Severe outcome of children following trauma resulting from road accidents

Objective The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors of a severe outcome for children severely injured [killed or with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16] in a road accident.Materials and methods Casualties that occurred between 1996 and 2001 which involved children under 14 years of age were assessed in a population-based study based on data included in a French road trauma Registry. A severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) was defined as a head injury with an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) severity score ≥3. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to quantify the risk of a “severe outcome” defined as death or an expected serious impairment 1 year later.Results The annual incidence of an ISS of 16+ was 7.7 per 100,000 children. Among the 126 severely injured children included in this study, 40 died (including 16 immediate deaths), and a severe outcome was expected for 54 of the 86 survivors. Children with an “isolated severe TBI” and those with “multiple injuries including TBI” were more likely to have a severe outcome than those who had an “isolated severe injury without TBI” (OR: 7.91; 95%CI: 1.43–43.77 and OR: 8.37; 95%CI: 1.52–46.13, respectively). Age was inversely linked to a severe outcome. The unprotected motor vehicle occupants (MVO) had an odds ratio of 7.56 (95%CI: 1.07–53.56) compared to the protected MVO. Only 30% of children who survived a severe TBI were admitted to rehabilitation.Conclusion The mechanism of the injury, an injury pattern involving the head and a young age were associated with a severe outcome following a road accident. A majority of children severely injured were not referred to inpatient rehabilitation.     

入院3小时内血乳酸值对中重型创伤性脑损伤患儿死亡的预测价值

迷评分(GCS)≤13分］患儿,根据预后分为死亡组和存活组,截取年龄、性别、体重和入院3 h内实验室指标（血乳酸、血钾、血钠、PLT计数、D-二聚体）和血压等指标,行两组间的单因素和多因素分析;对入院3 h内血乳酸水平行受试者特征曲线（ROC）分析,考察血乳酸预测死亡的最佳界值及其敏感度和特异度。结果 109例患儿纳入分析,存活组92例,死亡组17例。死亡组入院3 h内中位血乳酸值（4.9 vs 0.8 mmol·L-1）、合并其他脏器损伤率（76.5% vs 42.4%）、入院时GCS评分≤8（94.1% vs 45.7%）和低血压（76.5% vs 7.6%）发生率显著高于存活组,死亡组血钾水平低于存活组［(3.4±0.5) vs (3.7±0.6) mmol·L-1, P＝0.047)］。ROC曲线分析显示,曲线下面积为0.949（95%CI：0.889~0.982,P<0.001),血乳酸界值为2.5 mmol·L-1预测死亡的敏感度为88.2%,特异度为90.2%。多因素Logistic回归分析发现入院3 h内血乳酸(OR =1.579, 95%CI:1.129~2.209,P= 0.008)、入院时低血压（OR = 21.658, 95%CI：2.673~175.480,P= 0.004）是中重型TBI患儿死亡的独立危险因素;入院时GCS≤8分,合并其他脏器损伤和血钾水平与死亡关联无统计学意义。结论 入院3 h内血乳酸水平可以预测中重型TBI患儿预后,且是其死亡的独立危险因素。     

Somatosensory evoked potentials in children with severe head trauma

We evaluated the predictive value of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) in a series of children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The prospective clinical investigation was performed in a Level I paediatric trauma centre. We included 26 consecutive comatose paediatric patients aged from 1 month to 17 years (median age 11 years) following severe TBI (initial Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) 8 or below). Besides SEP recordings, the intracranial pressure and the results of an initial cranial CT scan were filed. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to assess outcome at discharge. Thirteen children had normal SEP measurements, three patients had abnormal SEP recordings and a cortical response was bilaterally absent in ten children. Out of 26 children, 10 died whereas two remained in a persistent vegetative state. Only one child suffered from significant neurological deficits (GOS 3) at discharge. Seven patients survived with a GOS of 4 and six children survived without neurological impairment (GOS 5). Normal SEP indicated a favourable outcome in most children but did not rule out the occurrence of death, while absence of SEP was related to unfavourable outcome in all cases. Conclusion: Measurement of somatosensory evoked potentials provides valuable data for determining the prognosis at early coma stages. Our data show that an unfavourable outcome can be predicted with higher precision than a favourable outcome.     

