E—选择突变体的构建和表达

从ｐＵＣ１８／Ｅ－选择素（Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ ＣＤ６２Ｅ）重组质粒，以ＰＣＲ的方法扩增得到Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ突变体ＣＤ６２Ｅ１和ＣＤ６２Ｅ２基因。将其分别插入痘苗病毒表达载体ｐＪＳＡ１１７５的单一ＳｍａＩ位点，在痘苗病毒真核系统中进行了表达。初步的细胞粘附功能试验结果表明，Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ分子不同结构域的可削弱其粘附能力，为进一步研究Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ公子的结构与功能奠定了基础。     

E－选择素cDNA克隆和表达

从内皮细胞总ＲＮＡ中用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法扩增出Ｅ－选择素ｃＤＮＡ全长编码区，并将其克隆到ｐＵＣ１８载体中，构建了重组质粒ｐＵＣ１８／Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ，对此质粒进行了酶切及ＤＮＡ序列分析鉴定。将Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎｃＤＮＡ插入到天坛株痘苗病毒载体ＳｍａＩ位点，构建了表达质粒ｐＪＳＡ１１７５／Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ。采用Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ方法，ｐＪＳＡ１１７５／Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ转染ＴＫ－１４３细胞，用ＢｕｄＲ和ＬａｃＺ双筛选，获得带有人Ｅ－选择素ｃＤＮＡ的重组痘苗病毒。经活细胞荧光染色和ＡＰＡＭ检测，重组痘苗病毒能有效地表达人Ｅ－选择素ｃＤＮＡ。     

E—选择素cDNA克隆和表达

从内皮细胞总ＲＮＡ中用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法扩增出Ｅ选择素ｃＤＮＡ全长编码区，并将其克隆到ｐＵＣ１８载体中，构建了组质粒ｐＵＣ１８／Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ对此质粒进行了酶切及ＤＮＡ序列分析鉴定，将Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎｃＤＮＡ插入一以天坛株痘苗病毒载体ＳｍａＩ位构建了表达质粒ｐＪＳＡ１１７５／Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ，采用Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ方法，ｐＪＳＡ１１７５／Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ转染ＴＫ＾－１４３细胞，用     

CD34基因克隆和表达

ＣＤ３４分子是高度糖基化的Ⅰ型跨膜蛋白，主要表达于多功能造血干细胞、祖细胞表面，在成熟血细胞表面无ＣＤ３４抗原表达，提示ＣＤ３４分子在早期造血调控方面起着重要的作用。本文采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法，从高表达人ＣＤ３４抗原的ＫＧ－１ａ细胞系中成功地克隆出人ＣＤ３４抗原全长ｃＤＮＡ，并将此基因插入克隆“载体ｐＵＣ１８ＨｉｎｃＩＩ酶切位点，构建了重组质粒ｐＵＣ１８－３４。用双酶切ｐＵＣ１８－３４质粒，将分离得到的基因片段插入痘苗病毒载体的ＳｍａⅠ位点，构建了重组质粒ＰＪＳＡ１１７５－３４。采用Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ方法，ＰＪＳＡ１１７５－３４转染已被野生痘苗病毒感染的ＴＫ￣－１４３细胞，用ＢｕｄＲ和ＬａｃＺ双筛选，获得带有人ＣＤ３４抗原全长ｃＤＮＡ的重组痘苗病毒。经活细胞荧光染色和ＡＰＡＡＰ检测，表明重组痘苗病毒能特异地表达人ＣＤ３４抗原。人ＣＤ３４抗原ｃＤＮＡ克隆和表达，为进一步研究其结构和功能的关系以及研究造血调控机理奠定了基础。     

可溶性E－Selectin分子在败血症休克病人血清中浓度升高并存在于活化

可溶性Ｅ－Ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ分子在败血症休克病人血清中浓度升高并存在于活化内皮细胞培养上清中［英］／ＮｅｗｍａｇＷ／／ＪＩｍｍｕｎｏｌ．－１９９３，１５０（２）．－６４４内皮细胞表面的Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ分子参与介导与白细胞的粘附作用，是一种重要的粘附...     

