抗精神病药物与强迫症状

目的探讨抗精神病药与强迫症状的关系。方法采用自编调查表对659例门诊精神分裂症病人做问卷调查并对病史资料进行统计分析。结果(1)精神分裂症伴强迫症状者122例,占18.5%(122/659),其中63例强迫症状在服用抗精神病药后出现,占9.6%(63/659);(2)非典型抗精神病药诱发强迫症状的比率依次为氯氮平14.2%,利培酮5.1%,奥氮平1.9%,经典抗精神病药诱发强迫症状的比率共计2.8%;(3)氯氮平高剂量者强迫症状的发生率高于低剂量者,约1/3的病人强迫症状出现在服用氯氮平1年以内,半数以上出现在服氯氮平3年以内。结论抗精神病药诱发的强迫症状并不少见,氯氮平是其中的常见药物,强迫症状的发生与用药剂量和时间有关。     

Humanistic burden in schizophrenia: A literature review

Objectives of the study and backgroundSchizophrenia is a complex disease that affects 1% of the population. This disease has a considerable impact not only on patients' health and well-being but also on their surrounding environment. The costs of the disease's management remain large for individuals and society. While literature on the economic impact of schizophrenia is abundant, few studies have focused on its humanistic burden. This does not only concern patients, but also caregivers, relatives, neighbours and others in a patient's daily life. This burden appears through several dimensions, including treatment side effects and the impact on caregivers and features of the patient's environment. The aim of this review is to consider, compile and describe the humanistic burden of schizophrenia as documented in the literature.Materials and methodsWe conducted a literature review assessing the worldwide disease burden of schizophrenia, taking into account all humanistic burden topics. The search considered several databases, including Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library, The German Institute of Medical Documentation and Information (DIMDI) and the ISPOR conference websites.ResultsThe search identified 200 literature reviews, covering several dimensions of humanistic burden and documenting many issues. Main findings included the high death rates that may be explained by long-lasting negative health habits, disease- and treatment-related metabolic disorders, and consequent increased frequencies of cardiovascular diseases. Co-existing depression was found to have adverse consequence on the course of schizophrenia progression, morbidity and mortality. Cognitive impairment also adds to the burden of schizophrenia. Social impairment is worsened by underestimated stigmatisation and lack of corresponding awareness within the professional and social spheres. Finally, caregiver burden was found to be considerable.DiscussionHumanistic burden among patients with schizophrenia is substantial potentially impacted by co-morbid depressive symptoms, caregiver burden and cognitive impairment. Effects of treatment on humanistic burden in addition to economic burden need to be explored in future trials.     

精神分裂症病人短期服用抗精神病药前后N400的对照研究

为探讨抗精神病药对事件相关电位（ＥＲＰｓ）Ｎ４００的影响，利用词意分类的方法，对２４例精神分裂症病人的ＥＲＰｓ进行了短期服用抗精神病药前、后的对照研究，并与２４例正常人的ＥＲＰｓ进行对照。结果显示，精神分裂症病人服药前的Ｎ４００波幅在多个电极位置上明显低于正常对照组，波形也不同于正常对照。精神分裂症病人在服药７～１０天后的Ｎ４００波幅、波峰潜伏期、波形较在服药前变化不明显，但与正常对照组比较，服药后的Ｎ４００波幅异常增多。提示抗精神病药对Ｎ４００有一定的影响，但在服药初期的Ｎ４００是相对稳定的。     

精神分裂症伴高催乳素血症与抗精神病药物关系的研究进展

许多抗精神病药物可导致精神分裂症患者合并高催乳素血症疾病,经典抗精神病药物不仅能使PRL水平明显升高,而且药物的效价强度与催乳素呈正相关。非经典抗精神病药对5-HT受体及多巴胺D2受体的亲和力具有相对特异性,锥体外系副作用轻,临床疗效显著,对催乳素水平影响小,但临床应用过程中不同药物对催乳素的影响存在差异,药理机制复杂还有待于进一步的探讨。     

Typical and atypical antipsychotics differentially affect long-term incidence rates of the metabolic syndrome in first-episode patients with schizophrenia: a retrospective chart review

The presence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. There are limited data on the prevalence of MetS in patients with schizophrenia at the onset of the disorder and specifically no data on patients treated in the era when only first-generation antipsychotics were available.

Methods

Data from a historic cohort of consecutively admitted first-episode patients with schizophrenia treated with first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) were compared with an age and sex matched series of consecutive first-episode patients treated only with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Rates of MetS were compared at baseline and after on average 3 years of treatment exposure.

