基于集团化的社区卫生服务管理模式研究

发展基于社区卫生服务的基本医疗卫生服务体系是新医改的重要目标之一,建立基层医疗机构管理服务新机制是浙江省新医改的创新和有益的探索.阐述了目前基层医疗机构管理服务现状,重点论述了杭州市某区卫生局从2007年底积极开展社区卫生服务集团化管理的"九‘化'模式"的具体策略和获得的主要成效,为探索区域内社区卫生服务机构的集团化管理,为完善以社区卫生服务为基础的新型城市基层医疗卫生服务体系,提供模式参考.

Abstract：

Full-speed development of the primary health care centering on community health service is key to the ongoing health reform in China. Building a new management mechanism for these grass-root health centers is an innovative approach of such a reform as carried out in Zhejiang province.The authors described the present management mechanism in the province, and focused on the specific measures and main outcomes of the "nine Group-scale model" as used by a district health bureau in Hanzhou since end of 2007. The paper aims at building an ideal model for group-scale management of community health centers, and improving the new city primary health care system centering on community health service.     

上海市社区卫生服务中心收支两条线管理实践与成效

依据收支两条线管理的基本原理,对上海社区卫生服务中心开展收支两条线管理进行回顾与总结,通过对实践中的主要做法与经验的总结,分析所取得的成效,提炼在社区卫生服务中心开展收支两条线管理的必要性、核心、重点和难点,为全国其他地区社区卫生服务中心开展收支两条线管理提供借鉴.

Abstract：

According to the basic principle, this paper reviews and summarizes the separated management of income and expenses in CHCs(community health centers)in Shanghai. Through summarizing the practice and experience, analyzes the effect, and extracts the necessity, core, key points and difficulties, which can be used in the CHCs in other areas.     

公立医院筹资补偿机制的探讨

"为群众提供安全、有效、方便、价廉的医疗卫生服务"是<公立医院改革试点指导意见>提出的公立医院医疗卫生服务的总体目标,这一目标的实现仅靠改革公立医院内部运行机制是很难奏效的.公立医院的投入机制、区域医疗卫生服务体系的布局、医院所在地的经济与产业状况、医疗保障(险)的支付额度与支付审批程序等众多因素直接影响医院的投入与产出.本文从我国医院的投入补偿机制入手,分析了医院投入与产出的特征,提出建立基于公益性绩效的公立医院投入补偿的观点,为进一步完善公立医院的管理体制、形成以公益性为导向的公立医院运行机制提供参考依据.

Abstract：

Access of safe, effective, convenient and affordable medical and health care services to the people is set as the goal of public hospitals health services as stated in the "Guidelines for Public Hospitals Pilot Reform". Such a goal, however, can hardly be achieved by mechanism changes within the public hospitals. The input and output of public hospitals rely critically on such factors as the input mechanism, regional pattern of healthcare system, the economic and industrial conditions of the region,payment quota and payment approval procedures of medical insurance. This paper set off from the input compensation mechanism of public hospitals in China and analyzed the input and output characteristics of the hospitals. Furthermore, the paper proposed to establish an input compensation mechanism based on public welfare performance for such hospitals. This provided further reference for improving the management of public hospitals and building a public welfare-oriented operation mechanism of public hospitals.     

流动人口基本公共卫生服务均等化调查

目的 了解流动人口与当地常住人口基本公共卫生服务不均等的情况.方法 通过现场调研和访谈,抽样调查了浙江省某县的流动人口和常住人口各581人,了解两种人群的基本公共卫生服务在投入、机会.结果 上的不均等情况.结果 流动人口中享受过医疗救助的比例仅占7.8%,低于常住人口的13.4%;有40.9%的流动人口会因为较高的医药费用而不去就医,远远高于常住人口;流动人口妇科检查率为58.7%,低于常住人口(67.7%).结论 应增加公共卫生机构资源配置和财政投入,发展和完善社会医疗保障体系,促进不同人群间基本公共卫生服务的均等化.

