniques and their complications. Then, it discusses the modalities to prepare, follow-up and take care of these surgical patients to improve the results and avoid the complications.     

腹腔镜袖状胃切除术后8例胃漏临床分析

目的总结腹腔镜袖状胃切除术后胃漏的治疗经验。 方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2019年6月在成都市第三人民医院接受腹腔镜袖状胃切除术后胃漏的8例患者的病例资料。8例患者均先通过"内减压、外引流"等非手术治疗方法进行治疗。研究中记录患者的性别、年龄、体质量指数（BMI）、胃漏发生时间等临床信息，并根据胃漏发生时间等临床特征对患者进行分型。通过秩和检验的方法比较不同分型、不同治疗方法的疗效差异。 结果6例患者痊愈；1例患者因不能耐受胃肠减压转为手术治疗；1例患者因复发转为手术治疗。8例患者最终痊愈。 结论根据患者临床特征进行分型，有助于患者治疗方式的选择以及预后的判断。"内减压、外引流"是袖状胃切除术后胃漏的安全、有效的非手术治疗方法。     

西甲硅油改善肥胖症患者腹腔镜下袖状胃切除术后胃肠道功能的研究

目的探讨西甲硅油对肥胖症患者在腹腔镜袖状胃切除术（LSG）后胃肠道功能恢复的影响。 方法选取2018年1月至2018年7月于西南交通大学附属医院（成都市第三人民医院）行LSG的50例肥胖症患者,随机分组,抽取25例行LSG的肥胖症患者作为实验组,术后常规服用西甲硅油;另取25例同样术式的肥胖症患者作为对照,术后未服西甲硅油,观察术后两组患者腹胀、呕吐、腹痛程度,肛门排气时间。 结果实验组患者术后腹胀、呕吐、腹痛症状明显轻于对照组,肛门排气时间也早于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论行LSG的肥胖症患者,术后常规服用西甲硅油可有效促进患者术后肠道功能的恢复。     

Is gastroscopy necessary before bariatric surgery?

Obesity is the abnormal accumulation of fat or adipose tissue in the body. It has become a serious health problem in the world in the last 50 years and is considered a pandemic. Body mass index is a widely used classification. Thus, obese individuals can be easily classified and standardized. Obesity is the second cause of preventable deaths after smoking. Obesity significantly increases mortality and morbidity. We thought of preparing a publication about routine procedures for the preoperative evaluation of obesity. The question that we asked as bariatric and metabolic surgeons but which was not exactly answered in the literature was “Is esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) necessary before bariatric surgery?” We found different answers in our literature review. The European Association of Endoscopic Surgery guidelines recommend EGD for all bariatric procedures. They strongly recommend it for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). As a result of a recent study by the members of the British Obesity & Metabolic Surgery Society, preoperative EGD is routinely recommended for patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy, even if they are asymptomatic, but not recommended for RYGB. It is recommended for symptomatic patients scheduled for RYGB. According to the International Sleeve Gastrectomy Expert Panel Consensus Statement, preoperative EGD is definitely recommended for patients scheduled for sleeve gastrectomy, but its routine use for RYGB is controversial. However, a different view is that the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommends endoscopy only for symptomatic patients scheduled for bariatric surgery. In the literature, the primary goal of EGD recommended for sleeve gastrectomy has been interpreted as determining esophagitis caused by gastroesophageal reflux. In the light of the literature, it is stated that this procedure is not necessary in America, while it is routinely recommended in the European continent. Considering medicolegal cases that may occur in the future, we are in favor of performing EGD before bariatric surgery. In conclusion, EGD before bariatric surgery is insurance for both patients and physicians. There is a need for larger and prospective studies to reach more precise conclusions on the subject.     

Therapeutic endoscopy for the treatment of post-bariatric surgery complications

Obesity rates continue to climb worldwide. Obesity often contributes to other comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and is a known risk factor for many malignancies. Bariatric surgeries are by far the most invasive treatment options available but are often the most effective and can result in profound, durable weight loss with improvement in or resolution of weight associated comorbidities. Currently performed bariatric surgeries include Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and laparoscopic gastric banding. These surgeries are associated with significant weight loss, but also with significant rates of major complications. The complexity of these patients and surgical anatomies makes management of these complications by a multidisciplinary team critical for optimal outcomes. Minimally invasive treatments for complications are typically preferred because of the high risk associated with repeat operations. Endoscopy plays a large role in both the diagnosis and the management of complications. Endoscopy can provide therapeutic interventions for many bariatric surgical complications including anastomotic strictures, anastomotic leaks, choledocholithiasis, sleeve stenosis, weight regain, and eroded bands. Endoscopists should be familiar with the various surgical anatomies as well as the various therapeutic options available. This review article serves to delineate the current role of endoscopy in the management of complications after bariatric surgery.