2型糖尿病肾病患者血TGF-β1、CTGF变化及意义

67例T2DM患者根据24小时尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）分为三组：NA组、MA组和CP组。采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测糖尿病组和20例正常对照组血清TGF-β1、CTGF水平。结果①NA组血TGF-β1、CTGF较正常对照组增高（P〈0．05）。②MA组较NA组增高（P〈0．05），CP组较MA组增高（P〈0．05）。③血TGF-β1、CTGF与UAER呈正相关（r=0.674，P〈0．01）。结论TGF-β1、CTGF可能在DN发生发展中起重要作用。可能成为更早期DN的敏感指标，对监测肾病进展有重要意义。     

糖尿病肾病与血浆内皮素1及C反应蛋白的相关性研究

目的探讨糖尿病肾病（DN）与血浆内皮素1（ET-1）、C反应蛋白（C-RP）的关系。方法测定86例T2DM患者（DM组）和30例健康对照者（NC组）血压、血糖、血脂、SCr、ET-1、C-RP和尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）。结果血浆ET-1和C-RP在DM组较NC组显著升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,且DM组血浆ET-1和C-RP水平随着SCr、UAER的增加而升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论血浆ET-1和C-RP可能参与DN的发生、发展。     

IL-6基因启动子区-634C/G多态性与糖尿病肾病的相关性

目的 探讨白细胞介素6（IL-6）基因启动子区-634C／G多态性与糖尿病肾病（DN）的关系。方法 在昆明地区汉族人中，应用PCR—RFLP方法和等位特异PCR（ASPCR）方法，对246例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者（正常白蛋白尿组88例，微量白蛋白尿组93例，大量白蛋白尿组65例）和101例健康对照者（NC组）的IL-6基因启动子区-634C／G多态性进行检测。结果 （1）微量白蛋白尿组、大量白蛋白尿组、微量、大量白蛋白尿组的G／G基因型频率均高于正常白蛋白尿组（P=0．001），大量白蛋白尿组亦高于微量白蛋白尿组（P=0．045）。（2）大量白蛋白尿组和大量、微量白蛋白尿组的G等位基因频率均高于正常白蛋白尿组（P=0．031），大量白蛋白尿组亦高于微量白蛋白尿组（P=0．005）。（3）T2DM组中，GG基因型组UAER明显高于CG、CC基因型组（P〈0．01）。（4）Logistic回归分析表明：IL-6基因启动子区-634G／G基因型、病程是DN发生的危险因素。结论在昆明地区汉族人中，IL-6基因启动子区-634G／G基因型可能是DN发生的危险因素，此基因型携带者UAER明显增高；G等位基因可能是DN发展的危险因素之-。     

糖尿病患者血清抗AT1和α1肾上腺素能受体自身抗体与白蛋白尿的关系

目的探讨糖尿病（DM）患者血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1（AT1受体）和α1肾上腺素能受体（α1受体）自身抗体与白蛋白尿的关系。方法以合成的AT1和α1受体多肽片段为抗原,应用酶联免疫吸附技术,检测171例糖尿病患者（DM组）、60例高血压无肾损患者（HT组）及40例正常人（NC组）血清中抗AT1和α1受体自身抗体及尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）。DM组根据UAER分为DM1组（UAER≥200μg／min）;DM2组（UAER为20-199μg／min）;DM3组（UAER＜20μg／min）。结果（1）DM组抗AT1和α1受体抗体阳性率分别为53．2％和56．1％,明显高于HT组的13．3％和15．0％及NC组的12．5％和7．5％,差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）。（2）DM1组抗AT1和α1受体自身抗体阳性率分别为83．6％和82．O％,明显高于DM2组的66．0％和62．5％及DM3组的11．7％和8．3％,差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）,DM2组明显高于DM3组（P〈0．01）。结论血清抗G蛋白偶联型AT1和α1受体自身抗体可能与DM合并肾损害有关,AT1和α1受体自身抗体阳性率与白蛋白尿有关。AT1和α1受体自身抗体在DM合并肾损害发病中起重要作用。     

糖尿病肾病患者TNF-α,hsCRP的变化及意义

目的分析糖尿病肾病（DN）患者肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）、超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）水平的变化及意义。方法将302例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者根据24h尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）分为正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床白蛋白尿组,测定各组TNF-α、hsCRP水平。结果三组间比较,随着UAER的增加,TNF-α、hsCRP水平逐渐升高;TNF-α和hsCRP与UAER呈显著正相关（r分别为0．420、0．468,P均〈0．01）。结论T2DM患者TNF-α、hsCRP水平与DN关系密切。     