Results

At first episode there was no difference in the prevalence of MetS between the historic and the current cohort. Rates of MetS increased over time in both groups, but patients started on SGAs had a three times higher incidence rate of MetS (Odds Ratio 3.6, CI 1.7–7.5). The average increase in weight and body mass index was twice as high in patients started on SGA. The difference between the FGA and SGA group was no longer significant when patients started on clozapine and olanzapine were excluded.

Conclusion

Rates of MetS at the first episode of schizophrenia today are not different from those of patients 15 to 20 years ago. This finding counters the notion that the high rates of metabolic abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia currently reported are mainly due to lifestyle changes over time in the general population. Some SGAs have a significantly more negative impact on the incidence of MetS compared to FGAs in first-episode patients.     

非典型抗精神病药相关代谢综合征随访研究

目的探索使用非典型抗精神病药的精神分裂症患者中代谢综合症的发生率及相关因素。方法随访调查单一使用抗精神病药的精神分裂症住院患者123例,按用药不同分为研究组（非典型抗精神病药）78例和对照组（氯丙嗪）45例。在基线及入组后1、3、6、12月测量体重、血压、血糖、血脂等。结果研究组超重比例（34%）低于对照组（62%）,差异有显著性（Х^2=5.14,P=0.02）;两组代谢综合征发生率分别为35.19%和37.14%,差异无显著性,较基线差异亦无显著性。两组低HDL血症发生率较基线均有显著增加（Х^2=6.13,P=0.01,Х^2=10.37,P〈0.01）。随用药时间增加总胆固醇逐渐升高,高密度脂蛋白逐渐降低,差异有显著性（F=14.77,P〈0.01;F=3.26,P=0.01）。基线餐后2h血糖异常、性别进入Logistic回归方程,方程有效性达69.9%,经卡方检验有显著性（Х^2=9.90,P=0.01）。结论非典型抗精神病药引起代谢综合征发生率高,血脂异常与用药时间有关。基线餐后2h血糖异常、男性可能是预测因素。     

Pharmacogenetics of adverse events in schizophrenia treatment: Comparison study of ziprasidone,olanzapine and perazine

The primary aim of the present study was to assess the possible associations between dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic system-related genes and adverse events after antipsychotic treatment in paranoid schizophrenia patients. The second aim of the study was to compare the intensity of these symptoms between atypical (ziprasidone and olanzapine) and typical (perazine) antipsychotic drugs. One-hundred and ninety-one Polish patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia were genotyped for polymorphisms of DRD2, DAT1, COMT, MAOA, SERT, 5HT2A, and GRIK3. The patients were randomized to treatment with perazine, olanzapine or ziprasidone monotherapy for 3 months. The intensity of side effects (changes in body weights and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)) was measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of antipsychotic treatment. After 3 months of therapy, the weight increase was the greatest in the group treated with olanzapine and the least in the group treated with ziprasidone. None of the examined gene polymorphisms was associated with the body weight changes. Perazine treatment was associated with the significantly highest intensity of EPS. None of the examined polymorphisms was associated with the changes in extrapyramidal adverse events after antipsychotic treatment. The selected polymorphisms are not primarily involved in changes in body weights and EPS related to antipsychotic treatment in paranoid schizophrenia patients.     

首次发作精神分裂症患者出院服药情况1年调查

目的 了解首次发作(以下简称首发)精神分裂症患者出院服用抗精神病药的特点.方法 对137例首发精神分裂症患者出院后的服药情况进行问卷式跟踪随访调查1年,并比较服用第1代抗精神病药患者(64例)和第2代抗精神病药患者(73例)的差异.结果 首发精神分裂症患者服药依从性随时间推延逐渐降低,与所服药物类型无关.第1代抗精神病药组出院后第1、3、6、12个月的停药率分别为0%、7%、18%、50%,第2代抗精神病药组的停药率依次为3%、11%、21%、55%,2组各时点的差别无统计学意义.第1代抗精神病药锥体外系不良反应明显多于第2代抗精神病药,随访第12个月时分别为30%、7%, χ2=12.310,P<0.01.而后者在随访第12个月时出现内分泌系统不良反应比例(40%)高于第1代抗精神病药(5%)(χ2=13.433,P<0.05).结论 如何提高首发精神分裂症长期维持治疗的依从性是精神卫生服务的重要内容.     

Oversight of constipation in inpatients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study

Objective

Constipation is often overlooked in patients with schizophrenia. We examined their awareness of constipation and whether they reported it to their psychiatrists.

Method

Five hundred three inpatients with schizophrenia (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision) were interviewed about their recent bowel movements and evaluated for the diagnostic criteria for functional constipation. If constipation was present, patients were asked if they were aware of it and had reported it to their psychiatrists in charge. Additionally, their global psychopathology and functioning were assessed using the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), respectively.