Abstract：

Objective To probe into the inequality found in primary public health service available to the migrant population and permanent residents. Methods With on-site interviews, 581 migrant workers and 581 permanent residents in a county in Zhejiang province were surveyed, to learn the inequalities between the two in the expenditure, access and outcomes of the public health service accessible to each. Results only 7. 8% of the migrant population ever had access to medical aid, a ratio far below that of the permanent residents; 40. 9% of the migrant population may turn down medical service beyond their affordability, a ratio far higher; for the migrant population, their ratio of gynecological checkup is 58. 7%, lower than that of the permanent residents (67. 7%). Conclusion Resources and financial allocation to institutions of public health should be enhanced, and social medical and insurance system should be developed and improved, in an effort to encourage the equality of primary public health services accessible to various sectors of the population.     

不同举办主体社区卫生机构妇幼保健现状分析

目的通过对不同举办主体社区卫生服务机构的财政投入、房屋来源以及人才队伍建设等方面的比较,了解不同举办类型机构的投入状况.方法 从全国社区卫生服务体系建设重点联系城市中,分层随机抽取南京等6个城市,收集社区卫生服务中心的定量数据;在部分城市,通过查阅文件、深入访谈及专题小组座谈,收集定性资料.结果 在财政投入及房屋来源方面,政府直接举办和政府所属医疗机构举办的机构状况较好;社会团体或个人举办的机构,发展支撑条件较差,P=0.00.结论 应坚持政府主导、社会参与的社区卫生服务发展原则,对不同举办主体的社区卫生服务机构一视同仁,将工作重点放在完善政策措施、落实经费补偿、加强绩效考核与服务监管等方面,充分发挥非政府举办的社区卫生服务机构的作用.

Abstract：

Objective To study the financial inputs into community health School of Medicine and Health Management, TONGJI Medical College of HUAZHONG[service (CHS) institutions by entities of different ownerships, by comparison of their investment, housing and human resources for policy recommendations.Methods Choose 6 cities in the East, Central and West of China through stratified random sampling. Collect data by literature review, in-depth interview, focus group discussion and questionnaire survey. Analyze quantitative data through EPI data 3.02 and SPSS 13.0.Results The institutions owned by the government and hospitals were advantageous in financial investment and housing; institutions under social organizations or individuals were inferior with development supports (P=0.00). Conclusion The community health service principle of government dominance and social involvement should be advocated, with equal opportunities for community service providers of various ownership. Emphasis should be placed on betterment of policies and measures, specific budget subsidy, as well as performance appraisal and service supervision. These measures aim at encouraging non-government providers to play greater role in community health service.     

杭州地区大型公立医院涉外医疗现状调查

以杭州市三级公立医院为典型调查对象,通过对医院工作者和在杭外籍人士的双重视角的问卷调查,结合文献研究,发现和总结杭州市公立医院涉外医疗服务方面存在以下4个普遍性问题:医生与外籍患者存在沟通障碍,医疗服务信息沟通不到位,服务环境和服务态度还不尽人意,医疗保险及收费体制问题.据此提出了政府完善涉外医疗服务体系的政策建议,包括要创建与国际接轨的医疗服务质量管理规范、收费体制改革及医保管理和涉外医疗服务机构的规划和宣传,以及医院内部关键要素的管理对策.

Abstract：

The study focused on tertiary public hospitals in Hangzhou,investigating the comments of both hospitals workers and foreigners in the city with questionnaires and literature search.The foilowing four problems were identified in the study in the foreigner medical services in Hangzhou:Communication barriers between doctors and foreign patients,insufficient communication of medical service information,poor service environment and service attitude,and payment mechanism for medical insurance and charges.On such basis,the authors recommended policy changes for the government to improve foreigner-oriented medical services,including building the regulations up to intemational customs for medical services,reforms in the payment system,medical insurance management,as well as planning and promotions of foreigner-related service institutions,and management strategies for key elements within the hospital     

我国地级市卫生服务供需特点及其对社区卫生发展的影响

目的 分析地级市卫生服务供需特点,提出该类城市社区卫生服务体系建设的对策和思路.方法 对<第四次国家卫生服务总调查>结果按按照直辖市、副省级和省会城市、非省会地级市进行归纳整理和统计分析.结果 非省会地级市卫生服务地理可及性高,但经济、技术可及性低.两周患病率略低,但儿童患病率高.居民自评健康状况相对较高,但同时健康危险因素水平高.结论 建议在非省会地级市进一步加强体系布局建设,积极与大城市开展纵向合作,提高技术水平,加强传染病防治,开展健康促进和脆弱人群保健等公共卫生服务,不断满足居民需求.