血浆内皮素和同型半胱氨酸与糖尿病性肾脏疾病的相关性研究

目的探讨血浆内皮素（ET）和同型半胱氨酸（Hey）与糖尿病性肾脏疾病（DKD）的关系。方法测定116例糖尿病（DM）患者和100名正常对照者（NC组）血浆ET、Hcy及尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）。结果DM无肾病组血浆ET和Hcy含量均高于NC组（P〈0．05）;微量白蛋白尿组与临床白蛋白尿组血浆ET和Hcy均与NC组比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。相关性分析显示,临床白蛋白尿组血浆ET和Hcy与UAER呈正相关。结论血浆ET和Hcy的上升,可能反映DKD的进展。     

血清胱抑素C在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的价值

目的检测2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者不同临床分期血清胱抑素C（CysC）、血肌酐（SCr）及尿微量白蛋白含量,探讨CysC在DN早期诊断中的价值。方法依据尿微量白蛋白排泄率（UAER）将T2DM患者分为A组（正常蛋白尿）、B组（微量蛋白尿）和c组（大量蛋白尿）,检测各组血清CysC、UMA、SCr浓度。同时对B组及C组使用洛汀新进行干预,比较CysC、UMA、SCr的浓度变化。结果随着UAER增加,CysC、UMA、SCr含量逐渐增高,C组与A、B组比较,均有统计学差异（P均〈0．01）;B组与A组、正常对照组相比,CysC、UMA有统计学差异（P均〈0．01）;A组与正常对照组比较,CysC显著升高（P〈0．05）,SCr、UMA无显著差异（P〉0．05）。B、C组使用洛汀新治疗后,UAE浓度及血CyC浓度较治疗前明显下降（P均〈0．01）,SCr浓度无显著变化（P〉0．05）。结论T2DM患者早期肾受损时CysC已有相应变化,并与DN严重程度相关,有助于DN的早期诊断。     

2型糖尿病不同尿白蛋白排泄率患者合并外周动脉疾病临床分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病不同尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）合并外周动脉疾病（PAD）的发生率及其相关性.方法 依据尿微量白蛋白排泄率将375例2型糖尿病患者分为对照组（UAER〈20μg/min）、A组（微量蛋白尿组,UAER 20～200μg/min）和B组（临床蛋白尿组,UAER〉200μg/min）,检测所有患者的尿白蛋白排泄率、糖化血红蛋门和踝肱指数（ABI）,并分析各组患者外周动脉疾病的发生率、踝肱指数与尿白蛋白排泄率及其它指标的相关性.结果 2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组外周动脉疾病发生率均较对照组高,两者比较差异有显著性（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,踝肱指数随尿白蛋白排泄率的增加而减低（P〈0.05）,外周动脉疾病发生率随尿白蛋白排泄率增加而增加（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;踝肱指数与年龄、病程、尿白蛋白排泄率呈明显负相关（P〈0.05）.结论 2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组外周动脉疾病的发生率较对照组明显增加,且尿白蛋白排泄率与踝肱指数显著相关,提示尿微量白蛋白不仅是肾脏病变的表现,同时伴有肾外血管病变发病率的增高,是全身血管病变的标志.     

CD44在糖尿病肾病中的表达及意义

根据尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER），将60例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者分为三组，即正常白蛋白尿组（A组）、微量白蛋白尿组（B组）、临床白蛋白尿组（C组）。应用流式细胞免疫学方法测定三组患者和健康对照者（对照组）外周血中CD44阳性细胞数，并将CD44表达与其空腹血糖，糖化血红蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、UAER、尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）水平进行相关性分析。结果显示，T2DM患者的外周血CD44阳性细胞率均显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），B、C组高于A组（P〈0．01）。T2DM患者尿NAG均高于对照组．但A、B、C组间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。CD44表达与尿NAG呈正相关（P〈0．01），与其他指标无相关性。提示外周血CD44可作为监测糖尿病肾病（DN）病情变化的指标之一，NAG与CD44在DN病变过程中可能有协同性。     

阿托伐他汀对糖尿病肾病患者糖基化低密度脂蛋白及氧化型低密度脂蛋白的影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀对糖尿病肾病（DN）患者血清糖基化低密度脂蛋白（GLDL）及血浆氧化型低密度脂蛋白（OXLDL）的影响。方法将96例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者分为单纯糖尿病（DM组）、早期DN组和临床DN组,另选30例体检健康者作为对照组。用氯化硝基四氮唑蓝比色法检测血清GLDL,酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆OXLDL。早期DN组和临床DN组在常规治疗基础上加服阿托伐他汀治疗9个月,比较两组治疗前后血清GLDL、血浆OXLDL和尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）变化。结果T2DM患者的血清GLDL及血浆OXLDL均明显高于对照组（P均〈0．01）;T2DM患者的血清GLDL及血浆OXLDL水平均与UAER呈正相关（r=0．795、0．823,P均〈0．01）。经调脂治疗后,DN患者血清GLDL、血浆OXLDL及UAER均明显降低（P均〈0．01）,但临床DN组UAER降低不明显。结论GLDL、OXLDL在DN发病中起重要作用,阿托伐他汀可降低二者水平,减轻早期DN患者的蛋白尿,延缓DN进展。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.