某医科大学贫困生社交回避和苦恼心理特点

目的了解医科大学贫困大学生社交回避及苦恼方面的心理特点,为促进医科大学贫困生心理健康发展提供参考。方法采用国内修订版社交回避及苦恼量表(SAD),通过问卷调查方式,对某综合大学医学部1~3年级的986名大学生进行调查,并对贫困生与非贫困生的得分情况进行比较分析。结果贫困大学生的社交回避、苦恼项目得分及SAD总得分分别为(5.44±3.43)、(5.76±3.47)和(11.20±6.29),非贫困生各项得分分别为(4.96±3.09)、(4.99±3.24)和(9.95±5.73),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论贫困大学生在社交上有明显的回避倾向,社交苦恼感受也高于非贫困生。     

大学生社交回避及苦恼与领悟社会支持状况分析

目的了解大学生社交回避及苦恼、领悟社会支持状况,探讨社会支持与社交回避及苦恼的关系,为大学生健康教育工作提供依据。方法采用领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)、社交回避及苦恼量表(SAD)为调查工具,通过分层整群抽样,对河北师范大学1196名本科生进行调查。结果大学生的社交回避及苦恼(77.69±12.20)处中等偏下水平。领悟社会支持(62.84±11.78)处于中等偏上水平。在社交回避及苦恼方面,男生显著高于女生,二、三年级学生高于一、四年级学生,没有恋爱学生显著高于恋爱学生,非独生学生显著高于独生学生,农村学生显著高于城市学生;在领悟社会支持方面,男生显著低于女生,二、三年级学生低于一、四年级学生;文科生显著低于理科生,非独生显著高于独生学生;农村学生显著低于城市学生。性别和年级在社交苦恼因子、家内支持因子上均存在交互作用(P=0.026,0.001)。领悟社会支持与社交回避及苦恼呈显著负相关。结论大学生的社交回避及苦恼、领悟社会支持受性别、年级、专业、是否恋爱、是否独生、城乡来源等因素的影响,领悟社会支持是影响大学生社交回避及苦恼的个体内部心理因素。     

Study on Psychosocial Factors of Social Avoidance and Distress in Submariners

目的 探讨导致潜艇官兵社交回避及苦恼的心理社会因素.方法 对568名潜艇官兵进行量表测评,包括社交回避及苦恼量表、卡特尔16种人格因素问卷、生活事件量表、特质应对问卷、领悟社会支持量表、症状自评量表.数据采用SPSS15.0 软件包进行统计分析.结果 潜艇官兵社交回避(SA)和社交苦恼(SD)分值均显著低于国内大学生常模(SA:t=-3.28,P＜0.01；SD:t=-2.24,P＜0.05);不同衔级(SA:F=13.02,P＜0.01；SD:F=5.58,P＜0.01)、文化程度(SA:F=3.94,P＜0.05;SD:F=3.77,P＜0.05)、婚姻状况(SA:t=-5.22,P＜0.01;SD:t=-2.63,P＜0.01)潜艇官兵的社交焦虑状况比较存在显著差异；潜艇官兵社交回避及苦恼与个性、生活事件、特质应对、社会支持、心理健康水平有显著相关性；多元回归分析显示,人际关系敏感、敢为性、消极应对方式和兴奋性对社交回避行为的影响较大(标准回归系数依次为-0.274、-0.246、0.230、-0.227)；敢为性、强迫症状、积极应对方式和敌对对社交苦恼情感的影响较大(标准回归系数依次为-0.332、-0.305、-0.300、-0.258).结论 个性、生活事件、特质应对、社会支持和心理健康水平等心理社会因素影响潜艇官兵社交回避及苦恼.     

