内源性一氧化碳对缺氧性肺动脉高压与肺血管结构调节的研究

目的 研究内源性一氧化碳（CO）对缺氧性肺动脉高压（PH）和肺血管结构的调节作用。方法 将18只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、低氧组、低氧＋ZnPP组。均以右心导管法测定肺动脉压力；对肺组织进行弹力纤维染色，测定肌型动脉百分比，以及肺中、小动脉的相对中膜面积（RMA）、厚度（RMT）；采用免疫组织化学法检测Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白的表达，核酸原位杂交法检测肺动脉Ⅲ型前胶原[Pro－α1（Ⅲ）胶原]mRNA表达。结果 鼠肌型动脉百分比和肺中、小型动脉RNA及PTM均明显增高；ZnPP促使低氧上述肺血管结构重建指标增高更加显著（P均＜0．01）。低氧大鼠肺动脉Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白及Pro－α1（Ⅲ）胶原mRNA表达均显著增高，ZnPP促使低氧大鼠动脉Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白及Pro－α1（Ⅲ）胶原mRNA表达更加明显（P均＜0．01）。结论 内源性CO在缺氧性PH和肺血管结构重建形成中发挥着重要的保护作用，其机制至少部分与CO对低氧大鼠肺动脉胶原蛋白合成的调节有关。     

过敏性紫癜性肾炎患儿血中VEGF、ET-1变化及临床意义

目的 观察过敏性紫癜性肾炎（HSPN）患儿血中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）与内皮素-1（ET-1）的变化,探讨其与HSPN肾脏病理损害的关系。方法 检测58例HSPN患儿血中VEGF和ET-1的浓度,对其肾病理与肾血管损害进行半定量评分;另设30例健康儿童为对照组。结果 HSPN患儿在轻到中度肾损害时,血清VEGF浓度明显高于对照组;重度肾损害时,则低于对照组（P均〈0．01）。血清VEGF浓度随着血管损害程度加重而下降（P均〈0．01）。血浆ET-1浓度明显高于对照组,并随着肾血管与肾病理损害的加重而递增（P均〈0．01）;血清VEGF与肾病理损害、血管损害及血浆ET-1明显负相关（P均〈0．01）;ET-1与肾病理损害和血管损害明显正相关（P均〈0．01）。结论 VEGF和ET-1在儿童HSPN的发生与发展中发挥一定的作用,血VEGF和ET-1浓度动态变化可用于评价HSPN患儿肾组织及肾血管损伤程度。     

先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压时肺组织病理与免疫组化研究

为探究先天性心脏病（先心病）伴肺动脉高压（肺高压，PH）患儿肺组织一氧化氮合酶（eNOS)的表达有否改变，随机选择法洛四联症（tetralogy of Fallot,TOF)、单纯室间隔缺损(ventricular septal defect,VSD)/房间隔缺损（atrial septal defect,ASD)、先心病合并PH患儿48例，分成3组，取少许右肺中叶组织，利用免疫组织化学法对eNOS进行半定量分析。结果显示先心病伴PH组患儿肺组织内皮细胞内的eNOS染色明显弱于TOF组和单纯VSD／ASD组患儿（P＜0．01）。提示先心病PH组肺组织的eNOS含量水平低下，造成内源性NO生成减少，为临床吸入NO治疗PH提供了理论依据。     

缺氧性肺动脉高压新生大鼠肺血管重塑与肺血管HIF-1α、ET-1、iNOS表达的相关性研究

目的：了解缺氧性肺动脉高压（HPH）新生大鼠肺血管重塑与肺血管HIF-1α、ET-1、iNOS表达的相关性。方法：建立HPH新生大鼠模型,检测平均肺动脉压力（mPAP）;并计算肺小动脉中层壁厚占肺小动脉的外径百分比（MT%）、肺小动脉管壁中层横截面积占肺小动脉总横截面积的百分比（MA%）作为肺血管重塑指标;免疫组化法检测新生大鼠肺组织中HIF-1α、ET-1、iNOS反应强度及mRNA表达;进行肺血管重塑与HIF-1α、ET-1、iNOS mRNA相关性分析。结果：缺氧3、5、7、10、14、21 d,新生大鼠mPAP持续增高,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。缺氧7 d后MT%、MA%明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。肺组织中HIF-1α表达在缺氧3、5、7、10 d时显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,其mRNA表达在3、5、7 d高于对照组（P＜0.05）;ET-1表达在缺氧3、5、7 d时显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,其mRNA表达在缺氧3 d时高于对照组（P＜0.05）;iNOS蛋白及mRNA表达在缺氧3、5、7 d 时均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。MT%和MA%与HIF-1α mRNA呈正相关（r分别为 0.835、0.850,P<0.05）。结论：新生大鼠缺氧7 d后肺血管出现重塑;HIF-1α、ET-1及iNOS共同参与了新生大鼠HPH的发生及发展。     

