浅谈农村妇女“两癌”检查项目工作的体会

本文阐述在实施农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌(简称"两癌")检查项目工作中的做法、体会、探讨广大农村妇女受益最大化。该县当年检查出子宫颈原位癌7例、早期浸润癌7例,患病率47/10万;乳腺癌2例,患病率96/10万。作者提出"两癌"检查应常规化、制度化实施。     

The Role of Women in Agriculture and Rural Settings

ABSTRACT: Women in rural Australia fill many roles, some of which are influenced by the mandate of tradition, the effects of isolation, or change in the economic and social environments. This paper presents a review of literature pertaining to the role of women in agriculture and rural settings. Three groups of women are considered - those on the land; women who live in small towns; and those who live in mining and construction camps. Discussion will reveal that women in rural Australia are not afforded the recognition they deserve and strive for. The traditional perception of the woman in rural Australia as a subservient, domestic being is eroded to be replaced by the notion of a versatile, capable person whose contribution to society is unrecognised as it is often 'out of sight out of mind'.     

漯河市农村妇女宫颈癌筛查结果分析

目的 了解漯河市农村妇女宫颈癌前病变及宫颈癌的发病情况。方法 应用液基细胞学检查技术并结合TBS分级系统,采用随机原则于2012年3月 - 6月对该市20个农村6 007例妇女进行免费宫颈癌筛查,在HPV分流下对ASC及其以上病变行阴道镜检查,取病理学活检并做相应处理。结果 共筛查6 007人,合格标本5 919例,异常439（7.42%）例,44～47岁组妇女患病率高。其中ASC:288例（4.87%）,LSIL:96例（1.62%）,HSIL:51例（0.86%）,SCC:4 例（0.07%）;根据HPV结果,对310例患者进行阴道镜及组织病理活检。结果发现正常或炎症163例（58.58%）,CINⅠ55例（17.74%）,CINⅡ28例（9.32%）,CINⅢ59例（19.03%）,浸润癌5例（1.61%）。结论 农村妇女是宫颈癌发病的高危人群,各级部门应重视农村妇女宫颈癌筛查工作。     

Rural and urban midwestern United States contraception practices

To address a paucity of demographic data on rural United States contraception practices, 370 randomly selected menstruating women, age 13–55 years, living in rural and urban Illinois and Missouri answered interview questions. Women with relatively few children and living in urban areas were likely to practice contraception more than those with relatively few children and living in rural areas, p < 0.01. In Illinois, more rural (23%) than urban (2%) women chose sterilization, p < 0.01. Single status was more frequent in Chicago (41%) and rural Missouri (32%) than in rural Illinois (19%), p < 0.002, and extant research links single status with risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Condom use did not differ significantly by locale, p > 0.05. Urban-rural differences in contraception practices may be a function of life style choices (e.g. urban women may practice contraception to postpone having children, whereas rural women may practice contraception to prevent having more children after families are complete). Results do not strongly support that locale differences in contraception practices are a function of concern about contracting STDs.     

成都市社区女性乳腺癌认知及乳腺自检行为调查分析

目的 调查了解成都市社区女性乳腺癌相关知识知晓情况及乳腺自检行为现状,分析影响乳腺自检行为的因素,为制定和实施提高女性乳腺癌相关知识水平和促进乳腺检查行为的措施提供参考依据。方法 采用两阶段随机抽样方法,抽取成都市社区1 541名年满15岁且未诊断乳腺癌的女性进行问卷调查。使用方法包括描述性分析、χ2检验、非条件二分类logistic回归分析。结果 调查女性乳腺癌知识的总知晓率为29.3%(10 848/36 984),做过乳腺自检的女性仅占25.5%(393/1 541)。乳腺自检行为受到年龄（45～59岁OR=2.436,95%CI:1.343～4.419;≥60岁OR=2.327,95%CI:1.181～4.582）、文化程度（高中/技校/中专OR=3.169,95%CI:1.777～5.653;大专OR=2.842,95%CI:1.526～5.293;本科及以上OR=3.752,95%CI:2.009～7.007）、获取乳腺癌知识的主动性（OR=3.905,95%CI:2.483～6.141）及乳腺癌认知水平（OR=1.186,95%CI:1.148～1.225）的影响。结论 ...     

