起源于三尖瓣环附近的室性心律失常的射频消融及心电图特征

目的总结起源于三尖瓣环附近的室性心律失常的射频消融及心电图特征。方法 15例患者,根据心电图和/或动态心电图诊断为室性心动过速(VT)或频发室性早搏(VPC),均接受心脏电生理检查及射频消融治疗。消融成功后,结合靶点分布区域分析体表心电图。结果 15例消融均获成功,根据消融导管的X线影像特征及腔内电图判断均起源于三尖瓣环附近,不同区域起源的VT/VPC心电图表现各具特征,QRS波时限140 ms、肢体导联见切迹、V1导联可见正向起始波及胸前导联移行区间≥V4判断起源于游离壁的特异度分别为100%、100%、100%、91.7%,敏感度分别为81.8%、90.9%、81.8%、100%。结论射频消融是治疗三尖瓣环附近起源的室性心律的安全、有效方法,心电图表现具其特征。     

起源于左主动脉窦的室性心律失常的心电生理特点和消融治疗

目的报道21例起源于左主动脉窦的室性心律失常的心电生理特征和射频消融疗效。方法分析术前体表心电图(ECG)和Holter心电图室性早搏(VPB)或室性心动过速(VT)的形态特点,测量V1导联r波振幅和时限,计算r与QRS波的振幅和时限比值。术中在自发VPB或VT时标测主动脉窦,以局部室波最早部位放电消融,并进行冠状动脉造影,测量消融靶点距左冠状动脉口的距离。结果21例均有频发VPB,8例有反复短阵VT。VPB或VT在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联为高大R波,V1导联r波振幅为QRS波的1/3或以上,r波时限87.5±9.5 m s,为QRS波时限的1/2以上。V3导联多为R s形,V5、V6导联无S波。有效消融靶点局部电图室波明显超前ECG的QRS波(36.2±12.2 m s),距左冠状动脉口部1 cm左右。有效靶点放电2~8 s VPB消失或VT终止。结论起源于左主动脉窦的VPB或VT其Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联为高大R波,V1导联r波振幅高(≥1/3QRS波),时限宽(≥1/2QRS波);主动脉窦激动顺序标测可安全有效地指导消融治疗。     

经主动脉窦消融室性心律失常进展

<正>近年来陆续报道室性期前收缩和室性心动过速(统称室性心律失常ventricular arrhythmias,简称VTs)可在主动脉窦消融成功,由于主动脉窦的解剖和毗邻结构复杂,充分理解主动脉窦的解剖和毗邻结构、靶点处的X线影像和电位特点能够提高消融     

起源于主动脉窦的室性心律失常的电生理特点及射频消融治疗

目的研究起源于主动脉窦(ASC)的室性心律失常,包括特发性频发室性早搏和室性心动过速(PVCs/VT)的心电图特点、电生理特征和经射频导管消融治疗方法学。方法 15例频发PVCs/VT患者经右股静脉进右室流出道行最早激动顺序和起搏标测,消融不成功或失败的病例,采用经右股动脉途径行电生理检查,于心室及主动脉窦内标测PVCs/VT时最早心室激动(EVA),进行射频消融治疗,分析其体表心电图特点、电生理检查特征及经射频导管消融治疗结果。结果 15例PVCs/VT患者,1例患者PVCs于无冠窦内消融成功,其体表心电图I导联为顿挫的R波,aVL为rSr波,消融靶点局部心室激动提前体表QRS波18ms,放电1次4s终止PVCs;余14例于左冠窦内标测到EVA,其体表心电图呈不典型左束支传导阻滞伴心电轴右偏,I导联为QS、rsr、rs或rS波,II、III、aVF导联为高振幅R波,V6均无S波,胸前导联R移行区12例位于V1~V3导联,仅2例位于V4导联,V1或V2导联R波时程指数≥50%者10例(71.4%)、R/S波幅指数≥30%者11例(78.6%)。9例即刻消融成功者于左冠窦内标测到的EVA提前于体表心电图QRS波(EVA-QRS时间)(45.1±8.0)ms,而5例消融未成功者EVAQRS时间为(26.4±5.9)ms(P0.05)。9例即刻消融成功者于消融靶点处可记录到位于PVCs/VT QRS波之前的高频低振幅电位(P1),窦性心律时于上述相同消融靶点处可记录到位于QRS波之后的高频低振幅电位(P2),于消融靶点处放电1~3次,3~10s内终止PVCs/VT,消融后9例P2电位均延迟;5例消融未成功者,2例于标测到EVA部位记录到P1电位。随访6个月至8年,10例即刻消融成功患者无复发;另5例消融未成功者1例服用倍他乐克心悸症状明显改善,1例服用心得安,心悸发作次数明显减少;余3例患者症状无改善。1例于左冠窦内消融患者术后24h出现严重心绞痛及心电图缺血改变,经药物治疗5天症状消失,余患者在围术期及长期随访中无手术相关合并症发生。结论起源于ASC或其邻近组织的PVCs/VT,其体表心电图及电生理检查具有一定的特点,ASC内经射频导管消融可根治部分患者此类心律失常,应避免损伤冠状动脉。     