体育锻炼及团体心理辅导对朝鲜族大学生社交焦虑干预效果评价

了解体育锻炼及团体心理辅导的共同作用对朝鲜族大学生社交焦虑的干预效果,为大学生社交焦虑干预策略的制定提供支持.方法 在吉林大学选取468名朝鲜族在校大学生,采用症状自评量表、交往焦虑量表(IAS)和社交回避及苦恼量表(SAD)进行调查,筛选出68名社交焦虑朝鲜族大学生进行干预.结果 干预前,干预组与对照组症状自评量表总分及各因子得分、IAS总分、SAD总分、社交回避和社交苦恼得分差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).干预后干预组症状自评量表总分为(107.08±22.35)分,对照组为(178.87±40.17)分,差异有统计学意义(t=-9.106,P<0.01).干预后,IAS总分、SAD总分、社交回避和社交苦恼得分干预组均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.809,-14.081,-16.135,-11.859,P值均<0.01).干预组干预后症状自评量表总分与干预前比较差异有统计学意义(t=11.494,P<0.01);IAS总分、SAD总分、社交回避和社交苦恼得分干预后得分均低于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为4.85,20.589,18.076,11.254,P值均<0.01).结论 体育锻炼联合团体心理辅导对朝鲜族大学生社交焦虑具有较好的干预效果.     

团体心理辅导对大学生社交恐惧症状的影响

目的:通过团体心理辅导改善大学生的社交恐惧水平.方法:对淮阴工学院36名大学生进行了8次系列团体辅导,在辅导前后利用青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、社交回避及苦恼量表(SAD)和自尊量表(SES)对实验组和控制组进行前测和后测,并对两组的得分差异进行显著性检验.结果:团体辅导前实验组与控制组成员在社会支持评定、社会回避及苦恼、抑郁自评和自尊得分等方面显著性高于控制组(P＜0.01),实验组在实验前后在社会回避及苦恼、自尊量表上的得分差异具有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01);团体心理辅导后实验组和控制组被调查者在社会支持评定、生活事件总应激、社会回避及苦恼、抑郁自评、焦虑自评和自尊等量表上的得分差异均不具有统计学意义.结论:团体辅导可以有效改善大学生的社交恐惧状况,有利于心理健康水平的提升.     

贵州省14岁及以下单独生活留守儿童社交焦虑状况

了解贵州省14岁及以下单独生活的留守儿童社交焦虑情况及其影响因素,为有效缓解留守儿童社交焦虑提供参考.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法,抽取贵州省89个行政村≤14岁儿童3 902名进行儿童社交焦虑量表(Social Anxiety Scale for Children)问卷调查.结果 留守与非留守儿童社交害怕否定评价、社交回避与苦恼和社交焦虑总得分比较差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为4.37,15.25,5.40,P值均<0.01);独自生活的留守儿童害怕否定评价、社交回避与苦恼、社交焦虑总得分与其他生活类型留守儿童比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);女性独自生活的留守儿童社交焦虑回避与苦恼得分与其他生活类型女性儿童比较,差异有统计学意义(F=4.30,P<0.05).以社交焦虑害怕否定评价(Y1)、社交焦虑回避与苦恼(Y2)、社交焦虑总得分(Y3)为因变量,以年龄(X1)、与父母团聚间隔时间(X2)、与父母关系(X3)、好朋友数(X4)和每月生活费(X5)为自变量指标进行多因素逐步回归分析,回归方程:Y1=-0.917X3-0.694X4-0.502X5+11.614;Y2 =-0.313X4+4.604;Y3=-1.028X3-1.002X4-0.756X5+ 17.278.结论 独自留守生活对留守儿童社交焦虑会产生一定影响,特别是对女性独自生活留守儿童的社交焦虑影响更为明显.     