Abstract：

Objective This article analyzed the characteristics of the health service in medium cities and the impact on community health service.Methods Summary and statistical analysis of the outcomes from the Fourth National Health Service Survey by the category of metropolitans,sub-provincial cities and provincial capital cities,and non-provincial-capital cities.Results In the medium cities,the geographical accessibility is high against low economic and technology accessibility.These cities have lower 2-week morbiditv rate but high children morbidity rate.These cities also feature high self-rated health status among residents and high health risk factors prevalence at the sarne time.Conclusion Medium cities are recommended to further build their CHS system,enhance their ties with larger cities,so as to elevate their technical competence,for meeting such public health needs of the people in infectious disease control,health promotion and vulnerable population healthcare.     

社区卫生服务机构岗位绩效考核激励机制探讨

分析了社区卫生服务机构绩效考核激励机制的实施情况,探讨了社区卫生服务机构岗位绩效考核结果与激励措施的衔接问题,指出管理者应该综合运用物质激励、目标激励、知识激励、情感激励等各种激励措施,同时注意要尽量灵活、巧妙、多样、合理地运用激励手段;要根据机构不同的用人需要,分别选择适当的激励时机;要将正激励与负激励巧妙地结合起来,坚持以正激励为主.

Abstract：

An analysis of the existing incentives mechanism of performance appraisal for community health service centers, and insight into the challenges for linking the post performance appraisal in community health service centers with incentive measures. It is pointed out the administrators should take a variety of measures including material incentive, target incentive, knowledge incentive, and emotional incentive among others. In addition, such measures should be used sophistically, flexibly and reasonably, while timing of incentives should meet the human resource needs of the institution, notably a combination of positive incentive with negative ones,, mostly the former incentive.     

Primary Healthcare Services Among a Migrant Indigenous Population Living in an Eastern Indian City

This paper reports the accessibility and utilization of the healthcare services among a migrant indigenous community inhabiting slums of an eastern Indian city. It is based on data collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with heads of the households. The results indicated that the services of health personnel by visiting households are rare and the service provision was very poor. For curative services, the people heavily depend on private practitioners, including unqualified practitioners, by spending large proportions of their earnings. Due to migration, this community becomes more vulnerable to low utilization of healthcare services. This study warrants evolving a system of healthcare to cater the needs of vulnerable migrant groups in urban areas of India.     

Responding to the health needs of migrant farm workers in South Africa: Opportunities and challenges for sustainable community‐based responses

Reflecting global trends, migrant farm workers in South Africa experience challenges in accessing healthcare. On the commercial farms in Musina, a sub‐district bordering Zimbabwe, Medécins sans Frontières and the International Organization for Migration both implemented migration‐aware community‐based programmes that included the training of community‐based healthcare workers, to address these challenges. Using qualitative data, this paper explores the experiences that migrant farm workers, specifically those involved in the programmes, had of these interventions. A total of 79 semi‐structured interviews were completed with migrant farm workers, farm managers, NGO employees and civil servants between January 2017 and July 2018. These data were supplemented by a review of grey and published literature, as well as observation and field notes. Findings indicate that participants were primarily positive about the interventions. However, since the departure of both Medécins sans Frontières and the International Organization for Migration, community members have struggled to sustain the projects and the structural differences between the two programmes have created tensions. This paper highlights the ways in which local interventions that mobilise community members can improve the access that rural, migrant farming communities have to healthcare. However, it simultaneously points to the ways in which these interventions are unsustainable given the realities of non‐state interventions and the fragmented state approach to community‐based healthcare workers. The findings presented in this paper support global calls for the inclusion of migration and health in government policy making at all levels. However, findings also capture the limitations of community‐based interventions that do not recognise community‐based healthcare workers as social actors and fail to take into account their motivations, desires and need for continued supervision. As such, ensuring that the ways in which migration and health are included in policy making are sustainable emerges as a necessary element to be included in global calls.     

