福建闽南地区汉族女性指长比与子宫肌瘤的关系

目的:研究福建闽南地区汉族女性指长比与子宫肌瘤的关系。方法:采用体质测量法,分析福建闽南地区汉族女性303例(子宫肌瘤患者组152例,对照组151例)指长比(2D∶3D、2D∶4D、2D∶5D、3D∶4D、3D∶5D、4D∶5D)的差异性。结果:子宫肌瘤组指长比均值高于对照组,其中左侧2D∶3D、2D∶4D及右侧2D∶4D差异有统计学意义;子宫肌瘤组与对照组2D∶4D指长比分布构成比差异有统计学意义,子宫肌瘤组两侧2D∶4D指长比以高2D∶4D为主,对照组以低2D∶4D为主;子宫肌瘤组及对照组的2D∶4D指长比与年龄之间无相关关系。结论:福建闽南地区汉族女性两侧2D∶4D指长比可能是子宫肌瘤早期筛选的重要参考指标之一。     

湘西汉族脑梗死患者的指长比

目的:通过对湘西地区脑梗死患者和健康成人的手指长及指长比进行对比研究,对指长比与脑梗死之间的关系进行初步探讨,以期为国内脑梗死的早期筛选提供间接的依据。方法:抽取就诊于怀化市第一人民医院的湘西汉族男性300例(健康对照组150例,脑梗死患者150例)、女性300例(健康对照组150例,脑梗死患者150例)。采用人体测量学方法测量了2~5指长度,并计算出指长比,探讨指长比与脑梗死之间的关系。结果:脑梗死患者与正常对照组指长比的比较显示,指长比均值表现为男性脑梗死患者2D∶3D、2D∶4D和2D∶5D均大于健康对照组,其中左手2D∶3D、2D∶4D和右手2D∶3D、2D∶4D、2D∶5D差异有统计学意义。女性脑梗死患者2D∶3D、2D∶4D和2D∶5D也同样均大于健康对照组,其中左手2D∶3D、2D∶4D和右手2D∶4D、2D∶3D差异有统计学意义。结论:湘西汉族脑梗死患者与健康对照组指长比有差异,尤其是2D∶4D可能是脑梗死早期筛选的一个重要参数。     

指长比与男性胃癌的相关性分析

研究宁夏汉族男性指长比(2D:4D)与胃癌的关系。采用体质测量法,比较宁夏汉族男性186例(对照组93例,胃癌患者组93例)左右手指长比(2D:3D、2D:4D、2D:5D、3D:4D、3D:5D、4D:5D)均值及其差异性,分析2D:4D与年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移程度及转移距离间的相关性。宁夏汉族男性胃癌患者组各指长比均值均低于对照组,2D:4D、3D:4D差异有统计学意义;胃癌患者组2D:4D1的比例显著高于对照组;2D:4D均值与胃癌患者年龄、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移程度及转移距离无相关性。指长比,尤其是2D:4D与宁夏汉族男性胃癌有关,可能是胃癌早期筛查的间接指标之一。     

辽宁汉族指长及指长比特点

目的 探讨辽宁汉族指长比的特点。 方法 在知情同意情况下随机整群选取20~22岁健康辽宁汉族728人（男270,女458）,排除手指有畸形、损伤和有内分泌及代谢病者,其母孕期间均未服用激素类药物,直接测量法测量其指长, SPSS140软件包对数据进行分析。 结果 辽宁汉族指长均呈现：3D＞4D＞2D＞5D,女性2D>男性（P<0.001）、男性4D>女性（P<0.001）;辽宁汉族指长比具有3D:5D＞4D:5D＞2D:5D＞3D:4D＞2D:4D＞2D:3D趋势;辽宁汉族指长比存在性别、侧别差异,以2D:4D较为明显;辽宁汉族指长比大于宁夏汉族、回族指长比,与其他国家群体之间也存在差异。 结论 辽宁汉族指长比具有性别、侧别差异性,其中以2D：4D最为显著;指长比可能还存在民族、地区及人种的差异。     

