双瓣膜病变合并三尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗体会

目的 探讨双瓣膜病变合并三尖瓣关闭不全的外科手术治疗方法及疗效.方法 34例双瓣膜病变合并三尖瓣关闭不全患者,行双瓣膜替换术的同期行三尖瓣成形术,其中De Vega成形术15例、Kay成形术8例、Carpentier成形环植入术11例.所有患者于术后1周再次经胸超声心动图检查以评价手术效果.结果 术后所有患者病情均得到不同程度的好转,34例患者中17例无反流,15例轻度反流,仅有2例中度反流,无重度反流病例;术后所有患者心功能均恢复为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.结论 双瓣膜替换术同期矫治三尖瓣关闭不全,有利于患者术后早期心功能恢复,术后远期疗效较好.     

改良Carpentier方法矫治Ebstein畸形

目的 探讨改良Carpentier方法矫治Ebstein畸形的疗效。方法 (1)采用自体心包片加宽前瓣，(2)后瓣叶边缘对合缝在隔瓣叶或前瓣，以加大面积，(3)自制心包片包裹的绦纶环加固瓣环，(4)可调式Devega三尖瓣成形。结果 1992-01～2003-05我院采用改良Carpentier方法矫治Ebstein畸形3l例，除1例死于顽固性心衰外，余30例治愈出院，手术死亡率3．2％。术后随访6个月～94个月，心功能Ⅰ级6例，Ⅱ级21例，Ⅲ级3例，未发现新的心律失常。结论 改良Carpentier方法矫治Ebstein畸形，方法新颖实用。疗效满意。     

三尖瓣置换手术危险因素与治疗对策(附37例报告)

目的探讨三尖瓣置换术的危险因素及治疗对策。方法回顾性分析施行三尖瓣置换术37例患者的临床资料。结果围手术期死亡3例。术后右心功能不全是死亡主要原因。平均随访38个月,随访率97%,远期心功能Ⅰ级21例、Ⅱ级10例、Ⅲ级3例。结论正确认识三尖瓣置换术的危险因素并采取积极有效的处理措施是提高三尖瓣置换手术成功率的关键。     

10例成人三尖瓣下移畸形护理新进展

目的:总结成人三尖瓣下移畸形(Ebstein畸形)手术前后的护理经验.方法:对2011年1月到2013年4月收治的Ebstein畸形10例患者,在全麻低温体外循环下1例行三尖瓣置换,7例行房化右心室折叠+三尖瓣成型术,其中2例合并ASD修补,其余2例行房化右心室折叠+上腔静脉肺动脉吻合术.术前做好访视,宣教,使患者做好充分生理,心理准备;术后护理要点:1.积极预防并处理心律失常;2.维护右心功能,预防低心排综合征发生;3.保持水,电解质,内环境稳定;4.加强呼吸道管理;5.做好起搏器的护理;6.抗凝治疗的观察;7.密切观察尿量,维护肾功能状态.结果:1例患者术后出现室速伴有血压下降,予双向100焦耳除颤1次,后予胺碘酮静脉给药后恢复正常.1例出现慢室律房颤,Ⅱ°房室传导阻滞,予放置右心室外膜起搏器,其余患者未发生任何术后并发症,均痊愈出院.结论:成人Ebstein畸形患者瓣叶的畸形程度较儿童重,因此行矫治术的风险大,加强手术前后的护理,有利于提高手术成功率.     

成人Ebstein8例畸形行矫治术的护理

目的报告成人Ebstein畸形（三尖瓣下移畸形）患者手术治疗前后的护理经验。方法对8例成人Ebstein畸形患者在全麻低温体外循环下施行矫治术,术前充分做好患者准备,其其心理、生理达到最佳状态,术后护理要点：①加强呼吸道管理,维持良好的呼吸功能;②积极预防并处理心律失常;③维护右心功能,预防低心排综合征的发生;④密切观察尿量,维护肾功能。结果 2例患者术后出现频发室性早搏,合理使用利多卡因静脉给药后心律均恢复正常,其余患者未发生任何术后并发症,患者均痊愈出院。结论成人Ebstein畸形患者瓣叶畸形的程度一般较儿童为重,因此,行矫治术的难度大,风险高,对此类患者加强手术前后护理,可提高手术成功率。     