深圳市外来工心理卫生需求调查与分析

目的 调查深圳市外来工的心理卫生需求,为开展心理卫生进社区提供依据和指导.方法 设计封闭式调查问卷,对深圳市宝安区的外来工心理卫生需求进行抽样调查.结果 外来工获得心理卫生知识的主要途径是报刊杂志和电视,他们的心理卫生需求高达81.5%,并且60.0%曾经考虑过心理求助,但仅有5.0%真正寻求过心理服务.对于心理卫生服务,他们首选的方式是电话.结论 外来工心理卫生需求较大,对外来工提供心理卫生服务很有必要性;被外来工接受的心理卫生服务方式主要是电话、综合医院心理门诊.     

进城农民工公共卫生服务的思考

回顾进城农民工群体健康状况,农民工堪忧的健康状况间接地反映了其公共卫生服务获得的不足。公共卫生服务的社会性和“公共产品或准公共产品”的性质决定了理应涵盖农民工群体。面对目前进城农民工的公共卫生服务获得较少这一现实,政府应重视农民工公共卫生投入,切实依托公共卫生机构,配合社区,三方联动,将进城农民工纳入到社区公共卫生服务中,更好地保障他们的健康。     

深圳市外来工心理卫生需求调查与分析

目的调查深圳市外来工的心理卫生需求,为开展心理卫生进社区提供依据和指导。方法设计封闭式调查问卷,对深圳市宝安区的外来工心理卫生需求进行抽样调查。结果外来工获得心理卫生知识的主要途径是报刊杂志和电视,他们的心理卫生需求高达81.5%,并且60.0%曾经考虑过心理求助,但仅有5.0%真正寻求过心理服务。对于心理卫生服务,他们首选的方式是电话。结论外来工心理卫生需求较大,对外来工提供心理卫生服务很有必要性;被外来工接受的心理卫生服务方式主要是电话、综合医院心理门诊。     

深圳市劳务工和非劳务工社区卫生服务利用及满意度对比分析

目的:了解劳务工和非劳务工对社区卫生服务利用情况及其满意度。方法:在深圳市宝安区随机抽取街道及其社区卫生服务中心,以拦截调查的方式共调查社区卫生服务利用者8 000人,运用SPSS18.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果:劳务工最近一年到社区卫生服务中心就诊次数为3次及以上的比例高于非劳务工,差异有统计学意义(P0.000 1);劳务工和非劳务工就诊人群满意度前三位分别是服务态度(73.29%,73.46%)、技术水平(65.29%,67.50%)、看病方便(63.16%,64.98%);73.47%的就诊者愿意接受社区首诊制,劳务工人群相比非劳务工人群更愿意接受社区首诊(74.16%,69.71%)。讨论:深圳市劳务工社区首诊制的实施使居民社区卫生服务利用有所提高,劳务工和非劳务工对社区卫生服务的满意度较高,且差别不大。以深圳为借鉴,在全国逐步推进社区首诊制具有一定的可行性。     

Migrant workers’ occupation and healthcare-seeking preferences for TB-suspicious symptoms and other health problems: a survey among immigrant workers in Songkhla province, southern Thailand

Background

Much of the unskilled and semi-skilled workforce in Thailand comprises migrant workers from neighbouring countries. While, in principle, healthcare facilities in the host country are open to those migrants registered with the Ministry of Labour, their actual healthcare-seeking preferences and practices, as well as those of unregistered migrants, are not well documented. This study aimed to describe the patterns of healthcare-seeking behaviours of immigrant workers in Thailand, emphasizing healthcare practices for TB-suspicious symptoms, and to identify the role of occupation and other factors influencing these behaviours.

Methods

A survey was conducted among 614 immigrant factory workers (FW), rubber tappers (RT) and construction workers (CW), in which information was sought on socio-demography, history of illness and related healthcare-seeking behaviour. Mixed effects logistic regression modeling was employed in data analysis.