恶性淋巴瘤患儿血清血管内皮生长因子的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨恶性淋巴瘤患儿血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平与淋巴瘤的发生、分期及复发之间的关系。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）对48例儿童恶性淋巴瘤患者治疗前后及33例健康体检者（对照组）进行VEGF测定。结果 初发及复发的恶性淋巴瘤患儿VEGF高于对照组水平（P〈0．01）；Ⅲ、Ⅳ期高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患儿（P〈0．01）；缓解者较治疔前明显降低（P〈0．01）；B组高于A组（P〈0．01）；HL与NHL的VEGF表达差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论 动态监测VEGF对儿童恶性淋巴瘤患者的辅助诊断、疗效评定及预后判断有一定的指导意义。     

先天性膈疝肺动脉高压的实验研究

目的研究先天性膈疝（Congenital diaphragmatic hernia,CDH）肺发育不良中肺动脉高压（Dulmonary hypertension,PH）的量化指标,探讨血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）在CDH胎肺中的表达及在CDH肺动脉高压发生中的可能作用,探讨地塞米松（Dexamethasone,Dex）对VEGF和CDH肺发育的影响。方法采用Nitrofen诱导CDH模型胎鼠并分组：Dex组予以产前Dex治疗,CDH组未给予Dex,另取正常胎鼠为对照组。采用组织学测量、肺蛋白含量检测等方法,测定出平均肺泡面积、平均肺泡间隔厚度、每高倍视野肺血管数、动脉中膜厚度占外径比（MT％）、管壁面积占血管总面积比（WA％）、管腔面积占血管总面积比（LA％）、左肺与体重比、左肺蛋白含量与体重比等;实时荧光定量PCR（QPCR）和免疫蛋白印迹（Western blotting）方法检测各组胎肺中VEGF的表达及相对含量。结果与对照组相比,CDH组胎肺显著发育不良,包括肺微小动脉结构明显异常,表现为每高倍视野肺血管数减少、MT％增大、WA％增大,LA％减小（均P〈0．05）;另外VEGFmRNA及蛋白水平均明显升高（P〈0．05）。与CDH组相比,Dex组胎肺发育明显改善,表现为每高倍视野肺血管数增加、动脉中膜厚度占外径比减小、管腔面积占血管总面积比增大（均P〈0．05）;但VEGF mRNA及蛋白水平未发现明显变化（P〉0．05）。结论VEGF在CDH胎肺中的表达增高可能是CDH肺发育不良形成机制之一;产前地塞米松治疗可明显改善肺微小动脉结构异常及肺发育不良,但未发现对VEGF的表达有影响,提示Dex可能并非通过调节VEGF的表达而发挥改善肺动脉高压及肺发育不良的作用。     