指长比与冠心病的相关性研究

目的 研究宁夏男性指长比与冠心病的相关性. 方法 采用体质测量法,研究宁夏汉族男性304例(正常对照152例,冠心病患者152例)左右手指长比(2D:3D、2D:4D、2D:5D、3D:4D、3D:5D、4D:5D),探讨其与冠心病的相关性. 结果 宁夏汉族男性正常对照组与冠心病患者组指长比均值呈现2D:3D<2D:4D<3D:4D<2D:5D<4D:5D<3D:5D的趋势;冠心病患者组指长比均值高于正常对照组,2D:3D(左手P<0.05)、2D:4D有显著性差异(左手P<0.01;右手P<0.05),2D>4D的比例高于对照组;冠心病患者组指长比均值与发病年龄呈负相关(P<0.001). 结论 指长比,尤其是左手2D:4D可能是冠心病早期筛选的重要参考指标之一.     

广东地区青年指长比与体能的相关性

目的 :研究广东地区青年大学生指长比与体能的相关性,为运动员选材和通过科学训练改善大学生体质提供一定的参考。方法 :随机选取307例身体健康的广东药科大学学生为研究对象。在知情同意的条件下,采用直接测量法测量左右手第2指长度(2D)、第4指长度(4D),并计算两者的比率(2D∶4D),同时采集研究对象的体能数据及个人信息后进行统计学分析。结果 :男生及女生左、右手2D∶4D测量均值基本接近并且男生的左右手指长比均值均小于女生;男生左手高指长比群体2D∶4D与体能总评分呈负相关;男生左手高指长比群体2D∶4D与50 m评分、肺活量评分呈负相关;男生右手高指长比群体2D∶4D与50 m评分呈负相关;女生左手低指长比群体2D∶4D与坐位体前屈评分、1min仰卧起坐评分呈正相关;女生左手高指长比群体2D∶4D与坐位体前屈评分呈负相关;女生右手低指长比群体的2D∶4D与50 m评分呈负相关。结论 :人类的2D∶4D具有性别差异性并且左右手2D∶4D与人体体能有相关性,可将指长比作为科学训练和人才选拔的依据。     

宁夏汉族大学生示指环指指长比与体质量指数及腰臀围比的相关性分析

目的:探讨宁夏汉族大学生示指与环指指长比(2D:4D)与体质量指数(BMI)及腰臀围比(WHR)的关系。方法:运用人类体质测量法,比较宁夏汉族大学生597例(男性243例;女性354例)左手、右手、双手及右手-左手(D_(r-l))2D:4D,BMI、WHR各均值,分析2D:4D与BMI及WHR的相关性。结果:女性左手、右手及双手2D:4D均值均显著高于男性;男性BMI与左手2D:4D呈正相关,与D_(r-l)呈负相关;女性臀围与左手、右手及双手2D:4D均值呈负相关。结论:2D:4D与男性BMI及女性体形有一定关系。     

锦州市大学生指长比与体能测试各项成绩的关系

目的 :研究大学生指长比与体能测试各个项目的成绩及总成绩的关系,从而推测指长比与各项身体素质的关系。方法 :随机抽取锦州市2所高校12个班的大学生作为研究对象。测量研究对象双手手指长度以及体能测试各项成绩等,调查可能影响体测成绩的因素。分析指长比与体能测试各个项目的成绩及总成绩的关系。结果 :除左手的3D∶4D和右手的2D∶3D不存在性别差异外,其余指长比均存在性别差异。男生右手2D∶4D与50m跑、1000m跑和立定跳远的成绩间存在负相关关系。女生右手2D∶4D与总成绩、50 m跑、800 m跑、立定跳远、仰卧起坐等成绩间存在负相关关系。将单项成绩分层后进行相互比较,男女生总成绩、50 m跑和立定跳远存在不同成绩段的差异。结论 :锦州市大学生指长比与体能测试的成绩存在一定的负相关关系,尤其是速度和耐力方面。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与2型糖尿病合并心脑血管疾病的关系

目的 :探讨血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)基因多态性与 2型糖尿病合并心脑血管疾病的关系。方法 :应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)技术 ,对 1 74例 2型糖尿病及 6 2名正常对照者的ACE基因插入 /缺失 (I/D)型多态性进行检测。结果 :ACE基因I/D多态性与 2型糖尿病并发冠心病 (心肌梗塞、心绞痛 )、脑梗塞密切相关 ,而对糖尿病伴高血压者无相关关系。糖尿病伴高血压、冠心病、脑梗塞ACED/D型者血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ明显高于对照组 (p <0 0 1 ) ,而醛固酮、血管内皮素无显著差异。结论 :ACEI/D多态性检测对糖尿病合并心脑血管疾病的一级预防有一定的指导意义 ,并有助于冠心病、脑梗塞的早期诊断和治疗     