江西省农村地区中老年女性宫颈癌队列研究

目的研究导致江西省农村地区女性宫颈癌高发的危险因素,为宫颈癌的防治及流行病学和病因学研究提供科学依据。方法从1995年6月1日至2002年12月31日,对江西省4个地区20 050名≥40岁农村女性居民进行了队列研究。应用非条件Logistic回归进行统计学分析。结果随访期间有1 146人死亡,78人患宫颈癌。结果表明,宫颈癌的发生与妇科疾病、闭经与否、心情、睡眠时间有统计学意义(P<0.05),比值比(OR)分别为35.534,0.359,2.116,0.598。结论妇科疾病是导致江西农村地区女性宫颈癌高发的主要危险因素,因此,宫颈癌预防重点应放在妇科感染的预防与控制上。     

十堰市农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌筛查满意度分析

目的 了解十堰市受检妇女对宫颈癌和乳腺癌筛查项目的满意度评价,为今后开展工作提供参考.方法 采用电话访谈的方式对受检者进行满意度调查,内容包括是否知晓宫颈癌和乳腺癌相关知识、是否会继续参加类似的免费筛查活动以及对检查环境、检查过程、操作的专业规范性、工作态度和服务水平这5个方面的满意情况.结果 受检者"两癌"知识知晓率为85.66%,有90.31%的受检者表示会继续参加类似的免费筛查活动;宫颈癌和乳腺癌筛查满意率最高的环节为工作态度(71.71%),其次是服务水平(69.77%),满意率最低的环节为检查环境(56.20%),不满意率最高的环节为过程便捷(12.02%);郧县、竹山县和郧西县分别在工作态度、检查环境和操作规范上的满意率高于其余各县,竹溪县在过程便捷和服务水平两个环节上的满意率高于其余各县,房县5个环节的满意率均较其余各县低.结论 建议各县对满意率较低的环节采取针对性措施,同时加强项目的监管和质量控制,为受检者提供优质的筛查服务.     

Embodying risk,embodying political rationality: Women's accounts of risks for breast cancer

'Risk' has become one of the defining cultural characteristics of Western society at the end of the twentieth century. As in other areas of life, 'risk' has become central to discourses related to individual health; that is, risk has become a common construct around which health in Western society is described, organised, and practised, both personally and professionally. The purpose of this paper is to explore the notion of a 'phenomenology of risk' by considering the results of a preliminary study undertaken to explore the themes which emerge in women's accounts of their own individual risks for breast cancer. A second purpose is to move towards situating the phenomenology of risk within the social and political context within which individual experience occurs. To that end, this study was framed theoretically within the emerging social science literature which examines the broader social and political meanings and implications of health risk discourses. This paper demonstrates that by embodying prevailing discourses on health risks in general, and on breast cancer risk in particular, the women in this study have embodied a political rationality, which, among other things, reconstitutes them as autonomous, responsible 'entrepreneurial subjects'. The phenomenological and political implications of the findings of this study are considered.     

贵阳市2015-2019年农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌筛查情况分析

目的 了解贵阳市2015-2019年农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌（简称“两癌”）筛查状况,为“两癌”的筛查模式和防治对策提供科学依据。 方法 提取妇幼重大公共卫生项目信息直报系统数据,对贵阳市2015-2019年“两癌”筛查数据进行分析。 结果 2015-2019年贵阳市接受宫颈癌筛查的妇女共计240 074例,分别检出CIN1、CIN2和CIN3、宫颈癌为343例、398例和55例,检出率分别为142.87/10万、165.78/10万和22.91/10万。各年份仅CIN1的检出率差异有统计学意义（x2=25.664, P ＜0.001）;接受乳腺癌筛查的妇女共15 791例,检出乳腺癌9例,检出率为56.99/10万,各年份检出率无统计学差异（x2=2.897, P =0.575）。 结论 贵阳市宫颈癌和乳腺癌检出率水平总体较高,一方面应继续鼓励更多的农村妇女参与“两癌”筛查,知晓筛查的重要性;另一方面要加强对农村妇女的健康宣教,提高对“两癌”防治知识的知晓率,做到“三早”预防以降低“两癌”的发病率和死亡率,保护妇女健康。     