硫化氢对大鼠高肺血流性肺血管重构机制影响的研究

目的 探讨硫化氢（hydrogen sulfide,H2S）对大鼠高肺血流性肺血管重构的影响及其机制。方法 雄性SD大鼠32只,随机分为分流组、分流＋硫氢化钠（sodiumhydrosulfide,NaHS）组、对照组和对照＋NaHS组。分流组和分流＋NaHS组大鼠经腹主动脉一下腔静脉穿刺建立高肺血流动物模型。用敏感硫电极法测定大鼠肺组织H2S含量;计算大鼠肺肌型动脉（muscularized artery,MA）的百分比及MA的相对中膜厚度（relativemedialthickness,RMT）;应用蛋白质免疫印迹技术（Westernblot）定量分析大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖细胞核抗原（proliferation cell nuclear antigen．PCNA）、细胞外信号调节激酶（extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERKl）、磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶（phosphorylation extracellular signal-regulated kinase,P-ERK）;应用免疫组织化学法对PCNA进行定位及半定量分析。结果 分流11周后,与对照组比较,分流组大鼠肺组织H2S含量降低（P〈0．05）、肺动脉MA百分比及RMT升高（P〈0．05）;肺动脉PCNA阳性百分比、P-ERK／ERK1增高（P均〈0．01）。与分流组比较,分流＋NaHS组MA百分比及RMT低于分流组（P〈0．01）;肺动脉PCNA阳性百分比、肺动脉P-ERK／ERK1低于分流组（P〈0．01）。结论 H2S通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK）／ERK信号转导通路调节大鼠高肺血流性肺血管重构。     

先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患儿血浆内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽的临床研究

目的 探讨先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease,CHD)患儿血浆内皮素(endothelin-1,ET-1)、降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)浓度的变化以及与肺动脉压力间的关系.方法 选择健康体检儿30例为对照组,无肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH)的CHD 30例为无PH组,CHD合并轻度PH患儿20例为轻度PH组,CHD合并中重度肺动脉高压20例为中重度PH组.采用放射免疫法测定血浆ET-1、CGRP浓度.结果 CHD患儿血浆ET-1明显高于对照组(P<0.01),且轻度、中重度PH组明显高于无PH组及对照组(P<0.01);CHD无PH组CGRP浓度低于对照组(P<0.01),且轻度、中重度PH组明显低于无PH组及对照组(P<0.01);血浆ET-1与肺动脉压力呈正相关(r=0.977,P<0.01),CGRP与肺动脉压力呈负相关(r=-0.81,P<0.05);血浆ET-1与血浆CGRP水平呈显著负相关(r=0.843,P<0.01).结论 CHD患儿ET-1升高、血浆CGR降低,两者的变化与肺动脉压有相关性,可能参与了肺血管的重构及PH的形成.     

先天性心脏病肺动脉高压与血管内皮生长因子水平及基因多态性相关研究

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）以及VEGF 936C／T基因多态性与先天性心脏病（先心病）肺动脉高压（PH）之间的关系。方法应用ELISA方法测定左向右分流型先心病PH患儿组、不伴PH患儿组和正常对照组血清VEGF浓度;运用PCR-RFLP技术分析3组VEGF 936C／T基因频率。结果①先心病PH组血清VEGF浓度明显高于不伴PH组和正常对照组（P〈0．05）,先心病不伴PH组与正常对照组比较差异无显著性,中、重度PH组血清VEGF浓度明显高于轻度PH组（P〈0．05）;②3组VEGF 936C／T基因多态性比较,差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;③3组CT型血清VEGF浓度明显低于CC型,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论VEGF在先心病PH形成和进展过程中有一定的介导作用。VEGF 936T等位基因血清VEGF浓度有偏低倾向。VEGF 936C／T基因多态性可能不是先心病PH的主要基因危险因素．有待大样本量进一步证实。     

肺动脉高压时肺小动脉弹性蛋白的表达变化

研究脉动脉压力对肺小动脉璧原弹性蛋白表达与颁的影响以帮助阐明先天性心脏病（先心病）肺动脉高压（肺高压）肺血管重建的发病机制。将１５例患儿分为对照组（组１）、先心病高肺血流组（组２）及先心病肺高压组（组３）。用免疫组化技术研究弹性蛋白在肺小动脉璧的含量与分布以了解弹性蛋白的合成情况;用原位杂交技术在转录水平研究肺小动脉间性蛋白ｍＲＮＡ的表达分布。结果：各组患儿间年龄比较无差异。组２、组３间肺动脉压力     

CHARGE-Association with Pulmonary Stenosis

CHARGE-association was proposed by Pagon et al. (1) as an acronym for a malformation syndrome including Coloboma, Heart disease, Atresia choanae, Retarded growth and development and/or CNS anomalies, Genital anomalies and/or hypogonadism and Ear anomalies and/or deafness. More than 60 cases have been reported with four or more of the seven defects (2). Associated anomalies may appear but many of the features are midline facial or central nervous system defects. At least two separate genetic forms may exist even if sporadic cases are most frequent. This report concerns a boy with heart defects not previously described in the complete CHARGE-association.     