Menace of childhood non-accidental traumatic brain injuries: A single unit report

Background:

Childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) has high rate of mortality and morbidity worldwide. There are dearths of reports from developing countries with large paediatric population on trauma; neurosurgery trauma of nonaccidental origin is not an exemption. This study analysed menace of non-accidental TBI in the paediatric population from our center.

Materials and Methods:

This is a single unit, retrospective study of the epidemiology of non-accidental TBI in children starting from September, 2008 to March, 2014. The management outcomes of the epidemiology of the non-accidental TBI were analysed.

Results:

Total of 109 children age range from 0 (intra-natal) to 16 years with a mean of 5.8 ± 4.6 years (median, 5 years) were enrolled into the study. 34 (31.2%) were domestic violence, 26 (23.9%) street assaults, 16 (14.7%) were due to animal assaults and mishaps, 17 (15.6%) fall from heights. Seven (6.4%) cases of collapsed buildings were also seen during the period. Four (3.7%) industrial accidents and two (1.8%) were self-inflicted injuries. There were also three (2.8%) cases of iatrogenic TBI out of which two infants (1.8%) sustained TBI from cesarean section procedure while one patient (0.9%) under general anaesthesia felt from the operation bed resulting to severe TBI.

Conclusion:

Child abuse, unprotected child labour, parental/care-givers negligence are the main cause of nonaccidental TBI. Human right activists and government agents should be incorporated in curtailing the menace.     

Moderate and severe household food insecurity predicts stunting and severe stunting among Rwanda children aged 6–59 months residing in Gicumbi district

Household food insecurity (HFI) plays an important role in child malnutrition in many low‐income countries. We determined the association between HFI and stunting and severe stunting among Rwandan children from the Gicumbi district, aged 6–59 months using a cross‐sectional study of 2,222 children. HFI factor was calculated by summing all seven HFI (access) frequency questions and was categorised into food security, mildly food insecurity, moderately food insecurity, and severe food insecurity. The association between stunting, severe stunting, and HFI was determined using the multiple logistic regression analyses that adjust for clustering and sampling weights. The odds of moderate and severe HFI were significantly higher among stunted children aged 6–59 months than those who were not stunted (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.11, 1.84] and AOR = 1.35; 95% CI [1.08, 1.69], respectively). Children from households with moderate food insecurity were 2.47 times more likely to be severely stunted (AOR = 2.47; 95% CI [1.77, 3.46]), and those from households with severe food insecurity were more likely to be severely stunted (AOR = 1.82; 95% CI [1.34, 2.48]), compared with children aged 6–59 months from households with food security. Other factors included male children and children who did not attend monthly growth monitoring sessions. This study showed that moderate and severe HFI correlated with stunting and severe stunting. Interventions to improve stunting in Gicumbi children should also focus on male children, children who did not attend monthly growth monitoring sessions, and households with moderate and severe food insecurity.     

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS (0–29 YEARS), YORKSHIRE,UNITED KINGDOM

The authors describe the incidence and survival of 480 patients diagnosed under 30 years with a CNS tumor in Yorkshire, UK between 1990 and 2001. The effect on survival from deprivation and other prognostic factors was examined. Young adults (aged 15–29) were significantly less likely to develop CNS tumors than children (p =. 001), largely because of an excess of medulloblastoma and ependymoma in the pediatric age range. No significant temporal trends in incidence were present apart from young adults with “other CNS” tumors showing an average annual increase of 10.7% (95% CI 1.3–21.0%; p =. 03). Young adults had significantly lower survival rates than children (hazard ratio = 1.52, 95%CI 1.10–2.10). The highest risk of death was observed for patients from the most affluent areas. The overall burden of CNS tumors appears to be relatively constant, but the significantly poorer survival for young people needs further rapid investigation.     