Results

The criteria for constipation were met by 184 patients (36.6%); of these patients, only 56.0% (103/184) were aware of it. Moreover, only 34 of the constipated patients (18.5%) reported its presence to their psychiatrists. No significant differences were found in the CGI-SCH overall severity or subscale scores or in the GAF scores between those patients who reported and those who failed to report constipation.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated that constipation was neither recognized nor reported to psychiatrists by a significant percentage of the patients. These findings underscore the importance of greater vigilance and active evaluation of constipation in patients with schizophrenia for appropriate clinical management.     

长期抗精神病药物治疗对患者糖脂代谢的影响

目的 调查长期抗精神病药物治疗对精神分裂症患者糖脂代谢的影响.方法 调查持续使用24个月或以上抗精神病药的精神分裂症患者315例,收集一般人口学资料,测查身高、体质量、血糖、血脂等指标,进行12导联心电图检查,分析糖脂代谢状况及相关因素.结果 血糖异常率14.0％,血糖异常组BMI、总病程高于血糖正常组,差异有统计学意义（t分别为-3.459,-2.369;P＜0.05）;血脂异常率49.2％,血脂异常组患者BMI和使用非典型抗精神病药的比例高于血脂正常组,差异有统计学意义（t=-2.734,x2=18.061;P＜0.01）;心电图异常率26.2％,血脂异常组患者心电图ST-T改变发生率12.4％高于血脂正常组5.6％,差异有统计学意义（x2=4.068,P＜0.05）.结论 抗精神病药长期治疗相关的糖脂代谢紊乱问题严重,并可导致心电图缺血性改变.     

Transient ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction after chronic constipation: case report and review of literature

Background Significant constipation in patients with shunt-dependent hydrocephalus may often be enough to bring a subclinical shunt malfunction to clinical attention or even to be the cause of temporary distal peritoneal shunt malfunction. The treatment of the constipation may address the symptomatic shunt dysfunction so as to avoid operative intervention. The pathogenesis of distal shunt malfunction and its management in such a situation are discussed, and the relevant literature is briefly reviewed. Case report A 16-year-old young boy had shunt-dependent hydrocephalus secondary to prematurity and intraventricular hemorrhage at birth. He was chronic flaccid paraplegic and had a neurogenic bladder and bowel involvement. He presented with acute dull aching intermittent headaches, nausea, and constipation of short duration. There was no underlying shunt infection. CT brain showed dilated lateral ventricles. Shunt survey revealed a convoluted course and kink in the distal peritoneal catheter. After administration of a bowel enema, the headaches and nausea resolved over the next few hours, and the posttreatment CT showed significant decrease in ventricular size. Conclusion Chronic constipation is an important predisposing factor for distal malfunction in shunt-dependent hydrocephalus and should be ascertained in evaluation of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction. Appropriate treatment of significant constipation can relieve shunt malfunction and reestablish cerebrospinal fluid circulation. A shunt exploration can be avoided in such a situation. A close neurological monitoring of the patient is essential during the course of treatment. An interdisciplinary approach between concerned medical specialities and enhanced awareness is mandatory to ensure appropriate bowel management.     

9～17岁精神分裂症患儿服用抗精神病药物后心电图的改变

目的 探索抗精神病药物对儿童心电图(ECG)的影响.方法 对102例未服药的9～17岁儿童精神分裂症住院患者服用抗精神病药治疗3个月内(1周内、4周、8周和12周)的ECG变化情况进行调查,并对性别、年龄、不同药物种类等多个因素对ECG变化的影响进行分析.结果 随着抗精神病药物使用的时间延长,精神分裂症患儿中出现ECG异常的比例呈现增长的趋势,其中最常见的为窦性心动过速,其次为T波变化.另外,男性患儿、用药后出现过ECG异常的患者以及在12周时仍服用大剂量抗精神病药物的患者出现ECG异常的风险增大.结论 ECG异常在精神分裂症患儿使用抗精神病药物进行治疗过程中有增加的风险,应对ECG情况进行及时随访.     