Use of Pulmonary Hypertension Medications in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Atresia and Multiple Aortopulmonary Collaterals

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia (PA) and multiple aortopulmonary collaterals (MAPCAs) is a rare and severe form of congenital heart disease with poor prognosis. Aortopulmonary collaterals expose pulmonary arterioles to systemic pressure resulting in pulmonary hypertension (PH). To date, reports regarding the role of PH medications in this population are sparse. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of PH medications in patients with TOF, PA and MAPCAs or similar anatomy, with emphasis on symptoms, echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics. A retrospective review was performed for patients at a single tertiary care pediatric center. Twelve of 66 patients were treated with PH medications (18 %), and eight of these patients had adequate follow-up for further analysis. Median age at last follow-up was 6 years (range 1.4–21 years). Median length of therapy with PH medication was 4 years (range 0.3–17 years). PH medications included sildenafil, bosentan, ambrisentan, inhaled treprostinil and prostacyclin infusion. PH therapy was associated with improvement in symptoms in all patients and improvement in PH by hemodynamic measures in the majority of patients. All patients underwent at least one cardiac intervention by catheterization or surgery while taking PH medication. Two patients died from non-PH-related causes. The remaining six patients are alive and remain on PH medication. This review indicates that PH medications are well tolerated by this patient group and provide symptomatic improvement. Further studies are required to determine whether PH medications provide long-term survival benefit for patients with complex congenital heart disease.     

Right Ventricular and Pulmonary Function in Sickle Cell Disease Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension

The effects of sickle cell disease (SCD) on right ventricular (RV) and pulmonary function in SCD patients with pulmonary hypertension is not well-known. The aim of this study was to investigate RV and pulmonary functions in patients suffering from SCD with or without pulmonary hypertension using color tissue Doppler imaging and spirometry. We evaluated 48 asymptomatic patients with SCD. All patients underwent echocardiography with tissue Doppler imaging and pulmonary function test. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 consisted of 27 patients (age, 18.1 +/- 7.1 years) with normal pulmonary artery pressure, and group 2 consisted of 21 patients (age, 21.4 +/- 7.4 years) with pulmonary hypertension. Both groups were compared with a sex- and age-matched control group including 24 normal healthy subjects (age, 19.8 +/- 9.2 years). Tricuspid lateral annular systolic (S (m)) and early diastolic velocity (E (m)) were higher in group 1 than group 2 and the control group (p < 0.05). Tricuspid lateral annular late diastolic velocities (A (m)), isovolumetric contraction time, and myocardial performance index (MPI) were higher and the E (m)/A (m) ratio was lower in group 2 than group 1 and the control group (p < 0.05). However, no differences were found in the tricuspid lateral annular E (m) deceleration time, ejection time, and isovolumetric relaxation time between group 1, group 2, and the control group. Tricuspid lateral annular S (m) and E (m) were similar in group 2 and the control group. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide were decreased in both groups of patients compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no difference in respiratory rate, FEV(1)/FVC ratio, peak expiratory flow, and total lung capacity between group 1, group 2, and the control group. There were no differences in any indices of lung function between the two groups of patients. MPI is useful index to evaluate RV function in patients with SCD. RV diastolic function was disturbed in only SCD patients with pulmonary hypertension. On the other hand, the restrictive pattern of pulmonary function abnormalities had developed in both groups of patients.     

Idiopathic Severe Pulmonary Hypertension in an Infant with Pulmonary Infection

We report a 5-month-old infant who showed typical echocardiographic findings of primary pulmonary hypertension without the typical histopathological findings and who recovered from severe pulmonary hypertension. Histopathological findings revealed mild thickening of small pulmonary arteries and activated macrophages in the lung. Some cases with idiopathic severe pulmonary hypertension in infants are associated with pulmonary infection.     