激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗儿童原发性IgA肾病有效性和安全性的Meta分析

目的 系统评价激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗儿童原发性IgA肾病的有效性和安全性。方法 检索中英文电子数据库,纳入对比激素联合免疫抑制剂和单用激素治疗儿童原发性IgA肾病的有效性、安全性的研究。结局指标为尿蛋白缓解率、尿蛋白定量、不良反应发生率、估算肾小球滤过率和肾功能损害发生率。使用Review Manager 5.3软件进行数据分析。结果 最终纳入7项研究,包括381例患儿（基线平均尿蛋白定量为中到大量水平）。Meta分析结果显示,激素联合免疫抑制剂组比单用激素治疗组达到更高的尿蛋白缓解率（RR=1.36,95% CI：1.19~1.55,P < 0.001）,更低的尿蛋白定量（SMD=-0.82,95% CI：-1.23~-0.41,P < 0.001）;两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（RR=1.28,95% CI：0.92~1.77,P=0.14）。结论 现有证据显示,对于伴有中到大量蛋白尿的原发性IgA肾病儿童,与单用激素治疗相比,激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗的疗效更佳,且不增加不良反应的发生。     

Examining the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis and Severity

ObjectiveAlthough prior research has examined the prevalence of ACEs among children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about the household and family settings of children with ADHD. Our study utilizes a recent nationally representative dataset to examine the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), child and household characteristics, and ADHD diagnosis and severity.MethodsUsing the 2017–2018 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), our sample consisted of children three years of age or older, as this is the youngest age at which the NSCH begins to ask caregivers if a child has been diagnosed with ADHD (n = 42,068). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between ACE type, score, and ADHD and ADHD severity, controlling for child and household characteristics.ResultsChildren exposed to four or more ACEs had higher odds of ADHD (aOR 2.16; 95% CI 1.72–2.71) and moderate to severe ADHD (aOR 1.89; 95% CI 1.31–2.72) than children exposed to fewer than four ACEs. Other child characteristics positively associated with ADHD included age and public insurance; other Non-Hispanic races compared to Non-Hispanic White had lower odds of ADHD. Of children reported with ADHD, public insurance was also associated with caregiver-reported moderate to severe ADHD.ConclusionsChildren with ADHD have a higher prevalence of ACEs, making this study important for understanding the relationship between ACEs and ADHD at the population level.     

Prenatal anemia control and anemia in children aged 6–23 months in sub‐Saharan Africa

It is unclear whether routine prenatal anemia control interventions can reduce anemia risk in young children. This study examines the associations between prenatal iron supplementation and/or deworming and anemia in children aged 6–23 months in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). We analyzed data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2003 and 2014 in 25 SSA countries. The surveys collected data on prenatal iron supplementation and deworming and determined children's hemoglobin levels through blood testing. We assessed the associations between prenatal iron supplementation and/or deworming and anemia using multinomial logistic regression. The study included 31,815 mother–child pairs: 25.0%, 41.4%, and 4.8% of children had mild, moderate, and severe anemia, respectively. Compared with children whose mothers did not take iron and deworming drugs prenatally, the risk of moderate/severe anemia was reduced among children whose mothers took only iron supplements for ≥6 months (odds ratio [OR]: 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45–0.76); only deworming drugs (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.56–0.93); deworming drugs plus iron for <6 months (OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67–0.93); and deworming drugs plus iron for ≥6 months (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.59–0.99). Prenatal use of only iron for <6 months was not associated with moderate/severe anemia. Prenatal iron and/or deworming drugs had no effect on mild anemia. Prenatal anemia control interventions are associated with reduced risk of moderate/severe anemia but not with mild anemia in young children in SSA. Iron supplements should be taken for ≥6 months or with deworming drugs prenatally to reduce moderate/severe anemia risk in children.     

Playfulness in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury

The sequelae of paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) are well documented as being permanent and pervasive. The impact, however, on how a child approaches the childhood occupation of play, termed 'playfulness,' has been neglected. This prospective analysis of difference study used the Test of Playfulness to compare the playfulness of eight children aged 3-13 years diagnosed with moderate to severe TBI to an age-matched control group. Using Rasch analysis, the TBI group did demonstrate the behaviour of playfulness, but to a significantly lower extent than the control group (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks (T(8) = 0, p= .012). The findings suggest that playfulness is negatively impacted by TBI, and that strategies to legitimise and optimise playfulness be incorporated into therapy practice for this population.     