成人房间隔缺损的手术治疗及围手术期处理

目的 总结成人房间隔缺损(房缺)手术治疗的经验.方法 回顾性分析1993年5月～2006年5月手术治疗的成人房缺98例患者的临床资料.房缺:上腔型4例、下腔型3例、中央型91例;合并部分型肺静脉畸形引流12例、三尖瓣关闭不全56例、二尖瓣关闭不全12例、心房颤动8例、心房扑动3例;房缺直接缝合12例、心包片修补36例、涤纶片修补50例;同期三尖瓣DeVega成形术22例、改良环缩术30例、Kay成形术4例;二尖瓣Kay成形术12例;8例心房颤动患者术中行右房迷宫术.结果 98例患者术后全部生存.术后心功能Ⅰ级88例、Ⅱ级8例、Ⅲ级2例;右心房、右心室横径均较术前明显缩小,肺动脉压降低;无二尖瓣返流及中度以上三尖瓣返流病例;8例心房颤动患者术后2个月后均恢复窦性心律.结论 严格掌握手术适应证,注意其外科治疗的特殊性,正确处理其合并症,加强围手术期管理是决定预后的关键.     

自体心包与人工瓣环三尖瓣成形术治疗功能性三尖瓣反流的比较

目的比较自体心包条三尖瓣成形与人工瓣环三尖瓣成形治疗功能性三尖瓣反流的中期疗效。方法我科2005年至2008年间76例功能性三尖瓣反流患者随机分为两组,A组(n=46)以人工瓣环行三尖瓣成形,B组(n=30)以自体心包条环缩三尖瓣环行三尖瓣成形,分别于术后6个月、12个月、24个月及36个月对两组患者右心房内径、右心室内径,三尖瓣反流程度进行对比观察。结果两组均无死亡病例;术后心功能分级较术前提高Ⅰ～Ⅱ级;术后两组患者右心房内径、右心室内径、三尖瓣反流面积比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论自体心包三尖瓣环成形术是治疗功能性三尖瓣反流的有效方法,其中期疗效与人工瓣环三尖瓣成形术相似,但治疗费用明显降低。     

自体心包与人工瓣环三尖瓣成形术治疗功能性三尖瓣反流的比较

目的比较自体心包条三尖瓣成形与人工瓣环三尖瓣成形治疗功能性三尖瓣反流的中期疗效。方法我科2005年至2008年间76例功能性三尖瓣反流患者随机分为两组,A组（n=46）以人工瓣环行三尖瓣成形,B组（n=30）以自体心包条环缩三尖瓣环行三尖瓣成形,分别于术后6个月、12个月、24个月及36个月对两组患者右心房内径、右心室内径,三尖瓣反流程度进行对比观察。结果两组均无死亡病例;术后心功能分级较术前提高Ⅰ～Ⅱ级;术后两组患者右心房内径、右心室内径、三尖瓣反流面积比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论自体心包三尖瓣环成形术是治疗功能性三尖瓣反流的有效方法,其中期疗效与人工瓣环三尖瓣成形术相似,但治疗费用明显降低。     

三维瓣膜成形环在风湿性二尖瓣瓣膜病合并三尖瓣关闭不全术中的临床应用

目的 通过对风湿性二尖瓣瓣膜病合并三尖瓣关闭不全的患者在置换二尖瓣的同时施行三维瓣膜成形环治疗三尖瓣关闭不全,初步探讨这一新术式的疗效.方法 选取风湿性二尖瓣瓣膜病合并三尖瓣关闭不全者18例（治疗组）,在行二尖瓣置换术的同时施行三维瓣膜成形环治疗三尖瓣关闭不全.同期18例（对照组）患者行二尖瓣置换术的同时施行De Vega环缩术.比较两组术中手术情况及术后2周、术后6个月时心脏超声指标的变化.结果 两组患者均康复出院,术后2周和术后6个月复查超声显示右心房横径、右心室横径、三尖瓣反流程度均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而且治疗组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 三维瓣膜成形环治疗三尖瓣关闭不全远期效果满意.     

重度三尖瓣病变行三尖瓣置换术27例临床应用

目的 探讨三尖瓣置换术(TVR)手术指征及方式,总结三尖瓣病变的手术治疗经验.方法 2005年9月至2010年5月共施行TVR 27例,其中置换生物瓣膜23例,机械瓣膜4例;同期行二尖瓣置换术8例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣膜置换术4例,房间隔缺损修补术4例.结果 手术病死率为11.1％(3/27),其中2例术后死于重度低心排血量综合征,1例术后第7天死于多器官功能衰竭.术后二次开胸止血1例,经积极治疗后顺利康复出院.随访率91.7％(22/24),1例术后3年死于生物瓣膜毁损,1例术后19个月死于脑栓塞.随访期间心功能NYHA分级恢复至Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级14例.结论 行TVR的患者中、远期病死率均较高,对于严重的三尖瓣病变患者,正确的手术方式、合理的围手术期处理是手术成功的关键.对于年龄大于50岁、随访不便以及未生育适龄女性患者来说,优先考虑置换生物瓣膜.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.