甲状腺自身抗体的两种方法检测结果的比较及临床价值的探讨

目的对比两种方法检测甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGA)、甲状腺微粒体抗体(TMA)、甲状腺过氧化酶抗体(TPoA)结果及其临床价值.方法对7例桥本氏病(HD)和甲状腺功能亢进40例,采用RIA法检测TGA、TMA及 CLIA法测定其TGA、TPoA的水平.结果 HD患者RIA法检测TGA、TMA和 CL IA法检测TGA、TPoA均高于正常水平,21例甲亢患者两种方法的检测结果均有1项以上增高;7例CLIA法检测TGA、TPoA有1项以上增高,但RIA法检测TGA、TMA均为阴性;其余11例两种方法测定结果均为正常水平.相关系数比较:方法内TGA 和TMA r=0.94(RIA法),TGA和TPoA r=0.15(CLIA法);RIA法和CLIA法TGA r=0. 55,TMA和TPoA r=0.63.结论①对于HD,TGA和TMA或TGA和TPoA 的同时检测;②对于甲亢CLIA法检测TGA和TPoA的阳性率明显优于RIA法检测TGA和TMA. 采用CLIA法直接测定TPoA更有临床价值.     

甲状腺疾病血清TMA、TGA检测的临床价值

甲状腺疾病是主要由于内分泌功能失调，而引起的一组综合性疾病，近几年来，其发病率明显增高。我们用RIA法检测210例甲状腺疾病患者血清甲状腺微粒体抗体(TMA)和甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGA)，检测结果表明，在各类甲状腺疾病中血清TMA、TGA含量水平有明显的变化。     

甲亢患者血清TGA,TMA检测的临床价值

我们采用RIA法检测944例甲亢患者的血清甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGA)和甲状腺微粒体抗体(TMA),现将其结果作一回顾性分析,并探讨其临床价值。 对象和方法 一、对象: (一)非老年甲亢患者755例(男266,女489),年龄16～59岁,平均37岁。 (二)老年甲亢患者189例(男68,女121),年龄60～86岁,平均68岁。 944例甲亢患者同时测定FT_3、FT_4、TSH、rT_3。 二、方法: (一)TGA、TMA放免试剂盒由上海放射免疫分析技术研究所提供,按说明书操作。正常参考值TGA结合率和TMA结合率均<20％。 (二)检测仪器采用北京核仪器厂生产的FT-630G微机多探头γ计数器。 三、统计处理:采用卡方检验。 四、阳性标准:TGA、TMA结合率≥20～39％为阳性(+),≥40％为强阳性(++)。 结果 结果见表1。     

血清T3、T4、TGA、TMA RIA对甲亢甲减患者的临床观察

血清T3 T4 RIA是甲状腺功能测定的一种简便灵敏准确可靠的常用方法。由于RIA能直接测定血中T4与T3的含量，大大提高了甲状腺功能的诊断水平。TGA、TMA是甲状腺的自身抗体主要见于大多数的甲状腺自身免疫性疾病如桥本氏甲状腺炎和甲亢。现将我院开展RIA检查以来，测定T3、T4和TGA、TMA对诊断甲状腺机能状态的情况分析报告如下。     

Graves'病患者131Ⅰ治疗后早发性甲减相关因素分析

目的：探讨TRAb、TGA、TMA在Graves’病^131Ⅰ治疗中的价值，了解^131Ⅰ治疗后早发性甲减产生的机理。方法：对167例Graves’病”^131Ⅰ治疗患者进行治疗前及治疗后6个月检测TRAb、TGA、TMA和甲状腺功能，依据治疗后甲状腺功能状况分为甲亢未控制组91例、甲亢控制组48例和早发性甲减组28例，并对这三组治疗前后进行比较。结果：早发性甲减组年龄低于甲亢未控制组（P〈0．01）。TRAb治疗前甲亢未控制组高于甲亢控制组和早发性甲减组（P〈0．05）。各组治疗前后比较：治疗后甲亢未控制组与甲亢控制组的TRAb均高于治疗前（P〈0．05），早发性甲减组的TGA、TMA治疗后高于治疗前（P〈0．01）。TGA、TMA治疗后早发性甲减组明显高于甲亢未控制组和甲亢控制组（P〈0．01）。结论：①Graves’病患者进行^131Ⅰ治疗时，年龄轻的比年龄大的容易发生早发性甲减；②^131Ⅰ治疗前血清中TRAb水平高的不易治愈，反之，要警惕早发性甲减。③Graves’病患者^131Ⅰ治疗后早发性甲减的发生可能与TGA、TMA阳性率增高有关。     

非甲状腺疾病血清TGA、TMA RIA的临床价值

近年来，血清甲状腺微粒体抗体(TMA)和甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGA)放射免疫测定(RIA)在某些甲状腺疾病患者中水平明显增高。已证实，TMA及TGA测定对甲状腺疾病的诊断有较大帮助。TMA和TGA一直被认为是器官特异性抗体，尤其对桥本氏甲状腺炎有较高的敏感性和特异性。     

