piceatannol在分化早期通过调节分裂增殖及胰岛素受体依赖性信号通路抑制脂肪生成

piceatannol是一种天然的均二苯乙烯,与白藜芦醇结构类似。虽然曾有人利用白藜芦醇治疗肥胖,但是piceatannol在脂肪组织形成及相关疾病中的作用机制仍不清楚。     

白藜芦醇在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的抗氧化作用

白藜芦醇(resveratrol,RES),化学名称3,4’,5-三羟基二苯乙烯,属于非黄酮类多酚化合物,是植物遇到真菌感染、紫外线照射等不利条件时产生的植物抗毒素。研究发现白藜芦醇具有广泛的生理、药理活性,如抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、心血管保护及延长寿命等。近年来白藜芦醇对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)的防治作用成为研究的热点。氧化/抗氧化失衡,是COPD的重要发病机     

白藜芦醇与糖尿病关系的研究进展

白藜芦醇属于一种酚类植物抗毒素,是天然的抗氧化物和自由基廓清剂.近期研究发现,白藜芦醇除具有抗动脉粥样硬化的作用外,还具有明显的降低血糖,改善糖尿病的作用.其机制与抗氧化应激、抗炎性反应、改善胰岛素敏感性、改善胰岛素分泌等有关.白藜芦醇的上述作用可能与其激活组蛋白去乙酰化酶(SIRT)1有关,也可能还有其他非SIRT1依赖机制.因此,对白藜芦醇改善糖尿病作用的深入研究可能为研究新型降糖药物开辟新的方向.     

游离脂肪酸受体在肺部疾病中的研究进展

游离脂肪酸受体(FFAR)是一类具有多功能性的G蛋白偶联受体, 参与细胞内信号传导, 调节细胞凋亡、炎症反应、免疫反应和能量代谢等生物学过程。近年来, 国内外多项研究发现, FFAR在肺部疾病中发挥着重要作用, 有望成为防治呼吸系统疾病的潜在研究靶点。本文对FFAR在哮喘、肺部感染、急性肺损伤、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、特发性肺纤维化等疾病发展中的作用及机制作一综述, 以期为呼吸系统疾病的防控、干预提供新的方向。     

表皮生长因子受体家族与肺部疾病的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体家族是一类重要的受体型酪氨酸激酶,在细胞增殖、分化的信号转导通路中起着关键作用。近年来其在肺部疾病发病机制中的作用越来越受到重视,本文主要就表皮生长因子受体家族与肺部疾病(肺癌、支气管哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病)关系的研究进展作一综述,旨在探讨以上三种常见肺部疾病的发病机制及为其临床治疗提供新的理论依据。     

自噬在肺部疾病中的研究进展

自噬作为一种维持细胞内环境稳定的重要机制,近年来成为一个研究热点。在受到氧化应激、饥饿诱导、炎症刺激等损伤因素作用后,细胞可以通过激活自噬完成对受损蛋白或细胞器的清除,从而维持细胞的稳态。但是自噬的过度激活也会导致细胞功能受损或自噬性死亡。自噬在肺部疾病发病机制所起的调控作用更加复杂,其中一些疾病的发病机制尚不明确,随着自噬与其关系研究的进一步深入,为临床治疗提供了一个新的思路。本文着重讨论自噬在一些常见肺部疾病发病机制中的作用及其临床运用前景。     

白藜芦醇在脑缺血中的神经保护机制

白藜芦醇是一种存在于许多种植物的多酚植物抗菌素。许多研究表明,白藜芦醇具有神经保护作用。文章从抗细胞凋亡、抗炎症反应和抗氧化等方面对白藜芦醇在脑缺血时的神经保护机制进行了综述。     

肺部微生态在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病是一种常见的、可以防治的疾病,但由于其患病人数多,病死率高,目前仍然受到人们的高度重视。虽然近年来对于慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发生及发展演变机制研究逐步深入,但仍无法完全揭示其疾病本质,所以目前迫切需要从新的角度来探索,以此制订新的治疗方法。随着分子生物学的发展,人们逐渐认识到肺部微生态这一概念,相关研究也在进一步探索。未来对肺部微生态的研究将为慢性阻塞性肺疾病的防治提供新的有效治疗手段。     

白藜芦醇在脑缺血中的神经保护作用

白藜芦醇是存在于多种植物内的一种多酚化合物,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抑制凋亡和清除自由基等作用.白藜芦醇预适应通过激活沉默信息调节因子2同源体1对缺血再灌注大鼠起着神经保护作用,这种作用类似于脑缺血预适应.此外,白藜芦醇还可通过抑制氧自由基和炎性细胞因子生成,缩小脑缺血再灌注小鼠梗死体积和改善神经功能.文章综述了白藜芦醇在脑缺血中的神经保护作用及其机制.     