表达单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型糖蛋白D的重组痘苗病毒活疫苗…

我们以前曾报道，表达单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型糖蛋白的重组痘苗病毒能保护被免疫小鼠抵抗致死量ＨＳＶ－２病毒的攻击。在此工作基础上，严格按人用疫苗研究要求的实验条件，成功地建立了表达ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ的重组痘苗病毒活疫苗株，首先将经聚合酶链反应修饰的ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ基因插入痘苗表达质粒ｐＪＳＢ１１７５，置于痘苗病毒Ｐ７．５Ｋ早／晚期启动子控制下，将同位重组质粒用Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ方法转染已受野型ＴＫ＾＋痘苗病毒天     

E-选择素不同结构域缺失对其粘附功能的影响

目的研究Ｅ－选择素不同结构域缺失对其粘附功能的影响。方法从人胎脐静脉内皮细胞总ＲＮＡ中用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法获其全长ｃＤＮＡ，设计并合成三对缺失Ｅ－选择素分子的ＥＧＦ结构域及ＥＧＦ＋ＣＲ１＋ＣＲ２结构域引物，并将三者基因分别在痘苗病毒真核表达系统中表达。结果细胞粘附功能试验结果表明，Ｅ－选择素分子ＥＧＦ结构域或ＥＧＦ＋ＣＲ１＋ＣＲ２结构域的缺失削弱了Ｅ－选择素分子的粘附能力。此外，本研究尚克隆并在痘苗表达系统中表达了可溶性Ｅ－选择素分子。结论Ｅ－选择素分子不同结构域缺失对其粘附能力削弱现象的发现为临床某些疾病的发病机理揭示及治疗提供了线索。可溶性Ｅ－选择素分子在痘苗病毒表达系统中表达成功为与其介导的白细胞粘附、肿瘤转移等过程的调节奠定了物质基础     

表达单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型糖蛋白D的重组痘苗病毒活疫苗株的建立

我们以前曾报道，表达单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型糖蛋白Ｄ（ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ）的重组痘苗病毒（实验疫苗株）能保护被免疫小鼠抵抗致死量ＨＳＶ－２病毒的攻击。在此工作基础上，严格按人用疫苗研究要求的实验条件，成功地建立了表达ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ的重组痘苗病毒活疫苗株。首先将经聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）修饰的ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ基因插入痘苗表达质粒ｐＪＳＢ１１７５，置于痘苗病毒Ｐ７５Ｋ早／晚期启动子控制下。将此重组质粒用Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ方法转染已受野型ＴＫ＋痘苗病毒天坛７６１株感染的人胚肺二倍体细胞。经同位素探针（３２Ｐ－ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ）原位杂交法和３轮蚀斑纯化，筛选出基因组内整合有ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ基因的重组痘苗病毒。斑点和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证实，ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ基因已插入痘苗病毒基因组内预期的ＴＫ区段，间接免疫荧光检测显示，重组病毒感染细胞后能有效地表达ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ蛋白。     

丙型肝炎病毒结构蛋白在痘苗病毒中的表达

为研究中国丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）的抗原性及在细胞内的加工，将丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）５’非编码区（ＮＴＲ）和结构基因（Ｃｏｒｅ＋Ｅ１＋Ｅ２／ＮＳ１）插入痘苗病毒表达载体ｐＪＳＡ１１７５中，转染ＴＫ－１４３细胞，经纯化得到丙型肝炎（ＨＣＶ）重组痘苗病毒ｖＪＳＡ１１７５ＣＥ株。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ杂交表明，ＨＣＶ结构基因存在于痘苗病毒之中。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析发现，ｖＪＳＡ１１７５ＣＥ表达蛋白带位于９０ｋＤａ，为一多聚蛋白；此蛋白为分泌型，分泌量与细胞裂解物内量大致相同     

