大中型听神经瘤术后面神经功能的影响因素

目的 探讨大中型听神经瘤乙状窦后入路切除术面神经功能的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2017年5月~2019年10月经乙状窦后入路手术切除的108例大中型听神经瘤的临床资料。术后1年根据House-Brackmann（H-B）分级评估面神经功能,其中Ⅰ~Ⅱ为正常,Ⅲ~Ⅵ级为异常。结果 108例中,术后1年面神经功能正常74例,异常34例。多因素logistic回归分析显示,肿瘤直径≥5 cm、肿瘤囊性变、面神经与肿瘤重度黏连是术后面神经功能异常的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 大中型听神经瘤,乙状窦后入路切除术后面神经功能恢复主要和肿瘤大小、肿瘤囊性变、面神经与肿瘤黏连程度有关,临床需引起重视。     

囊性听神经瘤的显微手术治疗(附81例报告)

目的为提高囊性听神经瘤的手术效果.方法回顾性分析81例囊性听神经瘤病人的临床资料,均经枕下乙状窦后入路切除肿瘤.结果肿瘤全切除73例,近全切8例.面神经解剖保留72例.术后面神经功能House-Brackmann分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级28例,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级38例,Ⅴ～Ⅵ级15例.结论面神经监护下行显微手术切除听神经瘤,有助于面神经的解剖保留和提高手术质量.     

听神经瘤术中面神经电生理监测的问题与对策

目的 探讨听神经瘤术中面神经电生理监测技术的常见问题与对策,提高面神经解剖保留率,并对解剖保留的面神经进行功能评价.方法 25例听神经瘤患者手术时均在面神经电生理监测下进行,全部采用枕下乙状窦后入路,显微外科切除肿瘤,肿瘤切除后对面神经功能进行评价.结果 肿瘤全切除25例(100%),无手术死亡;面神经解剖保留23例,占92%.面神经功能状态H-B分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级19例,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级5例,Ⅴ级1例.术末刺激强度越小,术后面神经功能越好;低于0.5 mA同时面肌肌电波幅大于100 μV,面神经功能可达Ⅰ～Ⅱ级;术末刺激强度大于2 mA波幅反应不明显时,术后面神经功能恢复不理想.结论 术中自发或诱发式神经电生理监测技术的灵活应用可明显提高面神经解剖保留率和功能保留率,对其定量分析有助于术后面神经功能的判断.     

大型听神经瘤显微手术切除及面听神经保留技巧

目的 介绍大型听神经瘤显微手术切除及面听神经保留技巧。方法 对51例大型听神经瘤采用乙状窦后入路显微手术切除。结果 所有51例病人均行肿瘤全切,面神经解剖保留率为96％。根据House-Brackmann面神经功能分级标准,20例（39％）术后3个月内面神经功能为Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,27例（53％）为Ⅲ－Ⅳ级,4例（8％）为Ⅴ－Ⅵ级。根据Gardener-Robertson听力分级标准,3例（6％）听力保留。无手术死亡、脑干和后组颅神经损害及其他严重并发症。结论 采用显微手术技术,绝大多数大型听神经瘤均可以在保留面神经解剖完整的前提下手术全切。     

大型听神经瘤的术中面神经保护（附38例分析）

目的总结显微外科技术与电生理监测技术在大型听神经瘤显微切除术中的经验。方法回顾性分析38例大型听神经瘤的临床资料。术前面神经功能House—Brackrnann分级（H—B分级）：Ⅰ～Ⅱ级36例,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级2例。结果肿瘤全切除33例,次全切除5例;术中面神经解剖保留32例,术后死亡1例。出院时面神经功能H—B分级：Ⅰ～Ⅱ级28例,Ⅲ-Ⅳ级6例,Ⅴ-Ⅵ级3例。结论应用显微外科技术与电生理监测技术可明显提高大型听神经瘤显微切除术的疗效。严格保持肿瘤表面蛛网膜的完整性是保留面神经功能的关键。术中尽量重建断裂的面神经,对术后神经功能恢复有一定帮助。     