Nrf2在肺纤维化治疗中作用的研究进展

<正>肺纤维化(PF)是一种慢性、进展性、不可逆转的肺部疾病,临床表现为逐渐加重的呼吸困难,患者最终因肺功能严重受损发生呼吸衰竭而死亡。目前还没有方法可以完全阻断PF的发生。PF的发病机制仍未完全阐明,最近研究[1]显示氧化应激反应参与PF发病机制,因此,抑制氧化应激导致的肺损伤已成为防治PF的新策略。本文总结了肺部发生纤维化过程中氧化应激损伤的来源及其在PF形成中的作用,并对以     

Resveratrol alleviates bleomycin-induced lung injury in rats

Antioxidant therapy may be useful in diseases with impaired oxidant-antioxidant balance such as pulmonary fibrosis. This study was designed to examine the effects of resveratrol, an antioxidant agents, against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and oxidative damage. Wistar albino rats were administered a single dose of bleomycin (5 mg/kg; via the tracheal cannula) followed by either saline or resveratrol (10 mg/kg; orally) for 14 days. The effect of resveratrol on pulmonary oxidative damage was studied by cell count and analysis of cytokine levels (TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and biochemical measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA), an end product of lipid peroxidation; glutathione (GSH), a key antioxidant; and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, an index of neutrophil infiltration, in the lung tissue. Bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis was determined by lung collagen contents and also microscopically. Bleomycin caused a significant decrease in lung GSH, which was accompanied with significant increases in MDA level, MPO activity, and collagen contents of the lung tissue concomitant with increased levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators and cell count in BALF. On the other hand, resveratrol treatment reversed all these biochemical indices as well as histopathological alterations induced by bleomycin. The results demonstrate the role of oxidative mechanisms in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and resveratrol, by its antioxidant properties, ameliorates oxidative injury and fibrosis due to bleomycin. Thus, an effective supplement with resveratrol as an adjuvant therapy may be a very promising agent in alleviating the side effects of bleomycin, an effective chemotherapeutic agent.     

The microbiome in the lower respiratory tract

With the advent of new technologies evaluating the microbiome in the sample such as next-generation sequencer (NGS), current increase of an interest in understanding of the lung microbiome and its roles in lung diseases are marked. Gathering the data of bacterial flora in the lung and their changes during disease courses is unraveling the pathogenesis and the mechanism of disease progression particularly in patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and infectious lung diseases. To clarify the relationship between the lung microbiome and pulmonary diseases, new information may help us to create new treatment and prevention strategies of some pulmonary diseases by controlling the lung microbiome.Using bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence, NGS can rapidly estimate large amount of bacterial sequences in the phylum and genus levels, and some of them in species levels in a very short period of time. In addition to new information of the microbiome using NGS in the respiratory tract, other techniques using basically Sanger method in combination with the clone library construction can also be useful to identify pathogenic bacterial species with their ratio in the respiratory samples such as bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess and nontuberculous mycobacteriosis. These modalities to identify and semi-quantify bacterial burden in the respiratory tract have revealed new bacterial information in each infectious lung disease.This review describes current understanding of the lung microbiome in several representative lung diseases.     

Rol de los microARN en las enfermedades pulmonares

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression. They actively participate in the modulation of important cell physiological processes and are involved in the pathogenesis of lung diseases such as lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A better understanding of the role that miRNAs play in these diseases could lead to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In this review, we discuss the role of some miRNAs in different lung diseases as well as the possible future of these discoveries in clinical applications.     

Pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) often complicates the course of patients with advanced lung disease, and it is associated with a worse prognosis. Per the recent classification of pulmonary hypertensive disorders, PH due to lung disease is considered as a separate category within a group of disorders that was previously referred to as "secondary" PH. Among the lung diseases associated with PH, the incidence and clinical course of PH is best known for patients with COPD. Per studies in patients with COPD and other lung disorders, it is evident that the pathophysiology and treatment of these disorders is generally distinct from that of pulmonary arterial hypertensive disorders. Changes in the pulmonary vasculature that accompany elevations in pulmonary vascular pressure are generally referred to as pulmonary vascular remodeling. Chronic hypoxia is well known to cause pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH, and it is the major mechanism implicated for the development of PH in patients with lung disease. Other mediators have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of PH in animal models and patients with PH, including patients with pulmonary diseases. General features of pulmonary vascular remodeling are discussed with particular emphasis on those changes that have been described in patients with lung diseases. Recent discoveries in these areas are also reviewed, and findings in pulmonary arterial hypertensive diseases are contrasted with those found in patients with PH due to lung diseases. Some of these discoveries have already led to new treatment strategies for patients with the most severe forms of PH. PH due to lung diseases shares some common pathophysiologic features with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Therefore, it is likely that these discoveries and new treatments will also be extended to benefit patients with PH due to lung disease.     