人CD19基因在痘苗系统中的表达

目的 在痘苗系统中表达人ＣＤ１９基因,为研究ＣＤ１９分子的豚研制抗ＣＥ１９的单克隆抗体（ｍＡｂ）打下基础。方法 用ＰＣＲ技术扩增人ＣＤ１９全长基因,并 组人克隆载体ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ,进行序列测定。将ＣＤ１９全长基因克隆人痘苗表达载体ｐＪＳＡ１１７５中,用脂 本介导的方法,与野生 人转染ＴＫ－１４３细胞。运用蓝斑筛选获避人ＣＤ１９全长基因的重组痘苗病毒,并用此重组病毒感染ＴＫ－１４３细胞,以ＡＰＡＡＰ法     

P-selectin mediates adhesion of leukocytes, platelets, and cancer cells in inflammation, thrombosis, and cancer growth and metastasis

Stimulated endothelial cells and activated platelets express P-selectin (CD62P), a member of the selectin family of cell adhesion molecules, which interacts with P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1, CD162) for leukocyte rolling on stimulated endothelial cells and heterotypic aggregation of activated platelets onto leukocytes. Cross-linking of PSGL-1 by P-selectin also primes leukocytes intracellularly for cytokine and chemoattractant-induced β₂-integrin activation for firm adhesion of leukocytes. Furthermore, P-selectin mediates heterotypic aggregation of activated platelets to cancer cells and adhesion of cancer cells to stimulated endothelial cells. Here we provide a comprehensive summary of the functional roles and the biological importance of P-selectin-mediated cell adhesive interactions in the pathogeneses of inflammation, thrombosis, and the growth and metastasis of cancers.     

Cigarette smoke extract induces expression of cell adhesion molecules in HUVEC via actin filament reorganization

Epidemiologic studies have shown a strong association between cigarette smoking and cardiovascular diseases. Various oxidative species and free radicals are produced during cigarette smoking and these lead to endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Expression of adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), E‐selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, and adhesion of leukocytes are present in atherosclerosis. We showed previously that a nonfractionated cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induces surface expression of ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We then investigated the role of the MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK, and p38) and AP‐1 and the role of actin cytoskeleton reorganization in the CSE‐induced expression of ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin. Western blot analysis showed that CSE treatment rapidly and significantly caused phosphorylation of JNK and ERK1/2 but not of p38. Cytochalasin D (an actin filament disruptor) partially inhibited CSE‐induced ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin surface expression. However, inhibitors of ERK1/2 (PD98059) and JNK (SP600125) did not attenuate the CSE‐induced ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin surface expression. The results of electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that CSE enhanced AP‐1 binding activity. Therefore, CSE activated AP‐1 and upregulated ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin surface expression in HUVEC seem to be via an MAPK‐independent pathway. Moreover, the dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton seems to be required for the CSE‐induced surface expression of ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Peripheral catabolism of CR1 (the C3b receptor, CD35) on erythrocytes from healthy individuals and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

The present study investigated the rate of catabolism of CR1 (the C3b receptor, CD35) on erythrocytes (E) in vivo, in relationship with the expressed number of CR1/E, the CR1.1 HindIII quantitative CR1 polymorphism, and cell age. The relationship between the number of CR1/E and cell age was analysed by measuring G6PDH activity in E that had been sorted according to high or low expression of CR1 (CD35), by assessing the expression of CR1 (CD35) on E separated according to cell density, and by comparing the number of CR1 (CD35) antigenic sites on reticulocytes and on E. A physiological catabolism of CR1 (CD35) manifested by a reduction in the number of CR1 (CD35) antigenic sites/E with cell ageing was consistently observed in healthy individuals. The number of CR1/E decreased with ageing of E according to a complex pattern that associated an exponential decay and an offset. Calculated half-lives of CR1 (CD35) ranged between 11 and 32 days in healthy individuals. A more rapid loss of CR1 (CD35) with cell ageing occurred on cells from individuals expressing high numbers of CR1/E. In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), half-lives of CR1 (CD35) on E were in the same range as those of healthy individuals with a similar quantitative CR1 genotype; the number of CR1 (CD35) on reticulocytes was reduced and linearly related to the number of CR1/E, independently of the patients' quantitative CR1 genotype. Transfusion experiments with E bearing high or low amounts of CR1/E indicated the lack of preferential removal of E bearing high numbers of CR1 (CD35) in patients with SLE. These results indicate that the rate of loss of CR1 (CD35) from E with cell ageing is directly related to the quantitative CR1 phenotype and suggest that enhanced peripheral catabolism is not the sole mechanism of the acquired loss of CR1 (CD35) on E in patients with SLE.     

