单纯胆发除术中肝胆外胆管损伤的预防

１９７８年３月至１９９３年３月，共处理肝外胆管损伤１３例，均为慢怀结石性胆囊炎，行择期胆囊切除术。本文在总结本组１３例，胆管损伤发生原因的基础上，谈谈预防问题，笔者认为，如做到以下几点是可以避免胆管损伤的：（１）术野显露良好；（２）正确辨认辩认胆囊三角区和肝外胆管解剖结构；（３）确认胆囊管与肝、胆部属这的“Ｔ”型关系后结扎切断胆囊管，（４）胆囊周围有致密粘连时，可行逆行法胆囊切除；（５）胆囊管界线     

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目的 总结原发性胆管囊肿癌变的诊断及治疗经验。方法 对1980－2000年间收治的7例原发性胆管囊肿癌变病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 7例原发性胆管囊肿癌变病人临床表现为非特异性,仅为胆管炎表现。癌变6例位于囊壁,1例侵及胰腺。手术方式包括囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术3例,囊肿部分切除、肝左外叶切除、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例,囊肿切除加胰十二指肠切除术1例,T管引流加活检2例,术后病理结果大部分为腺癌。结论 原发性胆管囊肿癌变临床表现不典型,术前诊断困难,预后极差,目前强调预防为主,对先天性胆管囊肿病人推荐行新的预防癌变的手术方式,术中冰冻切片检查有助于确诊,对侵及胰腺的病例考虑行囊肿切除及胰十二指肠切除术。     

先天性胆管囊性扩张症：附64例报告

报告经手术治疗的先天性胆管囊性扩张症６４例，以探讨最佳术式及疗效。其中急诊行外引流术１３例，术后１１例行囊肿切除术，效果满意；行单纯内引流术１２例，术后死亡２例，随访的５例均经常有胆道感染表现；行囊肿切除、胆道重建或肝叶切除５２例，随访４２例，优良率９２．６％。提示：囊性扩张的胆管切除、胆道重建是治疗先天性胆管囊性扩张症的最有效方法；单纯内引流术远近期并发症多，且术后可能发生癌变，无论急诊或择期手术均应避免使用。     

单纯胆囊切除术失误六例报告

单纯胆囊切除术是普外科常见手术之一,手术失误可增加病人的痛苦,甚至造成死亡。我院自１９９０年来共行胆囊切除术１０５６例,手术失误６例,现报道如下。１　临床资料１．１　一般资料　本组６例均为胆囊结石病人,术式为单纯胆囊切除术。男３例,女３例,年龄３８～７０岁。１．２　失误情况　肝外胆道损伤５例,胆囊管残留过长并遗漏结石１例。１．３　处理方法　肝外胆管损伤５例中４例在术中发现,其中２例行修补加Ｔ管支撑引流术,２例行胆管空肠ＲｏｕｘＹ吻合术;另１例术后胆汁性腹膜炎３天后第二次进腹发现胆总管有一小破口…     

先天性胆总管囊肿内引流术后癌变

文章总结了８例先天性胆总管囊肿内引流术后癌变病例。指出为防止囊肿癌变及其并发症的发生，对先天性胆总管囊肿病人应尽可能作根治性囊肿切除术和行肝管空肠ＲｏｕｘｅｎＹ吻合术，以预防胆管的癌变，对确诊为癌变病人，主张行胰十二指肠切除术。     

成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的临床分析

目的:探讨成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊断及治疗。方法:回顾性分析1996年1月—2012年5月收治的53例成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症患者的临床资料。结果:53例患者均行手术治疗,Ia,Ib,Ic型39例和II型4例行囊肿完整切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,另3例Ia型行囊肿大部分切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;IVa型1例行肝左外叶切除、囊肿完整切除、胆管成形、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,另1例行囊肿完整切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;V型1例行左肝内胆管囊肿切除术;2例癌变患者,其中1例行癌变囊肿切除、局部转移淋巴结清扫术,1例行囊肿切除、左肝内胆管肿瘤切除术。53例手术患者中获随访42例,随访时间为6个月至3年,良性患者情况良好;2例癌变患者,1例术后生存26个月,死于肿瘤复发,多系统器官功能衰竭,1例术后26个月肿瘤复发,肝转移,再次手术行左半肝切除、S5(第V段肝脏)切除、肝肠吻合术,术后2个月出现肿瘤进展,死于多系统器官功能衰竭。结论:成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的手术方式选择与治疗效果密切相关,不同的临床分型应选择不同的手术方式。     

先天性胆总囊肿内引流术后癌变

文章总结了８例先天性胆总管囊肿内引流术后癌变病例，指出防止囊肿变及其并发症的发生，对行天性胆总管囊肿病奶治性囊肿切除术和行肝管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合术，以预防胆管的癌变，对确诊为癌变病人，主张行胰十二指肠切除术。     

成人先天性胆管囊肿的诊断与治疗(附97例报告)

作者总结了近３０年来成人先天性胆管囊肿９７例的治疗经验。患者平均就诊年龄为３７岁。多数患者症状不典型，常致诊断延误。７４例（７６％）合并肝胆胰系统疾病，１６例合并癌变，癌变率１７％。发现胰胆管合流异常２８例。９４例患者共行胆道手术１６９例次，囊肿切除、肝管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ吻合术及囊肿内引流术为主要术式。术后长期随访表明内引流术后常因胆管炎复发和囊肿癌变而需再次手术，相反囊肿切除术明显降低了胆管炎的复发率及癌变的发生。作者认为囊肿切除、肝管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ吻合术应作为成人胆管囊肿的首选术式。     

先天性胆总管囊肿癌变的诊断及外科治疗

先天性胆总管囊肿癌变的诊断及外科治疗第三军医大学西南医院肝胆外科中心（重庆，６３００３８）顾红光，蔡景修据文献报道，先天性胆总管囊肿的癌变率在２．５％～１５％之间［１］。胆总管囊肿发生癌变的机会是正常人群的２０倍，肝内胆管囊肿（Ｃａｒｏｌｉ病）的癌变...     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的类型及原因分析

作者自１９９２年６月～１９９４年５月治疗腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）并发的胆管损伤及高位胆管狭窄１２例，均经手术治愈。根据其损伤原因及特征分为以下六种类型：（１）ＬＣ术中因电凝切割钩引起肝总管或胆总管穿孔（３例）；（２）ＬＣ术中胆囊管残瑞钛夹导电致胆囊肝总管坏死穿孔（１例）；（３）钛夹止血时钳夹肝总管致高位狭窄（１例）；（４）胆总管损伤后行胆管吻合继发肝总管高位狭窄（２例）；（５）ＬＣ中胆总管横断后，行肝总管空肠吻合术后吻合口狭窄（３例），再次手术切开左右肝管，行肝胆管空肠再吻合；（６）ＬＣ术后延迟性高位胆管狭窄（２例）。作者对胆管损伤的预防措施及治疗方法进行了讨论，并强调ＬＣ胆管损伤严重性和进一步提高认识并积累经验的必要性。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.