Results

Among all three occupations, self-medication was the most common way of dealing with illnesses, including the development of TB-suspicious symptoms, for which inappropriate drugs were used. Only for GI symptoms and obstetric problems did migrant workers commonly seek healthcare at modern healthcare facilities. For GI illness, FW preferred to attend the in-factory clinic and RT a private facility over government facilities owing to the quicker service and greater convenience. For RT, who were generally wealthier, the higher cost of private treatment was not a deterrent. CW preferentially chose a government healthcare facility for their GI problems. For obstetric problems, including delivery, government facilities were utilized by RT and CW, but most FW returned to their home country. After adjusting for confounding, having legal status in the country was associated with overall greater use of government facilities and being female and being married with use of both types of modern healthcare facility. One-year estimated period prevalence of TB-suspicious symptoms was around 6% among FW but around 27% and 30% in RT and CW respectively. However, CW were the least likely to visit a modern healthcare facility for these symptoms.

Conclusions

Self medication is the predominant mode of healthcare seeking among these migrant workers. When accessing a modern healthcare facility the choice is influenced by occupation and its attendant lifestyle and socioeconomic conditions. Utilization of modern facilities could be improved by reducing the current barriers by more complete registration coverage and better provision of healthcare information, in which local vendors of the same ethnicity could play a useful role. Active surveillance for TB among migrant workers, especially CW, may lead to better TB control.     

成都市未婚流动人群性和生殖健康状况与需求调查

目的:了解成都市未婚流动人群的性和生殖健康状况与需求。方法:以匿名问卷调查方式收集资料进行统计分析。结果:共有效调查615人,未婚流动人群中有过性行为56.9％,16.72％至少有过一次人工流产;这组人群的性与避孕知识相对缺乏,而对婚前性行为的看法较开放。2/3以上的调查对象认为社会向他们提供的性与生殖健康信息和服务不足。未婚流动人群更希望得到有关避孕方法及使用的信息与服务。结论:社会应关注流动人群的性和生殖健康状况与需求,向他们提供相关教育与服务。     

流动人口基本公共卫生服务利用及影响因素分析

目的：了解流动人口基本公共卫生服务利用情况及影响因素,为推进基本公共卫生服务均等化提供对策和建议.方法：利用2013年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据及2013年流动人口卫生计生基本公共服务专项调查数据,对流动人口基本公共卫生服务利用及影响因素进行分析.结果：流动人口基本公共卫生服务利用总体水平较低,最近一年内接受过体检的比例为33.02％,只有23.84％的流动人口在当地建立了居民健康档案,5.15％的流动人口了解有关职业病防治的法律法规,55.00％的流动人口没有接受过职业安全与健康防护培训.0～6岁儿童免疫接种和健康管理工作开展情况较好,但存在一定比例的重复建卡和重复管理情况.“不知道”和“没有时间”是其未接受各项基本公共卫生服务的主要原因;多因素分析显示,影响流动人口基本公共卫生服务利用的因素主要有：性别、年龄、教育程度、每天工作时间、流动范围及流入时间.结论：流动人口对基本公共卫生服务利用不足,健康意识薄弱和服务可及性差是影响该群体卫生服务利用的主要原因.应该提高该人群对基本公共卫生服务的认识,并探索适宜的服务机制,促进其对基本公共卫生服务的利用.     

对北京市外来务工人员健康状况和就医行为的调查研究

目的：对北京市外来务工人员的健康状况和就医行为进行调查。方法采用多阶段分层抽样方法选取北京市外来务工人员比较集中的7个区县作为调查地点,调查外来务工人员家庭431户,共1045人,其中有效问卷1002份,有效回收率为95.9%。结果外来务工人员日工作时间长、自评健康状况较好;医疗保障水平低、参保意愿强烈;社会支持网络局限,经济拮据是困扰家庭就医的主要问题;日常患病就诊单位以区县级及以下医院为主;医疗服务利用不足,呈“三低两高”。结论医疗保障和家庭资源匮乏抑制了外来务工人员对医疗服务的利用;应逐步完善社会保障制度,提高社区卫生服务的能力,以满足外来务工人员的基本医疗需求。