女性精神分裂症患者指长比的分析

目的 :探讨女性精神分裂症与指长比(2D∶4D)的相关性。方法 :采用体质测量法,分析宁夏汉族女性249例(对照组147例,精神分裂症患者组102例)双手指长比(2D∶3D、2D∶4D、2D∶5D、3D∶4D、3D∶5D、4D∶5D)均值,比较各均值的差异性及2D∶4D与精神分裂症患者发病年龄的相关性。结果 :精神分裂症患者组各指长比均值均高于对照组,左手2D∶3D及双手2D∶4D差异有统计学意义;患者组左手2D4D的比例显著高于对照组;2D∶4D均值与精神分裂症患者发病年龄无相关性。结论 :指长比(2D∶4D)可能是宁夏汉族女性精神分裂症早期筛查的1个参考指标,精神分裂症可能与胚胎期性激素暴露水平有关。     

No Sexual Dimorphism Detected in Digit Ratios of the Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra)

It has been proposed that digit ratio may be used as a biomarker of early developmental effects. Specifically, the second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) has been linked to the effects of sex hormones and their receptor genes, but other digit ratios have also been investigated. Across taxa, patterns of sexual dimorphism in digit ratios are ambiguous and a scarcity of studies in basal tetrapods makes it difficult to understand how ratios have evolved. Here, we focus on examining sex differences in digit ratios (2D:3D, 2D:4D, and 3D:4D) in a common amphibian, the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). We used graphic software to measure soft tissue digit length and digit bone length from X‐rays. We found a nonsignificant tendency in males to have a lower 2D:3D than females; however, no sexual differences were detected in the other ratios. We discuss our results in the context of other studies of digit ratios, and how sex determination systems, as well as other factors, might impact patterns of sexual dimorphism, particularly in reptiles and in amphibians. Our findings suggest that caution is needed when using digit ratios as a potential indicator of prenatal hormonal effects in amphibians and highlight the need for more comparative studies to elucidate the evolutionary and genetic mechanisms implicated in sexually dimorphic patterns across taxonomic groups. Anat Rec, 298:1786–1795, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a proxy for testosterone, and susceptibility to HIV and AIDS?

The incidence of HIV and AIDS is high in sub-Saharan Africa and in male homosexuals. It is suggested that testosterone-mediated immune dysfunction may account for this pattern. The ratio of the length of the 2nd and 4th digit (2D:4D) is negatively related to prenatal and adult testosterone concentrations. There is evidence that black South Africans have lower 2D:4D ratios than most other populations and male homosexuals have lower 2D:4D ratios than male heterosexuals. Men with low 2D:4D ratios may also be more sexually active and/or more fertile than men with high ratio. We suggest that men and women with low 2D:4D are susceptible to HIV infection and AIDS and babies with low 2D:4D ratio susceptible to vertical transmission. Infection rates may therefore be reduced by education and condom supply directed towards low 2D:4D adults.     

Sexual dimorphism in digit length ratios in two lizard species

Sexual dimorphism in digit length ratios has been reported for humans, a few other mammals, and two bird species. This dimorphism is thought to arise via an interaction between the prenatal exposure of the embryo to sex hormones and the Hox genes, which are highly conserved among vertebrates and control the development of both the appendices, including fingers and toes, and the urogenital system. In this study, we report on sexual dimorphism in 2D:3D, 2D:4D, and 3D:4D contralateral ratios of the forelimbs in two species of oviparous lizards, the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) and the tree skink (Mabuya planifrons), as measured on museum specimens. We found that male P. muralis had a larger 2D:4D ratio on both sides and larger 2D:3D ratio on the left side than females, whereas in M. planifrons, males had lower 2D:3D ratios than females on the left side. The two species show opposite patterns of sexual dimorphism in body size, males being larger than females in P. muralis, and the reverse in M. planifrons, suggesting that interspecific variation of sex differences in digit ratios could be associated with sex-specific growth trajectories. There was a limited evidence for directional asymmetry in digit ratios. Therefore, our findings provide the first evidence that digit ratios are sexually dimorphic in any reptile species and are consistent with the idea that the genetic link between limb development and the urogenital system had been established with the evolution of the earliest terrestrial tetrapods. Importantly, many lizard species with genetic sex determination, including the ones we studied, are oviparous and may represent valuable animal models for experimental tests of the association between prenatal exposure to androgens or estrogens and digit ratios.     