儿童性别与父母教养方式对神经行为的影响

探讨儿童性别、父母教养方式对儿童神经行为的影响,为帮助家长针对不同性别儿童找到更为理想的教养方式提供理论依据.方法 采用多阶段抽样方法,在2015年4-10月,选取太原市6个城区和4个郊(县)区中的2 644名小学四、五年级学生完成《父母教养方式问卷》调查和《WHO神经行为核心测验组合》测试.结果 经单变量多因素方差分析显示,不同父母教养方式儿童数字跨度总得分、数字跨度顺序得分差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为3.170,3.207,P值均<0.05);不同性别儿童数字跨度顺序得分不同(F=4.682,P=0.031);儿童性别与父母教养方式对儿童数字跨度总得分(F=2.603,P=0.034)、数字跨度顺序得分(F=3.139,P=0.014)的影响均有交互作用.经分层方差分析,男童不同父母教养方式儿童数字跨度总得分(F=2.691,P=0.030)、数字跨度顺序得分(F=3.291,P=0.011)差异均有统计学意义;女童不同父母教养方式儿童数字跨度总得分(F=3.162,P=0.013)、数字跨度顺序得分(F=3.180,P=0.013)差异均有统计学意义.经t检验,女童数字跨度顺序得分高于男童(t=-2.590,P=0.010),男童习惯用手2次得分之和、非习惯用手2次得分之和高于女童(t值分别为4.204,7.572,P值均<0.01).结论 父母教养方式与儿童性别除直接影响儿童神经行为外,两者对儿童神经行为的影响还存在交互作用.     

大学生性态度与父母教养方式关系

目的 了解大学生性态度特点,探讨父母教养方式与大学生性态度关系.方法 采用具有较高信度、效度的自编大学生性态度问卷和父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)对云南省某高校455名在校大学生进行测查.结果 男生性态度开放倾向、情感倾向和需求倾向维度得分分别为(3.41 ±0.87)、(3.16±0.95)、(3.84±0.84)分,明显高于女生的(2.72±0.71)、(2.83±0.94)、(3.59±0.83)分,而回避倾向维度女生得分为(2.76±0.67)分,明显高于男生的(2.37±0.83)分,性别差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);开放倾向得分大一和大二年级分别为(2.77±0.75)、(3.12±0.87)分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);城乡、不同专业、父母职业、父亲文化程度对大学生性态度无明显影响(均P ＞0.05),母亲文化程度对大学生性态度有明显影响;父亲和母亲教养方式对大学生性态度具有正向预测作用.结论 父亲、母亲教养方式影响大学生性态度的形成与发展.     

建设国际旅游岛背景下海口大学生生活质量分析

目的 探讨海南省建设国际旅游岛背景下海口市大学生生活质量状况.方法 抽取海南省海口大学城3所大学1 023名学生为研究对象,采用自行编制的大学生生活质量评定量表进行问卷调查,应用SAS 9.0统计软件进行方差分析.结果 海口大学生总的生活质量、总的健康状况、生理、心理、社会关系及环境方面的得分分别为(3.2±1.4)、(3.4±1.6)、(51.1±18.3)、(57.5 ±23.8)、(63.1±27.7)及(52.2±24.8)分.大学生总生活质量男生为(3.23±1.01)分,高于女生的(3.09±1.09)分;正在恋爱大学生得分(3.25±1.55)和从未恋爱大学生得分(3.12±1.11)低于曾经恋爱大学生得分(3.32±1.53);每月生活费450 ～600元的得分(3.24±0.93)和＞600元得分(3.27±1.39)高于＜450元大学生得分(3.07±0.72),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 学生总的生活质量处于中等水平;大学生生活质量受性别、家庭背景、恋爱状况及每月生活费等因素影响.     

城市流动儿童孤独及社交焦虑与人格特征及父母教养方式关系

目的 了解城市流动儿童的心理健康状况及其与人格特征、父母教养方式的关系。方法 采用儿童孤独量表、儿童社交焦虑量表、核心自我评价量表和父母教养方式问卷, 以贵阳、昆明两地336名小学五、六年级和初中一年级的流动儿童为对象进行调查研究。结果 流动儿童孤独感的得分为2.06±0.67, 社交焦虑得分为6.90±3.84, 害怕否定评价分量表得分为4.55±2.70, 社会回避苦恼分量表为2.37±1.87, 核心自我评价得分为3.42±0.69。流动儿童孤独感和社交焦虑与核心自我评价均具有显著负相关(P<0.01);孤独感与父亲和母亲情感温暖呈显著负相关(P<0.01), 与父亲偏爱呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 与父亲和母亲拒绝否认和惩罚严厉呈显著正相关(P<0.01);社交焦虑与父亲和母亲惩罚严厉、拒绝否认、过分干涉和过度保护呈显著正相关(P<0.01), 与父亲情感温暖呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。结论 培养流动儿童的积极人格特征和改善父母的教养方式是提高城市流动儿童心理健康水平的重要途径。     