Association of Elementary School Reopening Status and County COVID-19 Incidence

ObjectiveTo examine the association between elementary school opening status (ESOS) and changes in pediatric COVID-19 incidence.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of US counties with school districts with ≥500 elementary school students. The main exposure was ESOS in September, 2020. The outcome was county incidence of COVID-19. Age-stratified negative binomial regression models were constructed using county adult COVID-19 incidence.ResultsAmong 3220 US counties, 618 (19.2%) were remote, 391 (12.1%) were hybrid, 2022 (62.8%) were in-person. In unadjusted models, COVID-19 incidence after school started was higher among children in hybrid or in-person counties compared with remote counties. After adjustment for local adult incidence, among children aged 0 to 9, the incidence rate ratio of COVID-19 (IRR) compared with remote counties was 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93–1.08) in hybrid counties and 0.79 (95% CI 0.75–0.84) in in-person counties.ConclusionsCounties with in-person learning did not have higher rates of COVID-19 after adjustment for local adult rates.     

Rituximab is highly effective in children and adolescents with Burkitt lymphoma in Risk Groups R2 to R4

Abstract

Data regarding the use of rituximab in children and adolescents with Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) is limited. This study retrospectively analyzed the effect of rituximab on children and adolescents with BL in risk group (R) 2 to R4. Patients underwent chemotherapy according to the revised NHL-BFM-95 protocol. Rituximab was administered at the dose of 375?mg/m² on day 0 of each cycle. A total of 106 patients were included. Stratified by the number of doses of rituximab, there were 49, 16, and 41 patients in group 1 (no rituximab), group 2 (1–3 doses of rituximab) and group 3 (≥4 doses of rituximab), respectively. The 3-year event-free survival (EFS) rates were 83.2% (95% CI = 72.6%–93.8%), 81.2% (95% CI = 52.3%–93.5%) and 96.8% (95% CI = 78.8%–99.6%) in group 1, group 2 and group 3, respectively (p?=?0.077). In R2/R3, the relapse rates were 0 in patients treated with rituximab and 11.8% in those treated without rituximab (p?=?0.516). In R4, the relapse rates were 18.8%, 21.4% and 3.0% in group 1, group 2 and group 3, respectively (p?=?0.048). Rituximab is highly effective in children and adolescents with BL in R2 to R4. The optimal number of doses was 4–6 in patients with BL in R4.     

Parental consanguinity is associated with a seven-fold increased risk of progressive encephalopathy: A cohort study from Oslo,Norway

Background/objectiveProgressive encephalopathy (PE) is a heterogeneous group of individually rare diseases, many with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. We estimated the increased risk of PE associated with consanguinity.Patients and methodsUsing a historic cohort study design, the exposures were country of origin (Pakistan versus Norway) and consanguinity. We included children living in Oslo, born between 1985 and 2003. PE cases were retrieved from an electronic registry of diagnoses coded according to the International Classification of Diseases. Incidence rates were calculated for country of origin. We also estimated population attributable risks caused by consanguinity.ResultsWe identified 30 cases per 79 704 person years with Pakistani origin and 35 cases per 658 932 person years with Norwegian origin. This gave incidence rates of 37.6 and 5.3 per 100 000 person years, whereas the incidence rate ratio was 7.1 (95% CI: 4.2–11.9). The incidence rates of consanguineous versus non-consanguineous of Pakistani origin were 59.6 and 18.7 per 100 000 person years. The incidence rate ratio was 3.2 (95% CI: 1.4–7.2), whereas the incidence rate ratio of non-consanguineous Pakistani versus non-consanguineous Norwegian origin was 3.5 (95% CI: 1.6–7.6). The incidence rate ratio between consanguineous Pakistanis and Norwegians was 11.2. The population attributable risk due to parental consanguinity was 50.3% in the Pakistani sub-population.ConclusionsWe found a seven-fold increased risk of PE in the general Pakistani population, and an eleven-fold increased risk in consanguineous Pakistanis. Pakistani origin by itself was also an independent risk factor. Avoidance of consanguinity in the Pakistani population would result in at least 50% reduction of PE in that group.     