起源于主动脉窦内反复单形室性心动过速和/或频发室性早搏的心电图特征及射频消融治疗

探讨起源于主动脉窦内的反复单形室性心动过速(简称室速)和/或频发室性早搏(简称室早)的心电图特点和射频消融治疗。分析35例该类患者的室速和频发室早的心电图、心内电生理检查和射频消融治疗情况。结果:室性心律失常起源于左冠状动脉窦(简称左冠窦)的30例、无冠状动脉窦3例和主动脉根部左冠窦下2例。左冠窦的心电图特点:Ⅰ和aVL导联为rs、rS或QS波形,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联为R波形,胸导联R波移行区在V2或V3导联,V5、V6导联为高振幅R波,无S波;V2导联R高度/S高度比值1.29±0.36。主动脉根部左冠窦下起源的心电图特点:和左冠窦起源室性心律失常的心电图特点基本相同,但V5、V6导联有S波。无冠状动脉窦起源的心电图特点:Ⅰ和aVL导联为Rs或R波形,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联为R波形,胸导联R波移行区在V3导联。34例消融成功,手术操作时间65~120min,X光曝露时间12~30min。1例出现冠状动脉前降支急性闭塞。随访2~53个月,无复发病例。结论:起源于主动脉窦内的室速和/或频发室早有其独特的心电图表现,射频消融能安全、有效地根治此类心律失常。     

起源于主动脉左窦室性早搏的射频消融治疗

目的：探讨导管射频消融治疗起源于主动脉左窦室性早搏（室早）的方法和疗效。方法：对18例起源于主动脉左窦的室早患者行射频消融治疗。采用激动顺序标测,靶点V波较体表心电图QRS波群提前30～50ms,温控大头导管温度65℃～70C,放电240S。结果：靶点位于主动脉左窦左冠状动脉开口下方1～2cm,即刻成功率为100％。术中及术后无并发症发生。术后1个月内,18例患者复查动态心电图均仍见室旱,由术前（28157±1360）次／日降低为术后（856±310）次／日。术后1个月后,除4例器质性心脏病者仍见室早（697±263）次／日,其余患者室早消失。随访3～24个月无复发。结论：射频消融治疗起源于主动脉左窦的室早安全有效,器质性心脏病者也可以尝试射频消融治疗。     

起源于主动脉左窦室性早搏的射频消融治疗

目的:探讨导管射频消融治疗起源于主动脉左窦室性早搏(室早)的方法和疗效. 方法:对1 8例起源于主动脉左窦的室早患者行射频消融治疗.采用激动顺序标测,靶点Ⅴ波较体表心电图QRS波群提前30～50 ms,温控大头导管温度65℃～70℃·放电240 S. 结果:靶点位于主动脉左窦左冠状动脉开口下方1～2cm,即刻成功率为100%.术中及术后无并发症发生.术后1个月内,18例患者复查动态心电图均仍见室早.由术前(281 57±1360)次/日降低为术后(856±310)次/日.术后1个月后,除4例器质性心脏病者仍见室早(697±263)次/日,其余患者室早消失.随访3～24个月无复发. 结论:射频消融治疗起源于主动脉左窦的室早安全有效,器质性心脏病者也可以尝试射频消融治疗.     