Avian hind-limb digit length ratios measured from radiographs are sexually dimorphic

Sexual dimorphism in digit length ratios is well established in humans, and has been reported in other vertebrate species as well, including birds. The sign of sexual dimorphism in digit ratios may, however, vary both within and between vertebrate classes. It has been hypothesized that sex differences in digit ratios arise via differential prenatal exposure of the two sexes to steroids, which may affect the expression of the Hox genes controlling the osteometric development of digits and appendices. Among birds, the evidence for sex dimorphism in hind-limb digit ratios is conflicting, though all previous studies were based on measurements of undissected digits, implying that results could be confounded by sex-related variation in soft tissues. Here we report that digit ratios derived from radiographs of both feet of a large passerine bird, the hooded crow (Corvus corone), are sexually dimorphic, males showing larger 2D : 3D (effect size, r = 0.33) and 2D : 4D than females (effect size, r = 0.28). We also observed a good agreement (r = 0.45) between radiographic estimates of digit ratios and digit ratios calculated based on undissected digit measurements (thus including soft tissues). Importantly, we found that the patterns of sex and side differences were largely coherent between the two methods. Therefore, our findings show for the first time in avian species that sex differences in digit ratios have an osteometric basis, a fundamental prerequisite for a role of Hox genes in originating such dimorphism.     

Sexual dimorphism in digit-length ratios of laboratory mice

The lengths of the index finger (2D) and ring finger (4D) are sexually dimorphic in humans, and men have a smaller 2D:4D ratio compared to women. Prenatal androgens appear to be important in the development of the 2D:4D sex difference, since it has been reported in children as young as 2 years old, and since humans exposed to supernormal prenatal androgen levels display a smaller 2D:4D ratio. We tested whether another mammalian species in which the process of peripheral sexual differentiation is androgen-dependent might also show a sex difference in digit ratios. The 2D:4D ratio of adult outbred mice was calculated for both the left and right rear paws. A sex difference was observed in the right rear paw: female mice had a larger 2D:4D ratio than did males. We also found this difference in prepubescent weanling mice. This sex difference is in the same direction as that observed in humans, and suggests that sexual dimorphism in digit length ratios is a feature common to many, if not all, mammals. The mouse may therefore be a useful animal model for studying the factors that influence finger length patterns, which have recently been correlated with several specific behaviors and disease predispositions in humans.     

A critical re-evaluation of the association between 2D:4D ratios and fluctuating asymmetry in humans

Background: Both asymmetry and the second and fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) relate to various aspects of human life history. Higher asymmetry with extreme 2D:4D ratios have suggested a link between both processes, indicating that early development determines levels of developmental instability. However, most observed associations may be biased because combinations of the digit lengths are used as both dependent and independent variables.

Aim: The present study explored the usefulness of asymmetry in digits 2 and 4 to study this association.

Subjects and methods: A combination of literature review, a small simulation study, and a study of 2D:4D ratios and asymmetry in a total of 100 young males and females is presented.

Results: Using asymmetry in digits 2 and 4 results in bias and increased type I error rates, leading to stronger associations between asymmetry and 2D:4D ratios. In spite of low sample sizes, significant associations between asymmetry measured in hands and face and 2D:4D ratios were detected for asymmetries in digits 2 and 4 only.

Conclusions: Using asymmetry in digits 2 and/or 4 causes bias. Excluding such results, there is currently little evidence of any association between asymmetry and digit ratios. Future studies should carefully select traits to investigate these correlations further.     