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return with the Circular Pulmonary Venous Connection: Outcome of Common Pulmonary Venous Agenesis

A rare case of total anomalous pulmonary venous return, in which the right and left peripheral pulmonary veins connected circularly and there was no central part of the pulmonary vein or the common pulmonary vein, is presented. To our knowledge, total anomalous pulmonary venous return with circular pulmonary venous connection has not been reported previously in the literature. It is thought that the complex connection between peripheral pulmonary veins with the absence of the central part of the pulmonary vein as well as the common pulmonary vein results from common pulmonary venous agenesis.     

Long-term Results of Balloon Pulmonary Valvuloplasty in Children with Congenital Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

Objective

Immediate, short and midterm outcome of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty are well known, but there is limited information on long term results. We report long term results of 2–13. 5 years follow up of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in children.

Methods

From June 1998 to January 2012 sixty consecutive patients (33 females, 27 males) with moderate to severe valvar pulmonary stenosis (right ventricular to pulmonary artery pressure gradient greater than 50 mmHg) were considered for balloon valvuloplasty. The gradient was measured pre and immediately post–valvuloplasty at catheterization, and then by echocardiography at follow up. Follow up studies were performed 2–13.5 years (mean±SD; 7.1±2.5 years, median: 5.5 years) after procedure, by Doppler echocardiography in all patients and catheterization and angiography in two patients.

Findings

Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty BPV was successful in 53 of 60 (88.3%) patients whereas surgical valvotomy was necessary in 6 to 60 (10%). There was one immediate death due to perforation of the right ventricular outflow tract. Pulmonary valve systolic pressure gradient decreased from 83.3±32.1 to 19.3±14.2 mmHg immediately after BPV and to 12.3±6.6 mmHg at late follow up (P<0.001). Pulmonary insufficiency was noted in 20 (38%) patient at short–term, but it was demonstrated in 17 (32%) at late follow up. A second valvuloplasty was performed in two (3.8%) patients presenting with re-stenosis.

Conclusion

The short, intermediate and long-term outcomes of pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty in children are excellent. Therefore it can be considered as the treatment of choice for children with pulmonary valve stenosis.     

血管内皮生长因子在肺出血新生鼠

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在肺出血新生鼠肺组织中的表达及其作用。方法生后7~8 d Wistar新生鼠,随机分为正常对照组(C组)、缺氧组(H组)、低温缺氧组(HH组)、低温缺氧后常氧复温组(HHR组)及低温缺氧后高氧复温组(HHRO2组)。C组置常温室内;H组置缺氧箱内6 h,吸氧体积分数为50~60 mL/L;HH组置(10±1)℃冰箱内6 h,吸氧体积分数同上;HHR组结束上述低温缺氧6 h后予常氧下复温2 h;HHRO2组同HHR组,但吸氧体积分数>95 mL/L。取各组大鼠肺组织,观察肺大体情况,切片HE染色观察肺组织病理学改变,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测其肺组织VEGF mRNA表达。结果H、HH、HHR和HHRO2组肺大体均呈现水肿,HH、HHR和HHRO2组可见点状、局灶至弥散性肺出血;各实验组组织学改变包括肺泡及间质水肿、间隔断裂、肺泡扩张及融合、肺泡出血,以HHRO2组最严重;VEGF 188 mRNA在H、HH组表达明显增高,与C组比较有显著差异(P<0.05,0.01);HHR和HHRO2组表达亦增高,但与C组比较差异无显著性。结论低温缺氧后复温供氧所致肺出血新生鼠肺组织水肿,可能与有明显血管通透作用的VEGF表达增高有关。     

肺表面活性物质对胎粪吸入综合征患儿肺氧合功能的影响

目的观察肺表面活性物质(PS)对胎粪吸入综合征(MAS)患儿肺氧合功能的影响。方法采用气管内滴入PS治疗28例MAS患儿,对用药前,用药后30 min、2 h、6 h血气指标,以及机械通气参数进行检测,以判断肺氧合情况。结果28例患儿血气指标及机械通气的参数用药前与用药30 min后比较有显著差异,动脉氧分压[pa(O2)]升高,pa(O2)与肺泡氧分压比值升高,pa(O2)与吸入氧浓度比值(FiO2)升高,FiO2降低,平均呼吸道压降低。氧合指数降低。结论PS能有效地改善MAS患儿肺氧合功能。