Increased expression of the tetraspanins CD53 and CD63 on apoptotic human neutrophils

The recently discovered tetraspanin superfamily comprises a group of cell-surface proteins that are suggested to be involved in cell activation and signal transduction as well as in cell adhesion, motility, and metastasis. In this study, we have assessed the expression of two tetraspanins, CD53 and CD63, and two principal leukocyte adhesion molecules, CD11b and CD62L, on human apoptotic neutrophils. After aging of human neutrophils for 20 and 40 h in vitro, apoptosis was analyzed by light microscopy and flow cytometry. The binding of monoclonal antibodies directed against CD11b, CD62L, CD53, and CD63 on apoptotic and nonapoptotic cells was determined by dual-color flow cytometry. Aging of neutrophils in vitro resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) down-regulation of expression of the selectin CD62L, and a significantly increased expression of the two tetraspanins CD53 and CD63. The selective analysis of apoptotic versus nonapoptotic cells proved that both the increased expression of the tetraspanins and the loss of CD62L were restricted to the apoptotic subpopulation. An identical pattern of surface molecule expression was detected at 12 h after induction of apoptosis by an agonistic anti-Fas IgM monoclonal antibody. Further studies are required to clarify whether tetraspanins participate in the recognition of apoptotic circulating or extravasated neutrophils by macrophages.     

Diminished adhesion of Anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected neutrophils to endothelial cells is associated with reduced expression of leukocyte surface selectin

Anaplasma phagocytophilum propagates within neutrophils and causes a disease marked by inflammatory tissue injury or complicated by opportunistic infections. We hypothesized that infection with A. phagocytophilum modifies the binding of neutrophils to endothelial cells and the expression of neutrophil adhesion molecules and studied these changes in vitro. Infected dimethyl sulfoxide-differentiated HL-60 cells and neutrophils showed reduced binding to cultured brain and systemic endothelial cells and lost expression of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1, CD162) and L-selectin (CD62L) (to 33 and 5% of control values, respectively), at a time when the levels of beta(2) integrin and immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecules and activation markers Mac-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 increased (5 to 10 times that of the control). The loss of CD162 and CD62L expression was inhibited by EDTA, which suggests that neutrophil activation and sheddase cleavage occurred. The loss of selectin expression and the retained viability of the neutrophils persisted for at least 18 h with A. phagocytophilum infection, whereas Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus rapidly killed neutrophils. The adhesion defect might increase the numbers of infected cells and their persistence in the blood prior to tick bites. However, decreased CD162 expression and poor endothelial cell binding may partly explain impaired host defenses, while simultaneous neutrophil activation may aggravate inflammation. These observations may help us to understand the modified biological responses, host inflammation, and immune response that occur with A. phagocytophilum infections.     