起源于主动脉窦频发室性期前收缩的心电生理特征及射频消融治疗

目的报道11例起源于主动脉窦的频发室性期前收缩（premature ventricular contraction,PVC）患者的心电生理特征、射频消融（radiofrequency catheter ablation,RFCA）方法及疗效。方法分析患者术前体表心电图和动态心电图PVC的特点,测量V1或V2导联r波时限和振幅,计算r波与QRS波时限的比值及r波于S波振幅的比值。术中行主动脉窦内激动标测和起搏标测确定PVC起源部位,并行冠状动脉造影辅助定位后行RFCA。结果11例均有频发PVC,5例有反复短阵室性心动过速。下壁导联QRS波呈R形且高大直立,V1导联呈rS型,胸前导联多移行于V3以前,V6导联多呈Rs型或无S波。V1导联r波时限（84.6±9.8）ms,占QRS波时限的50%以上;r/S振幅比值0.72±0.31。有效消融靶点局部电图V波较体表心电图的QRS波明显提前（35.6±8.9）ms,有效靶点放电2～8 s见PVC减少至消失。结论起源于主动脉窦的PVC其下壁导联QRS波呈R形且高大直立,V1或V2导联r波时限宽（〉50%同导联QRS波）,r波振幅高（〉30%同导联S波）;主动脉窦内PVC的射频消融治疗是安全、有效的。     

经右锁骨下静脉途径导管射频消融三尖瓣环下的室性心律失常

目的探讨经右锁骨下静脉途径结合应用长鞘(SR0)导管射频消融三尖瓣环下起源的室性心律失常有效性及安全性。方法 8例患者,根据心电图和/或动态心电图诊断为三尖瓣环附近起源室性早搏(PVC)/室性心动过速(VT),均接受心脏电生理检查及射频消融治疗。术前曾经或术中采取常规下腔静脉途径消融失败后,改经右锁骨下静脉途径并辅用长鞘SR0进行标测与消融。消融成功后,结合靶点位置分析心电图及消融结果。结果 8例消融均获成功。根据消融导管的X线影像特征、电解剖证实其起源于三尖瓣环下6～9点。12导联体表心电图的PVC/VT的QRS波均呈左束支传导阻滞伴电轴左偏图形,Ⅰ、aVL导联主波向上,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联主波向下,2例肢体导联见切迹,QRS波时限174.75±13.44 ms,消融靶点局部V波较体表心电图QRS波提早27.5±3.16 ms。8例成功消融靶点图只见V波,6例有峰电位。随访2～12个月,1例PVC复发。结论在长鞘辅助下,经右锁骨下静脉途径能够安全、有效地消融治疗三尖瓣环下PVC/VT,是经股静脉途径消融失败的有效补充。     

经导管主动脉窦内射频消融治疗心律失常的现状

主动脉窦(ASC)由无冠窦、左冠窦和右冠窦组成,位于心脏的中心部位,与心脏各腔室在解剖上发生联系。在ASC内消融根治的快速性心律失常的解剖基质有两方面:直接起源于心室或心房肌与ASC之间的心肌纤维连接;源于邻近组织的心内膜深处或心外膜。在无冠窦消融治疗局灶性房性心动过速的报道较多;而主动脉三个窦内消融治疗室性早搏/特发性室性心动过速有报道,而以左冠窦多见,上述心律失常发生时的心电图和电生理往往有其特征性。消融时应避免损伤冠状动脉。     

Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating from the tricuspid annulus: Prevalence, electrocardiographic characteristics, and results of radiofrequency catheter ablation

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic ventricular tachycardias (VTs) and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) arising from the tricuspid annulus have been reported. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the prevalence and characteristics of VT/PVCs originating from the tricuspid annulus. METHODS: The ECG characteristics and results of radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation were analyzed in 454 patients with idiopathic VT/PVCs. RESULTS: Thirty-eight (8%) patients had VT/PVCs arising from the tricuspid annulus: 28 VT/PVCs (74%) originated from the septal portion of the tricuspid annulus and the remaining 10 (26%) from the free wall of the tricuspid annulus. QRS duration and Q-wave amplitude in each of leads V1-V3 were greater in VT/PVCs arising from the free wall of the tricuspid annulus than those from the septum of the tricuspid annulus (all P < .01). "Notching" of the QRS complex was observed more often in VT/PVCs arising from the free wall of the tricuspid annulus than those from the septum of the tricuspid annulus (P < .01). A Q wave in lead V1 was observed more often in VT/PVCs arising from the septum of the tricuspid annulus than those from the free wall of the tricuspid annulus (P < .005). R-wave transition occurred beyond lead V3 more often in VT/PVCs arising from the free wall of the tricuspid annulus than those from the septum of the tricuspid annulus (P < .005). RF catheter ablation eliminated 90% of the VT/PVCs arising from the free wall of the tricuspid annulus but only 57% of the VT/PVCs arising from septum of the tricuspid annulus. CONCLUSION: Idiopathic VT/PVCs arising from tricuspid annulus are not rare, and the detailed origin can be determined by ECG analysis. The preferential site of origin was the septum but also could be the free wall of the tricuspid annulus.     