Clinical applications of lung function tests: a revisit

The development and clinical application of lung function tests have a long history, and the various components of lung function tests provide very important tools for the clinical evaluation of respiratory health and disease. Spirometry, measurement of the diffusion factor, bronchial provocation tests and forced oscillation techniques have found diverse clinical applications in the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung diseases and asthma. However, there are some practical issues to be resolved, including the establishment of reference values for individual test parameters and the roles of these tests in preoperative risk assessment and pulmonary rehabilitation. Novel measurements, including negative expiratory pressure, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide and analysis of exhaled breath condensate, may provide new insights into physiological abnormalities or airway inflammation in respiratory diseases, but their clinical applications need to be further evaluated. The clinical application of lung function tests continues to face challenges, which may be overcome by further improvement of conventional techniques for lung function testing and further specification of new testing techniques.     

Transplantation of the lung

The introduction of cyclosporine as a highly effective immunosuppressive agent and the development of new techniques for heart-lung and lung transplantation have led to a new treatment for a wide range of fatal cardiopulmonary diseases. Indications for surgery are now becoming clear, together with major contra-indications. Suppurative lung disease, such as cystic fibrosis, can be effectively treated by heart-lung transplant (HLT). A whole new field of pulmonary medicine is emerging to provide the physiological monitoring and diagnostic techniques for major complications such as opportunistic lung infection and pulmonary rejection. Obliterative bronchiolitis, a consequence of frequent and severe rejection, still provides a major challenge to the immunological scientist and respiratory physician. Lung transplantation, by disrupting the vascular supply and innervation of the lung, is raising major questions about the generally accepted beliefs of regulation of breathing and pulmonary mechanics. Finally, as the survival rate improves beyond the current 50% at 3 yrs, lung transplantation will perhaps present further challenges to our understanding of the pathogenesis of various diseases such as asthma and cystic fibrosis.     

肺部慢性炎症与肺癌相关性的研究进展

与癌症相关的炎症已经被认为是“肿瘤的第7种生物学特征”.研究表明,许多肺部慢性炎症性疾病均与肺癌的发生、发展密切相关.其中,慢性炎症引起的氧化应激、免疫抑制微环境的形成能够引起相关信号通路的异常,导致原癌基因激活或抑癌基因失活,进而促进肺癌的发生、发展.本文将讨论COPD、特发性肺纤维化和肺结核这几种常见的肺部慢性炎症与肺癌的相关性,并探讨它们是如何通过慢性炎症促进肺癌的发生、发展.     

Pathologie von pädiatrischen Lungenerkrankungen und Fehlbildungen

For some entities, the spectrum and also the histomorphological pattern of pediatric lung diseases vary substantially from those of adults. Furthermore, some diseases are specific for neonates and infants, such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and the now mostly prenatally already known congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM). The histopathological aspects of various pediatric lung pathologies are presented in this article.     

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??Abstract??Interventional pulmonology is a newly developed medical discipline devoted to the performance of diagnosis and invasive therapy of respiratory diseases.The professional field of this discipline refers to diagnosis and staging of respiratory diseases??and focuses on treatment of pulmonary tumors??benign or malignant airway stenosis??pleural disease and pulmonary vascular diseases.So far??huge strides have been made in interventional pulmonology??and therefore some distinct features have been developed in China.Prevalent and common diseases??such as lung cancer??chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)and asthma??will hereafter be the focus of interventional pulmonary in China.     

Free radicals in the bronchoalveolar lavage

Free radicals are usually reactive species, characterized by the possession of one or more unpaired electrons. This molleculles are involved in the pathogenesis of various respiratory diseases. Free radicals have been evaluated in the bronchoalveolar lavage to understand the importance of its role in lung cancer, adult respiratory distress syndrome, interstitial pulmonary diseases, tobacco induced pulmonary damage, hyperoxia and drug-induced lung toxicity. There are evidences suggesting that these agents play an important role in lung injury. These findings could lead the development of new, and more effective, therapeutic agents in some respiratory diseases.