Adhesion molecules and atherogenesis

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the vessel wall characterized by monocyte infiltration in response to pro‐atherogenic factors such as oxidized lipids. Recently, the role of specific adhesion molecules in this process has been explored. The endothelium overlying atherosclerotic lesions expresses P‐selectin and the shoulder regions express vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), which is also expressed on endothelium in regions not prone to plaque development. Serum levels of soluble P‐selectin, ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 are elevated in patients with angina pectoris or peripheral atherosclerotic disease. Reconstituted in vitro systems using monocytes on cytokine‐activated endothelial cells under shear flow suggested the involvement of P‐selectin, L‐selectin, VCAM‐1, its ligand, VLA‐4 integrin and CD18 integrins. Studies of monocyte adhesion in isolated perfused carotid arteries harvested from atherosclerotic (apoE?/?) mice show a predominant involvement of P‐selectin and its ligand P‐selectin glycoprotein‐1 (PSGL‐1) in rolling and of VLA‐4 and VCAM‐1 in firm adhesion. Consistent with these findings, apoE?/? mice that are also deficient for P‐selectin show significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion sizes and are almost completely protected from neointimal growth after vascular injury. Milder effects are also seen in the low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficient (LDLR?/?) mouse. In a high cholesterol/cholate model, a role of ICAM‐1 and CD18 integrins was also shown, but this awaits confirmation in more physiologic models. Transient blockade of the VLA‐4/VCAM‐1 adhesion pathway by antibodies or peptides in apoE?/? or LDLR?/? mice reduced monocyte and lipid accumulation in lesions. These data suggest that P‐selectin, PSGL‐1, VLA‐4 and VCAM‐1 are the most important adhesion molecules involved in monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions.     

Antigen-specific immune responsiveness and lymphocyte recruitment in leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II

The leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome type II (LAD-II) is caused by a general defect in fucose metabolism, which leads to the absence of fucosylated sugar determinants such as the selectin ligand SLe(x). In view of the important role of selectins in lymphocyte migration and homing, we have explored the in vivo immune responsiveness and lymphocyte recruitment to the skin, in response to the neo-antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in a LAD-II patient. We observed a normal priming of KLH-specific T cells as well as a strong in vivo anti- KLH antibody response, both indicative of a normal T-B cell function and collaboration. Skin biopsies from the patient's skin taken prior to antigenic challenge showed the presence of normal numbers and subsets of T cells. Upon KLH injection, a large number of T cells were found to be recruited to the site of challenge, which was paralleled by up- regulation of the endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 (CD54), VCAM-1 (CD106) and E-selectin (CD62E). The recruited T cell showed a normal subset distribution but lacked cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA), the cutaneous homing receptor. However, the clinical symptoms of delayed- type hypersensitivity in the patient (redness and swelling) were severely depressed compared to that in the controls. In conclusion, the LAD-II patient showed a normal T cell priming and T cell-dependent antibody response, a normal baseline skin homing, and a significant T cell recruitment to the site of KLH challenge, indicating that fucosylated sugar determinants such as SLe(x) and CLA are not strictly required for adequate immune responsiveness and (skin) homing.      

Cooperativity Between Selectins and β2-Integrins Define Neutrophil Capture and Stable Adhesion in Shear Flow

A cooperative, sequential process of molecular recognition governs leukocyte capture, rolling, and arrest on inflamed endothelium. Flowing neutrophils are captured via heterotypic adhesive interactions mediated by endothelial E-selectin, whereas homotypic interactions between neutrophils are mediated by L-selectin. To elucidate how each selectin facilitates the transition to CD18-mediated stable adhesion, E-selectin and L-selectin were expressed at defined site density in a murine pre-B-cell line. Direct observation of two-body collisions revealed that 30% of neutrophil interactions with E-selectin transfectants formed doublets at low shear rate G = 14 s(-1) whereas a threshold shear rate 14 s(-1) < or = G < or = 10 s(-1) was necessary for L-selectin adhesion. Adhesion via L-selectin resisted rupture at high shear stress, while E-selectin tethered doublets remained intact longer once formed. Moreover, higher expression of L-selectin (1100 sites/microm2) than that of E-selectin (220 sites/microm2) was required for comparable heterotypic adhesion efficiency. With a threefold rise in active CD18 upregulated on chemotactically stimulated neutrophils, homotypic adhesion efficiency increased 10-fold compared to less than 5-fold for heterotypic adhesion to selectin transfectants. Co-expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 boosted adhesion efficiency threefold more than either receptor alone over the range of active CD18 expression. These data are the first to quantify adhesion efficiency mediated by selectin tethering and conformational activation of beta2-integrin in neutrophils in shear flow.