儿童创伤性脑损伤后血清皮质醇的变化及对预后的影响

目的 研究儿童创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)后血清皮质醇的变化规律,以及对预后的影响.方法 2014年6月至2015年12月伤后24 h内入住南京市儿童医院外科ICU的52例TBI患儿,按照格拉斯哥昏迷评分(glasgow coma scale,GCS)分为轻度损伤组(19例,GCS评分≥13分)、中度损伤组(16例,8分相似文献   

Risk factors for mortality within first 24 hours of head injury

Objective Immediate or instantaneous death following cranial trauma occurs due to unpreventable primary brain insults. However, death occurring within 24 hours of head injury can be averted by timely institution of the therapeutic measures that could prevent secondary brain insults. From the management point of view, this is the most important subset of all head injured patients. Therefore, it is important to study risk factors associated with such deaths.Methods: In a retrospective study undertaken at Trauma Center, Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, the demographic characteristics, neurological and radiological findings were studied for 100 head injured children admitted in the pediatric surgical ward, who later died after surviving the initial neurosurgical resuscitation. Death occurring within first 24 hours of head injury was defined as “early “death; and “late death”, if it occurred thereafter.Results: Bivariate analysis revealed the severity of head injury GCS<=8(OR:3.09;95%CI:1.22–7.8), a finding of diffuse brain edema, (OR: 3.73; 95% CI : 0.95-14.74), midline shift (OR:4.8; 95% CI: 1.03-22.37) on cranial CT scans were found to be statistically associated with early deaths. Child’s age or gender, the mode of injury and the presence of extracerebral injuries were not found to be significantly associated. When these variables were simultaneously considered in a multivariate logistic regression model, the diffuse brain edema on head CT scan was found to be both clinically and statistically significant of early death (Adj. OR : 527;95% CI : 1.23-22.6). However, absence of hemorrhagic contusion was clinically important predictor of an early death (Adj. OR : 6.45;95% CI : 0.68.-62.5) though not statistically significant due to a small number of study subjects in this group.Conclusion : Findings of this study could serve as useful guideline in identifying the subset of head injured children for urgent institution of preventive measures.     

The ImmunoCAP® Rapid Wheeze/Rhinitis Child test is useful in the initial allergy diagnosis of children with respiratory symptoms

Recurrent upper or lower respiratory symptoms, possibly allergy‐related, are very frequent in childhood. It is therefore important that physicians involved in the primary care of these children have an accurate initial diagnostic tool available. In this study, we investigated the value of an in vitro diagnostic device testing 10 common allergens, the ImmunoCAP^® Rapid Wheeze/Rhinitis Child, for the primary evaluation of allergy. Children with non‐infectious upper or lower respiratory symptoms possibly related to allergy were recruited in the primary health care setting of private practices of physician trained in immunology/allergology. The investigators carried out their usual diagnostic work‐up including IgE tests, and the ImmunoCAP^® Rapid test was performed with capillary whole blood in a blinded way to the investigator. The investigators’ conclusions on major triggering allergens were compared to the ImmunoCAP^® Rapid test results. In the whole patient population (n = 185), the sensitivity of the ImmunoCAP^® Rapid test for unveiling allergic disease was 92% (95% CI: 86–96%) and the specificity 97% (95% CI: 86–100%). Current guidelines for allergy diagnosis suggest screening children with recurrent, moderate/severe diseases for allergies. For children with asthma falling into these categories, sensitivity was 100% (95% CI: 88–100%) and specificity 100% (95% CI: 69–100%); for children with moderate and severe rhinitis sensitivity was 93% (95% CI: 86–97%) and the specificity 100% (95% CI: 79–100%). The ImmunoCAP^® Rapid test is an accurate test, in particular with regard to high specificity, for diagnosing allergy in children with recurrent respiratory diseases in primary care settings.     