Prospective Analysis of Peer and Parent Influences on Smoking Initiation Among Early Adolescents

The nature and relative importance of psychosocial influences on smoking initiation among early adolescents are topics of substantial research interest. Students (N = 1081) from four middle schools were surveyed at the beginning and end of the sixth grade. Baseline predictors were regressed on smoking initiation at end of sixth grade. In bivariate, logistic regression analyses association with problem behaving peers, perceived prevalence, and depression were positively associated and adjustment to school, perceived social competence, parent expectations, parental monitoring, and parental involvement were negatively associated with smoking initiation. In multivariate logistic regression analyses controlling for sex, race, and school, peer affiliation and perceived prevalence were positively associated, whereas social competence and parental monitoring were negatively associated with smoking initiation. A significant interaction between parental involvement and peer affiliation indicated that among teens with problem behaving friends only those with parents who were relatively uninvolved were are at increased risk for smoking initiation. This finding held for boys, girls, Whites, Blacks, and teens living in single parent families. These findings provide evidence that antecedent parenting behaviors may protect early adolescents against smoking even in the context of negative peer affiliation.     

美国医院社会工作的历史发展过程与历史经验

美国是医院社会工作与医务社会工作的主要起源地,是世界上医院社会工作与医务社会工作最发达的国家。美国医院社会工作与医务社会工作的历史发展经验、服务范围、工作技巧、发展动力源泉、理论政策争论和发展趋势值得中国卫生、社会工作教育实务界参考借鉴。     

社会因素与人群健康状况关系研究

目的:探讨影响人群整体健康水平的主要社会因素,为卫生工作转变思想提供参考。方法:以173个国家2000年度卫生、经济、民主政治、教育、社会发展以及能源利用等指标数据为研究对象,运用多元逐步回归分析方法筛选变量,并建立社会因素与人群期望寿命的关系模型。结果:影响人群健康状况的主要社会因素不是经济投入和卫生工作,而是社会资本要素。结论:提高人群整体健康水平的有效途径是建立并充分利用社会资本。     

Enhancing social networks: a qualitative study of health and social care practice in UK mental health services

People with severe mental health problems such as psychosis have access to less social capital, defined as resources within social networks, than members of the general population. However, a lack of theoretically and empirically informed models hampers the development of social interventions which seek to enhance an individual's social networks. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study, which used ethnographic field methods in six sites in England to investigate how workers helped people recovering from psychosis to enhance their social networks. This study drew upon practice wisdom and lived experience to provide data for intervention modelling. Data were collected from 73 practitioners and 51 people who used their services in two phases. Data were selected and coded using a grounded theory approach to depict the key themes that appeared to underpin the generation of social capital within networks. Findings are presented in four over‐arching themes – worker skills, attitudes and roles; connecting people processes; role of the agency; and barriers to network development. The sub‐themes which were identified included worker attitudes; person‐centred approach; equality of worker–individual relationship; goal setting; creating new networks and relationships; engagement through activities; practical support; existing relationships; the individual taking responsibility; identifying and overcoming barriers; and moving on. Themes were consistent with recovery models used within mental health services and will provide the basis for the development of an intervention model to enhance individuals’ access to social capital within networks.     