化学发光免疫法与RIA法测定人血清抗TgAb和抗TpoAb结果的比较

比较CLIA和RIA法测定抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体 (抗TgAb)和抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体 (抗TpoAb)的临床应用意义。对经临床诊断甲状腺功能检查及病理证实的 37例慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎患者 ,30例甲亢患者及36例患有内分泌疾病的患者 (包括甲状腺结节、甲状腺癌、糖尿病及库兴氏综合征 )和 35名正常人 ,用CLIA和RIA两种方法分别测定其血清的抗TgAb和抗TpoAb水平 ,并进行比较。结果表明 :(1 )CLIA和RIA法的批内变异分别为 3.0 %和 1 0 .0 % ,批间变异分别为 3.9%和 1 5 .0 % ;(2 )正常人抗TgAb水平分别为CLIA法是 2 5 .9± 9.6U/mL ;RIA为 1 1 .2± 2 .8% ,抗TpoAb水平分别为CLIA法是 31 .4± 6 .7U/mL ;RIA是 8.7± 3.0 % ;(3)慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎患者分别用CLIA法测定抗TaAb为 2 92 .6± 334.1U/mL(1 7例 ) ,RIA为 5 6 .4±1 1 .2 % (2 1例 )。而用CLIA法测定抗TpoAb为 5 0 4 3.3± 31 96 .1U/mL(1 7例 ) ,RIA为 35 .4± 6 .9% (2 1例 ) ,该结果显示CLIA法所测抗TgAb和抗TpoAb水平均明显高于正常人 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,特别是抗TpoAb水平比正常人高百倍以上 ,说明其特异性更高 ;(4 )甲亢患者及内分泌病患者 ,用CLIA法测定抗TgAb为 2 0 2 .3±5 0 6 .3U/mL和 2 8.7± 1 5 .0U/mL ;用RIA法为 2 8.8± 2 0 .2 %和 1     

甲状腺自身抗体与甲状腺相关性眼病的关系

目的：探讨甲状腺自身抗体与甲状腺相关性眼病（Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy,TAO）、甲状腺机能亢进症突眼（甲亢突眼）及甲状腺机能亢进（甲亢）的关系。方法：甲状腺相关性眼病35例,甲亢突眼37例,甲亢83例,正常对照90例,分别检测其甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGA）、甲状腺微粒体抗体（TMA）、促甲状腺受体抗体（TRAb）。结果：四组的TGA阳性数（率）分别为3（8.6%）、6（16.2%）、16（19.3%）、6（6.7%）,TMA阳性数（率）分别为6（17.2%）、7（18.9%）、32（38.6%）、12（13.3%）,TGA、TMA双阳性数（率）分别为1（2.6%）、4（10.8%）、11（13.8%）、0（0.0%）,TRAb阳性数（率）分别为22（62.9%）、31（83.8%）、70（84.3%）、6（6.7%）。结论：TGA、TMA与TAO的相关性不大,诊断意义很小,TRAb与TAO有较好的相关性,对其早期诊断、治疗和随访有很大价值。     

131I治疗Graves'病后发生甲低与TGA,TMA及TRAb的关系

目的：从甲状腺自身免疫方面探讨^131Ⅰ治疗甲亢的效果及甲低发生的因素。方法：选择^131Ⅰ治疗的88例Graves’病甲亢患者随访3年，分为第1组(TGA、TMA、TRAb均阳性)和第二组(TGA、TMA阴性，TRAb阳性)。采用x^2分析自身抗体水平与甲低发生的关系。结果：1组甲低发生率为31．4％，2组为3．8％，1组明显高于2组，差异有显著性。结论：TGA、TMA和TRAb水平与确定^131Ⅰ剂量及甲低的发生关系密切。认为TGA、TMA水平高的患者应酌情减少^131Ⅰ用量。     

TMA与TGA检测对甲状腺疾病的临床诊断价值

根据174例疑诊患者的TMA、TGA，T3，T4放射免疫测定结果及其临床表现进行诊断，结果表明桥本氏甲状腺炎和甲亢所占的比例(分别为38．51％及31．61％）显著高于甲减和亚急性甲状腺炎(分别为6．32％和4．02％)，P＜0．05。甲减患者TGA TMA的阳性率（81．82％)显著高于甲亢(50．91％)，桥本氏甲状腺炎(50．75％)及亚急性甲状腺炎(57．14％)，P＜0．05。单项抗体阳性者以TMA较TGA为多。本文结果提示在甲状腺疾病中TMA，TGA的阳性结果存在相互重叠现象，与T3、T4联检并结合临床表现进行综合分析有助于甲状腺疾病的鉴别诊断并正确指导治疗。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.