起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位的房性心动过速体表心电图特点及射频消融治疗

目的报道起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位的房性心动过速(简称房速)体表心电图特点及射频消融结果。方法13例房速均被证实起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位并射频消融成功。影像学消融靶点位于三尖瓣环,局部电图可见A波和V波,且A∶V<2,V波的振幅>0.5 mV。结果9例消融成功部位位于三尖瓣环下侧壁,4例位于三尖瓣环上侧壁,靶点局部A波激动时间领先体表心电图P波起点41±15 ms,AV比值0.5±0.4。三尖瓣环下侧壁起源的房速P波特点:Ⅰ、aVL、aVR导联P波正向,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波负向,V1～V6导联P波负向。三尖瓣环上侧壁起源的房速P波特点:Ⅰ、aVL导联P波正向,aVR导联P波负向或呈等电位线,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波低幅正向波或呈等电位线,V1导联负向,胸前导联由右向左P波逐渐移行为正向。结论三尖瓣环非间隔部位是右房房速的一个重要起源点,其体表心电图有明确特征。     

Electrocardiographic characteristics of ventricular arrhythmias originating from the junction of the left and right coronary sinuses of Valsalva in the aorta: The activation pattern as a rationale for the electrocardiographic characteristics

BACKGROUND: Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) may arise from the aortic sinuses and have electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics that suggest a left (LCC) or right coronary cusp (RCC) origin. However, VAs that arise near the junction of those two cusps (L-RCC) may have unusual features. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics of VAs arising from the L-RCC. METHODS: We studied 155 patients with idiopathic VAs with either left or right bundle branch block and an inferior QRS axis morphology and five control subjects undergoing a pacing study. RESULTS: For 146 of the 155 patients, the origin determined by the successful ablation site was at the L-RCC in five, LCC in 13, RCC in six, non-coronary cusp in two, right ventricular outflow tract in 108, left ventricular outflow tract in five, left ventricular epicardium in four, and pulmonary artery in three. A qrS pattern in leads V1-V3 was observed only in the VAs with an L-RCC origin. The propagation map revealed that the direction of the propagating wave front from the L-RCC origin produced a vector compatible with a q wave and that the anterior activation to the right ventricular outflow tract via the LCC or RCC formed the r wave. Pacing performed at multiple sites in the aortic root in the control subjects demonstrated that only pacing from the L-RCC could reproduce a qrS pattern in leads V1-V3. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that a qrS pattern in leads V1-V3 suggests a site of origin at the L-RCC.     

射频导管消融治疗主动脉左冠状窦室性心律失常疗效观察

目的探讨射频导管消融治疗起源于主动脉左冠状窦室性心律失常的临床疗效。方法 12例起源于主动脉左冠状窦的心律失常患者行射频消融治疗。采用激动顺序标测及起搏标测相结合,靶点V波较体表心电图QRS波群提前至少20ms,温控大头导管温度55℃,射频功率15～30w放电240s射频消融。随访患者射频消融治疗后的近期及远期疗效。结果靶点位于主动脉左冠状窦左冠状动脉开口下方1～2cm,即刻成功率为100。术中及术后无并发症发生。术后1个月内,12例患者复查动态心电图,室性早搏（室早）的次数由术前（15273±2056）次/24h,降为消融后的（656±135）次/24h,射频消融前后差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。术后3个月11例患者室早消失,1例复发,再次行单导管法消融成功。结论射频消融治疗起源于主动脉左冠状窦的室性心律失常安全有效,并能根治该类型室性心律失常的发作。