显微切除大型听神经瘤术后面神经功能影响因素

目的分析在面神经功能监护下切除大型听神经瘤术后面神经功能保留的影响因素。方法对2002年1月至2008年4月湘雅医院神经外科在面肌肌电图监测下经乙状窦后入路显微切除的127例大型听神经瘤手术进行回顾性研究。采用门诊复查和电话随访的方式参照House-Brackmann分级系统评价面神经功能。结果总计127例听神经瘤患者,大型肿瘤(≥30 mm)占92.1%(116/126)。肿瘤全切除率为98.4%(125/127),面神经解剖保留率为99.2%(126/127),死亡率为2.36%(3/127)。术后即刻的优秀面神经功能(H-B I-II级)保留率为90.2%(111/123),随访1年及以上的优秀面神经功能保留率为85.5%(71/83)。结论听神经瘤患者术后远期面神经功能与术者娴熟的显微神经外科技术密切相关,与术后早期面神经功能、肿瘤大小呈正相关,与患者年龄、是否合并脑积水、囊性变、症状持续时间未见相关关系。     

囊性听神经鞘瘤的显微手术

目的总结囊性听神经鞘瘤显微手术技巧。方法回顾性分析34例囊性听神经鞘瘤病人的临床资料、术中所见、肿瘤与周围脑神经的局部解剖特点。结果肿瘤全切除22例(64.7%),次全切除12例(35.3%)。术中面神经解剖保留15例(44.1%),与少部分肿瘤囊壁一同保留13例(38.2%),未保留6例(17.7%),无其他脑神经损伤。术后1个月面神经功能HouseBrackmann分级:Ⅰ级4例、Ⅱ级6例、Ⅲ级10例、Ⅳ级9例、Ⅴ级5例。除2例残存少部分听力外,其余病人均未获得有效听力保留。结论囊性听神经鞘瘤有自身解剖学特点,手术时从面神经出脑干根部或入内听道口处找到面神经,严格按蛛网膜界面分离,是提高囊性听神经鞘瘤全切率,降低面神经功能受损的关键。     

听神经瘤的显微外科治疗和面神经功能保护的探讨

目的 探讨听神经瘤的显微外科手术技巧及保留面神经的技术。 方法 福建医科大学附属第一医院神经外科自2002年8月至2010年12月经枕下乙状窦后（骨瓣成型、锁孔）入路显微手术治疗听神经瘤患者168例,术中在面肌肌电图监测下采取囊内切除与囊壁切除交替进行、双向会合、锐性分离面神经等技术切除肿瘤,并回顾性分析显微手术的技巧和疗效。 结果 肿瘤全切149例(88.69％),部分切除19例(11.31％);面神经解剖学保留146例(86.9％);死亡2例(1.19％)。术后6个月按House Blackmann标准评估面神经功能：Ⅰ、Ⅱ级91例(54.16％),Ⅲ、Ⅳ级52例(30.95％),Ⅴ、Ⅵ级25例(14.89％)。 结论 经枕下乙状窦后（骨瓣成型、锁孔）入路显微手术治疗听神经瘤安全有效;利用术中面肌肌电图监测可以提高面神经解剖保留率;熟练掌握显微手术技巧是全切肿瘤、解剖保留面神经的关键。     

听神经瘤术中行面神经电生理监测的体会

目的探讨和了解听神经瘤术中行面神经电生理监测的方法，以提高面神经功能保留率。方法在28例单侧听神经瘤患者切除肿瘤术中行面神经电生理监测，术后一周根据House-Brackmann面神经功能分级标准对患者面神经功能进行评估。结果28例患者中，面神经解剖保留27例（占96.43％）。术后一周面神经功能评估，Ⅰ级10例，Ⅱ级8例，Ⅲ级7例，Ⅳ级2例，Ⅴ级1例。结论听神经瘤手术中进行面神经电生理监测为提高面神经解剖保留率提供了有效的技术帮助，该技术有较高的准确性和实用性。     

显微手术切除大型、巨大型听神经瘤

目的 总结自1984年以来采用显微外科技术对大型、巨大型听神经瘤382例手术切除的体会,以提高此类肿瘤的手术治疗效果。方法 采用显微外科技术,枕下乙状窦后小骨窗经内听道入路,切除肿瘤,其中132例手术是在神经功能监护仪的监测下进行。结果 肿瘤全切率为95％,面神经保留率73％;在神经功能监护仪的监测下,肿瘤全切率为100％,面神经保留率为98％,耳蜗神经保留率为42％。自1990年以后无手术死亡。结论 对于大型、巨大型听神经瘤,必须在手术显微镜下进行,磨除内听道后壁,切除内听道内的肿瘤,才能做到真正意义上的肿瘤全切。术中应用神经功能监护仪对面、耳蜗神经的辨认及保护尤为重要,并可估计术后面神经功能恢复的程度。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.