Sexual dimorphism in digit‐length ratios of laboratory mice

The lengths of the index finger (2D) and ring finger (4D) are sexually dimorphic in humans, and men have a smaller 2D:4D ratio compared to women. Prenatal androgens appear to be important in the development of the 2D:4D sex difference, since it has been reported in children as young as 2 years old, and since humans exposed to supernormal prenatal androgen levels display a smaller 2D:4D ratio. We tested whether another mammalian species in which the process of peripheral sexual differentiation is androgen‐dependent might also show a sex difference in digit ratios. The 2D:4D ratio of adult outbred mice was calculated for both the left and right rear paws. A sex difference was observed in the right rear paw: female mice had a larger 2D:4D ratio than did males. We also found this difference in prepubescent weanling mice. This sex difference is in the same direction as that observed in humans, and suggests that sexual dimorphism in digit length ratios is a feature common to many, if not all, mammals. The mouse may therefore be a useful animal model for studying the factors that influence finger length patterns, which have recently been correlated with several specific behaviors and disease predispositions in humans. Anat Rec 267:231–234, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

太行山猕猴指（趾）长比性差

目的 研究太行山猕猴指（趾）长比性差大小和分布。 方法 测量成年雄性猕猴左右侧指骨100根、趾骨120根和成年雌性猕猴左右侧指骨250根、趾骨250根的长度,根据5根指骨和5根趾骨长度的可能组合得到相应的20个长度比。数据用SPSS 20.0统计学软件进行分析。结果 5根指骨和5根趾骨的绝对长度变量性差显著（P<0.01）; 10个指长比没有明显的性差（P>0.05）;10个趾长比中有6个性差显著（P<0.05或P<0.01）;性差的方向是雄性大于雌性,性差最大的趾长比出现在低比率排序的1D∶5D（P<0.01）;猕猴指长比性差模式与其他一些非人灵长类不同。 结论 在控制了其他一些可能影响的因素（种群差异、系统演化、运动类型和行走姿势等）之后,猕猴的指长比主要受到3个因素的影响,社会行为、种内雌性同性竞争水平和种内雄性同性竞争水平。长度比的模式可能受到出生前性激素的影响。     

The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen

The differentiation of the urinogenital system and the appendicular skeleton in vertebrates is under the control of Hox genes. The common control of digit and gonad differentiation raises the possibility that patterns of digit formation may relate to spermatogenesis and hormonal concentrations. This work was concerned with the ratio between the length of the 2nd and 4th digit (2D:4D) in humans. We showed that (i) 2D:4D in right and left hands has a sexually dimorphic pattern; in males mean 2D:4D = 0.98, i.e. the 4th digit tended to be longer than the 2nd and in females mean 2D:4D = 1.00, i.e. the 2nd and 4th digits tended to be of equal length. The dimorphism is present from at least age 2 years and 2D:4D is probably established in utero; (ii) high 2D:4D ratio in right hands was associated with germ cell failure in men (P = 0.04); (iii) sperm number was negatively related to 2D:4D in the right hand (P = 0.004); (iv) in men testosterone concentrations were negatively related to right hand 2D:4D and in women and men LH (right hand), oestrogen (right and left hands) and prolactin (right hand) concentrations were positively correlated with 2D:4D ratio and (v) 2D:4D ratio in right hands remained positively related to luteinizing hormone and oestrogen after controlling for sex, age, height and weight.      

广西汉族和壮族大学生指长比与攻击行为的相关性

目的:探讨广西汉族和壮族大学生指长比与攻击行为的相关性,为预防大学生攻击行为的发生提供一定的参考。方法:随机选取416例身体健康的广西汉族和壮族大学生(汉族182例,壮族234例)为研究对象。在知情同意的条件下,采用直接测量法测量左右手2D、3D、4D和5D指长,并用攻击行为问卷对研究对象进行调查。按民族和性别分组,计算左右手指长比2D:3D、2D:4D、2D:5D、3D:4D、3D:5D和4D:5D,探讨左右手各指长比与攻击行为的相关性。结果:汉族男生右2D:4D与敌对呈正直线相关。汉族女生左2D:3D与愤怒、敌对和攻击总分呈正直线相关,左2D:4D与敌对呈正直线相关,左3D:5D与身体攻击、右3D:5D与身体攻击和攻击总分、左4D:5D与身体攻击、右4D:5D与身体攻击和攻击总分均呈负直线相关。壮族女生右2D:3D与敌对和攻击总分呈正直线相关,右3D:5D与敌对呈负直线相关。结论:部分指长比对预防广西汉族大学生和广西壮族女大学生攻击行为的发生可能具有一定的参考意义。