新疆生产建设兵团育龄妇女叶酸知识知晓情况调查

目的:了解新疆生产建设兵团育龄妇女叶酸知识知晓情况。方法:采取整群分层、四阶段、概率比例抽样方法随机抽样,共调查育龄妇女7333人;对影响兵团育龄妇女叶酸知晓率的因素进行单因素和非条件Logistic逐步回归分析。结果:兵团育龄妇女的叶酸知晓率为31.37%;居住在师直、年龄25～34岁、汉族、受教育程度高、已婚、从事非农业、家庭年收入高、经常看书报杂志、近2年收到过生殖健康宣传材料的妇女叶酸知晓率高。结论:应积极采取叶酸增补干预措施,加强健康教育,重点加强农村、未婚和少数民族妇女叶酸知识的普及,促进经济发展,提高妇女受教育程度是提高育龄妇女叶酸知晓率的根本途径。     

河北省玉田县农村居民高血压和糖尿病患病率及其知晓率

目的了解河北省玉田县中老年人群高血压、糖尿病的患病率和知晓率。方法2011年3月选取40～69岁农村居民495人进行高血压和糖尿病相关知识问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检查。结果调查人群高血压、糖尿病患病率分别为63．8％、12．1％,知晓率分别为34．5％、56．7％;根据中国人口年龄进行标化后患病率统计：高血压为63．2％（男性为66．4％,女性为60．9％）、糖尿病为11．1％（男性为12．0％,女性为10．4％）;高血压和糖尿病患病率随年龄和体重指数的增加而递增（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）,男性和女性居民高血压和糖尿病的患病率及知晓率差异均无统计学意义,高血压知晓率随体重指数的增加而升高（P〈0．01）。结论河北玉田县农村中老年居民高血压和糖尿病患病率较高,而高血压知晓率却很低。     

泗县农村留守妇女艾滋病防治知识及梅毒、HIV感染情况调查分析

目的了解泗县农村留守妇女艾滋病防治知识知晓情况和梅毒、HIV感染状况,探索适合农村留守妇女预防控制艾滋病、梅毒的健康教育措施。方法选取15个乡镇,每乡镇4个行政村,每村不少于10人,共636名农村留守妇女进行问卷调查,并采集血样进行HIV、梅毒检测。结果农村留守妇女艾滋病防治知识总体知晓率为43.40%,不同文化程度人群知晓率差异有统计学意义(F=56.029,P=0.000)。636名农村留守妇女HIV、梅毒均为阴性。结论加强农村留守妇女宣传教育活动,提高妇女自我保护意识,减少艾滋病、梅毒传播。     

河南省农村女性慢性病知识知晓现况调查

目的 探明河南省农村女性对慢性非传染性疾病(慢性病)知识掌握的现状,为制定健康教育规划和策略提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段抽样的方法在全省内共抽取农村女性4 193人,采用自制调查问卷对调查对象进行现场调查.结果 研究对象慢性病知识平均标化知晓率为56.58％,其中糖尿病最低为48.82％;35岁以下各年龄组知晓率稍高,35岁及以上各组随着年龄的增大逐渐降低(P＜0.01);随着受教育程度的提高,知晓率随之增高(P＜0.01);学生知晓率高于非学生(P＜0.01);医疗人员知晓率高于非医疗人员(P＜0.01).结论 研究结果提示,农村高年龄组、低学历女性是健康教育的重点人群.糖尿病健康教育普遍不足,需要重点加强.     