Mental Health Emergency Department Visits by Children Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

ObjectivesTo describe pediatric mental health emergency department (ED) visit rates and visit characteristics before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of ED visits by children 5–17 years old with a primary mental health diagnosis from March 2018 to February 2021 at a 10-hospital health system and a children's hospital in the Chicago area. We compared demographic and clinical characteristics of children with mental health ED visits before and during the pandemic. We conducted an interrupted time series analysis to determine changes in visit rates.ResultsWe identified 8,127 pediatric mental health ED visits (58.5% female, 54.3% White, Not Hispanic/Latino and 42.4% age 13–15). During the pandemic, visits for suicide or self-injury increased 6.69% (95% CI 4.73, 8.65), and visits for disruptive, impulse control, conduct disorders increased 1.94% (95% CI 0.85, 3.03). Mental health ED visits by children with existing mental health diagnoses increased 2.29% (95% CI 0.34, 4.25). Mental health ED visits that resulted in medical admission increased 4.32% (95% CI 3.11, 5.53). The proportion of mental health ED visits at community hospitals increased by 5.49% (95% CI 3.31, 7.67). Mental health ED visit rates increased at the onset of the pandemic (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 1.27, 95% CI 1.06, 1.50), followed by a monthly increase thereafter (aIRR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02, 1.06).ConclusionMental health ED visit rates by children increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in mental health ED visit characteristics during the pandemic may inform interventions to improve children's mental health.     

Prevalence and predictors of anthracycline cardiotoxicity in children treated for acute myeloid leukaemia: retrospective cohort study in a single centre in the United Kingdom

Background

Anthracycline cardiomyopathy is of concern in children treated for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), but there are few data on the incidence and natural history of cardiotoxicity after AML treatment in the United Kingdom, where regimens have included high anthracycline exposure.

Procedure

Prevalence and predictors of cardiotoxicity were retrospectively reviewed in 124 children treated on the MRC AML 10 and AML 12 trials in a single, large centre from November 1987 to September 2004. Subclinical cardiotoxicity was defined as a shortening fraction of less than 28% and clinical cardiomyopathy as evidence of heart failure, and both were classified as late cardiotoxicity 1 year after completing first line therapy.

Results

Cumulative survival was 61% at 10 years. The prevalence of early and late cardiotoxicity was 13.7% (95%‐CI: 8.2–22.0%) and 17.4% (95%‐CI: 10.9–26.8%), respectively. Early cardiotoxicity was a strong predictor (OR = 9.18; 95%‐CI: 2.10–40.11; P < 0.005) and children who received salvage therapy following relapse showed a trend towards increased late cardiotoxicity (OR = 3.53; 95%‐CI: 0.86–14.48; P < 0.08). Subclinical cardiotoxicity resolved spontaneously in all but one case, but clinical cardiomyopathy always required continuing therapy. Two children died of cardiomyopathy and six remained on medical therapy.

Conclusions

Anthracycline cardiotoxicity remains a major concern for survivors of childhood AML and correlates with early cardiotoxicity and treatment intensity. Long‐term follow‐up is required to fully determine the outcome for children with subclinical cardiotoxicity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:625–630. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

COVID-19 hospitalization rate in children across a private hospital network in the United States: COVID-19 hospitalization rate in children

ObjectivesThere are limited studies with varying results evaluating the rate of hospitalizations of pediatric patients tested for COVID-19 in the United States. More information in the pediatric COVID-19 literature is needed. The objective of this study was to describe the rates of positive tests, hospitalization, severe disease, and mortality for COVID-19 in children.Material and MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of data collected from a data warehouse from 184 hospitals across the United States. All cases of pediatric patients who were tested for COVID-19 were analyzed for test positivity, hospitalization, severe disease, and mortality. A separate subgroup analysis for ages < 1 year, 1–4 years, 5–8 years, 9–14 years, and 15–17 years was performed.ResultsOf 24,781 patient encounters, we found a test positivity rate of 11.15% (95% CI: 10.76–11.55). There were 142 admissions out of the 2,709 symptomatic patients, 5.24% (95% CI: 4.43–6.15) admission rate. Of those admitted, we found that 54.93% (78/142) were admitted to the PICU, but only 22 of the 142 admissions, 15.49% (95% CI: 9.97–22.51), were determined to have severe COVID-19 disease. One patient died during the study period giving an overall pediatric mortality rate of 0.04% (95% CI: 0.00–0.21).ConclusionIn our sample, we found a test positivity rate of 11.15%. We also report a 5.24% hospitalization rate with 15.49% of admitted patients with severe disease. Lastly, we also report a very low mortality rate of 0.04% of all patients who tested positive for COVID-19.