流动儿童社会支持和社会融合对社会资本与生活满意感的链式中介作用

目的 分析流动儿童社会资本影响生活满意感的内在机制。方法 采用自陈问卷调查1 229名流动儿童,通过bootstrap法考察了社会支持和社会融合在社会资本与生活满意感关系中的中介作用。结果 1)社会支持(effect=0.19,60.55%)、社会融合(effect=0.05,16.51%)分别在社会资本与生活满意感之间起显著的中介作用;2)社会支持和社会融合在社会资本与生活满意感的影响中起链式中介作用。结论 流动儿童社会资本通过社会支持和社会融合的链式中介作用影响生活满意感,社会支持的中介效果比社会融合的中介效果强。     

The relationship between social class and mental disorder

The inverse relationship between social class and rates of mental disorders was first documented in early mental hygiene studies at the beginning of this century and similar findings have been demonstrated in numerous contemporary studies. Interpretations of this persistent relationship include a downward drift explanation that posits that a decline in social status occurs as a result of precipitating mental illness, and a social causation model that emphasizes the importance of psychosocial stressors in the onset of mental disorders. A wealth of evidence supporting the social causation model is reviewed, drawing on mental health epidemiology, women's mental health, unemployment and physical health research. Political and economic origins of the downward drift hypothesis are also discussed.     

Destabilising social inclusion and recovery,and pursuing 'lines of flight' in the mental health sector

People who have been diagnosed with serious mental illness have a long history of confinement, social stigma and marginalisation that has constrained their participation in society. Drawing upon the work of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, we have used the concepts of: assemblages, major and minor and deterritorialisation to critically analyse two pervasive and ‘taken-for-granted’ assemblages in mental health: recovery (including clinical recovery, social recovery and recovery-oriented practice) and social inclusion. Our analysis explores how dominant and oppressive forces have been entangled with liberating and transformative forces throughout both of these assemblages – with dominant forces engaging in ongoing processes of capture and control, and transformative forces resisting and avoiding capture. In pursuit of social transformation for people categorised with serious mental illness, deterritorialisation is posited as a potential way forward. To have transformation in the lives of mental health service users, we present the possibility that ongoing, disruptive movements of deterritorialisation can unsettle majoritarian practices of capture and control – producing liberating lines of flight.     

Multiple aspects of preschool children’s social cognition: relations with peer acceptance and peer interaction style

Three aspects of young children’s social cognition – accurate encoding of social cues, hostile attributions and response access/generation – were assessed among 128 children (64 girls) attending three‐, four‐, and five‐year‐old classrooms (ages ranged from 36 to 73 months). Hostile attributions and the quality of strategy generation were both significantly associated with teacher‐rated peer competence and aggressiveness, even when children’s receptive vocabulary scores and age were controlled. For girls, hostile attributions, but not cue encoding or response generation, was associated with teacher ratings of competence and aggression. For boys, hostile attributions were associated with teacher ratings of competence, and response generation was associated with teacher ratings of competence and aggression. Regression analysis, controlling for sex, age and receptive vocabulary, revealed that both hostile attributions and the quality of social strategy generation, but not encoding of cues, made unique, significant contributions to the prediction of teacher ratings of competence and aggression.     

A socially prescribed community service for people living with dementia and family carers and its long-term effects on well-being

Support services for people with dementia are variable depending on the area or town they live. People with dementia and family carers can often get very little support after a diagnosis. Services might not be suitable or they may not be aware of the service in the first place. The aim of this study was to evaluate a socially prescribed community service provided to people with dementia and family carers offering physical and mental activities. People with dementia and family carers were recruited from a community centre in the North West of England to complete in this study. Participants provided demographic information and completed the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale at baseline, and after 3 and 6 months. Postcode data were used to generate an Index of Multiple Deprivation score for information on participants’ socioeconomic background. Data were analysed using paired samples t-tests to compare well-being scores between baseline and follow-up assessments. A total of 25 people with dementia (n = 14) and family carers (n = 11) participated in the service. Visits ranged from 1 to 36, with 22 and 15 participants completing the 3- and 6-month follow-up respectively. Some reasons for discontinuation were lack of transport and other commitments. Most participants lived in some of the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Compared to baseline, well-being was significantly higher at both follow-ups. This is one of the first studies reporting the benefits of a social prescribing service in dementia. Future implementation work needs to design an implementation plan so that the service can be implemented in other community centres across the country.