Gender differences in prolactin elevation induced by olanzapine in Japanese drug-naïve schizophrenic patients

We investigated the effect of gender on plasma prolactin levels in 20 Japanese drug-naïve schizophrenic patients [10 male, 10 female, aged 25.4 ± 10.3 (mean ± S.D.), range = 12–46 years] treated with olanzapine. Plasma prolactin levels were measured at baseline, and weeks 3 and 8 after starting titration of olanzapine. Comparisons of plasma prolactin levels between baseline and week 3, and between baseline and week 8 were made by repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test. Two-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in olanzapine-induced prolactin changes between male and female patients (P = 0.037). In male patients (n = 10), the plasma concentration of prolactin at week 3 was significantly higher than at baseline (P = 0.016), but there was no significant difference between the plasma concentration of prolactin at week 8 and at baseline or week 3 (P = 0.191). In female patients (n = 10), there was a significant change of prolactin between baseline and week 3 (P = 0.005), and between baseline and week 8 (P = 0.047). Our results indicate the possibility of gender differences in prolactin elevation induced by olanzapine in Japanese drug-naïve schizophrenic patients. These gender-based findings may be helpful for clinicians when deciding the frequency of follow-up visits once a patient starts olanzapine therapy.     

Treatment strategies for dosing the second generation antipsychotics

Background: The second generation antipsychotics now have clinical approvals for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar depression, bipolar mania, autism, major depressive disorder and are used furthermore off‐label to treat other mental disorders. Each agent is unique in its pharmacodynamic profile and allows for unique dosing strategies to be employed when treating these different disorders. Aims: To review relevant data regarding the second generation antipsychotics and their empirical dosing strategies. To further review and comment theoretically in these areas where substantial, definitive data are lacking. Materials and Methods: A MEDLINE and recent textbook review was conducted regarding each second generation antipsychotic and cross‐referenced with searches for major mental disorders. The findings are compiled in the review below. Discussion: The second generation antipsychotics are clearly delineated in the treatment of psychosis and mania and share similar mechanisms of action to achieve these results: dopamine‐2 receptor antagonism for efficacy and serotonin‐2a receptor antagonism for EPS tolerability. From here, each agent has a unique pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile where some agents carry more, or less antidepressant, anxiolyic, or hypnotic profiles. Choosing an agent, and dosing it in low, middle, or high ranges may result in differential effectiveness and tolerability. Conclusion: The second generation antipsychotics have many clinical applications in psychiatric practice. This article serves to review this and also suggests ways clinicians may optimize treatment based upon patient diagnosis and utilizing appropriate dosing of each individual second generation antipsychotic.     

The health diagnoses of homeless adolescents: A systematic review of the literature

Background

Homelessness during adolescence impacts negatively upon young people's physical and mental wellbeing. To be effective, programs aimed at addressing the health needs of this population must include knowledge of both the presenting and underlying acute and chronic conditions that characterise this high risk group of youth.

Methods

We undertook a systematic review of the international literature for studies that used validated instruments and techniques to diagnose prevalence rates of physical and mental health disorders in homeless adolescents.

Results

Twenty-one studies fulfilled the selection criteria. Of these, nine studies examined mental health diagnoses including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and substance abuse disorders. With one exception, the remaining twelve studies all related to sexually transmitted infections.

Conclusion

Homeless adolescents are diagnosed with widely varying rates of mental health disorders and high rates of sexually transmitted infection. Other likely chronic and acute physical conditions appear to be neglected in the published research.     

单种药物治疗精神分裂症两轮以上疗效分析

本文对１７０例单一使用不同抗精神病药物治疗两轮以上的精神分裂症病例进行分析，发现：①每一轮用药疗效不佳的病例，再次换药治疗时，其治愈率较低。②首次用药疗效良好的病例，如果更换另一种药物，其疗效不减。③难治病例可采用氯氮平治疗。④应当在治疗６～８周后，再判定疗效较为可靠。     

利他林、毒扁豆碱治疗精神药物急性中毒临床对比观察

目的 研究利他林与毒扁豆碱抢救精神药物急性中毒的疗效。方法 对41例精神药物急性中毒患者进行随机分组,分别利用毒扁豆碱和利他林治疗,观察疗效和副反应。结果 利他林组20例抢救成功,成功率100％;平均清醒时间为13．26小时;毒扁豆碱组21例中死亡1例,成功20例,成功率为95．24％,平均清醒时间为11．69小时。结论 利他林和毒扁豆碱对急性精神药物均有较好的疗效,二者无显著性差异。但利他林副作用小,安全性更高。     

氟西汀治疗精神分裂症的辅助作用

目的：探讨氟西汀辅助治疗精神分裂症的疗效。方法：观察病例分为伴有抑郁症状及不伴有抑郁症状两组，原有抗精神病药不变，辅以氟西汀治疗，以简明精神病量表（BPRS）、阴性症状量表（SANS）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定疗效。观察期12周。结果：伴有抑郁症状组HAMD总分较治疗前有显著减少，新出现的副反应轻微。临床疗效总评量表（CGI）显示总有效率为41.7%。结论：氟西汀可改善精神分裂症伴发的抑郁、焦虑、紧张症状。