1002例女职工妇科普查结果分析

目的：为普查女职工的妇科疾病及预防和早期发现宫颈癌进行本项工作,方法：通过普查的方式对成都木综厂的全体已婚女职工进行 妇科检查、阴道清洁度、白带查滴虫、霉菌、宫颈细胞学检查,结果：阴道滴虫的患病率平均为2％,阴道霉菌的平均感染率为10．65,宫颈糜烂的平均患病率为32．75,霉菌性阴道炎及宫颈糜烂患病率随年龄的增加而逐渐下降。宫颈细胞学检查巴氏Ⅲ以上者患者率为0．4％（4例）。结论：宫颈糜烂、霉菌性阴道炎及滴虫性阴道炎是妇女最常见的3种炎症,前2种炎症的患病率随年龄的增加而逐渐下降。     

江苏省城乡居民高血压患病知晓率及其影响因素

目的了解江苏省城乡居民高血压患病知晓情况,为开展高血压社区综合防制工作提供依据。方法在江苏省14个慢病监测点采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法和KISH表法确定调查对象,通过询问调查获得18岁及以上城乡居民基本情况和健康状况等信息,并现场进行血压等项目体格测量。结果江苏省18岁及以上城乡居民高血压粗患病率为49．1％,高血压患病知晓率为42．0％;多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄35岁以上、职业为离退休人员、居住在苏中和苏北地区、戒烟人群、体质指数（BMI）≥24kg／m2、已经参加了医疗保险和无高血压家族史是影响高血压患病知晓率的主要因素。结论江苏省18岁及以上居民高血压患病率较高,而高血压患病知晓率较低,应对重点人群采取多种措施,不断提高居民高血压患病知晓率,早期发现患者,预防并发症的发生。     

Impact of benign breast biopsy upon breast self-examination

Current American Cancer Society guidelines recommend monthly performance of breast self-examination (BSE) for women over 20 years of age. While the experience of a benign breast biopsy can result in elevated levels of distress, the impact of benign biopsy upon breast cancer (BC) screening behavior is not well known. The present study examined frequency of BSE practice in 102 women after benign breast biopsy (biopsy group). Telephone interviews were completed a mean of 21 days (initial interview) and 8 months after biopsy (follow-up interview). A healthy comparison (HC) group of women (n = 76) without a history of breast biopsy completed an initial interview only. Information regarding distress, dispositional characteristics, BC screening-related attitudes and behaviors, and subjective and objective risk for BC was collected. Results indicated that the biopsy and HC groups did not differ in typical (i.e., prebiopsy) practice of BSE. However, practice of BSE changed after biopsy with a general trend toward a decrease in BSE frequency. Only 8% of women in the biopsy group reported appropriate (once per month) practice of BSE at the 8-month Follow-up while 28% reported appropriate practice at the initial interview. Decreases in BSE performance after biopsy were characteristic of younger women, women who lacked confidence in the ability to perform BSE correctly, and women whose biopsy was preceded by discovery of a breast lump or abnormality during BSE. Results suggest the potential value of a psychoeducational intervention after biopsy to enhance appropriate performance of BSE.     

武汉市20余万农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌筛查情况分析

目的:了解武汉市农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌患病情况及相关因素。方法:采用液基薄层细胞学技术(TCT)和DNA倍体定量分析技术检测宫颈脱落细胞,初筛阳性者采用阴道镜下取宫颈活体组织进行病理检查;采用触诊及彩色多普勒超声进行乳腺检查,初筛阳性者行钼靶摄片检查或乳腺穿刺行细胞学检查。对所有初筛阳性者进行问卷调查,了解一般人口学情况、环境因素、遗传因素、既往史及现病史、女性个人健康史、生活习惯及饮食习惯以及社会心理因素等因素。结果:全市共对202 067例妇女进行"两癌"筛查,共检出宫颈癌前病变770例、宫颈癌33例(27.13/10万),乳腺癌32例(23.85/10万)。对"两癌"影响因素分析提示:HPV感染、宫颈癌家族史、基础妇科疾病、初次性行为年龄早是宫颈癌前病变发生的危险因素;HPV感染、初次生育年龄早以及经历不良生活事件是宫颈癌发生的危险因素;初婚年龄晚、文化程度低、经常使用电脑或电视机、有癌症家族史、流产及引产史是乳腺癌发生的危险因素。结论:通过开展宫颈癌和乳腺癌筛查,起到早发现、早诊断、早治疗的作用,对降低宫颈癌和乳腺癌的发病率及死亡率具有重要的意义。将来需根据"两癌"高危因素进一步加强针对性的健康教育工作,完善"两癌"筛查与随访制度,保障妇女的生殖健康。