N-乙酰半胱氨酸防止帕金森病鼠黑质神经元凋亡

目的：研究N．乙酰半胱氨酸(N—acetylcystein，NAC)对1-甲基4-苯基-1，2，3，6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phe-ny-1．1，2，3，6-tetrahydropyridine，MPTP)诱导的帕金森病小鼠黑质神经元凋亡的保护机制。方法：采用MPTP制备帕金森病(Parkinson disease，PD)小鼠模型，应用生化技术检测黑质区域谷胱甘肽(GSH)浓度及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力，用尼氏(Nissl)染色、TH组化染色、活化型Caspase3组化染色及TUNEL染色观察黑质神经元的损害情况，并计算神经元的凋亡率，同时应用蛋白免疫印迹法检测黑质神经元磷酸化JNK及磷酸化c—Jun蛋白表达水平。另经NAC预处理该模型后，对上述指标进行检测。结果：NAC预处理能提高黑质区域GSH的浓度及降低SOD活力，减轻PD鼠黑质致密带Nissl阳性神经元和TH阳性神经元的脱失现象，减少磷酸化JNK及磷酸化c—Jun蛋白表达水平，使活化型Caspase3表达减少并降低黑质神经元的凋亡率。结论：NAC能减少MPTP诱导的小鼠黑质神经元凋亡，其机制与抗氧化及阻断JNK细胞凋亡通路的激活有关。     

利福平保护MPTP所致PD小鼠中脑多巴胺能神经元凋亡的实验研究

目的观察利福平(RFP)对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)致帕金森病(PD) C57BL小鼠模型的神经保护作用。方法用MPTP建立C57BL小鼠PD模型,在应用MPTP前或后给予RFP,通过行为学观察、Nissl染色、免疫组织化学染色,观察RFP对PD小鼠模型的行为学表现及黑质致密部(SNc)Nissl、TH、Bcl-2、caspase-3阳性细胞的影响。结果小鼠注射MPTP后出现震颤、竖尾、竖毛、运动迟缓、步态不稳、肢体僵硬,活动明显减少,同时SNc的Nissl、TH阳性细胞明显减少,Bcl-2阳性细胞有所增多,caspase-3阳性细胞明显增多；应用RFP后较MPTP组症状减轻,Nissl、TH、Bcl-2阳性细胞增多．而caspase-3阳性细胞减少；预使用RFP组作用最为明显。结论RFP对MPTP所致的PD小鼠中脑多巴胺能神经元凋亡具有保护作用。     

烟酰胺单核苷酸腺苷酰转移酶1对慢性帕金森病小鼠模型黑质中酪氨酸羟化酶及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3表达的影响

目的探讨烟酰胺单核苷酸腺苷酰转移酶1(NMNAT1)对慢性帕金森病(PD)小鼠模型(C57BL/6小鼠)黑质中酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3(caspase-3)表达的影响。方法利用重组慢病毒转染1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)制备慢性PD小鼠模型。依据不同处理方式分为3组:对照组[经立体定位仪向小鼠双侧黑质注射空白对照重组慢病毒(LV-GFP),1周后腹腔注射生理盐水];MPTP组(经立体定位仪向小鼠双侧黑质注射LVGFP,1周后建立MPTP慢性PD模型);NMNAT1组[经立体定位仪向小鼠双侧黑质注射NMNAT1基因的过表达重组慢病毒(LV-NMNAT1),1周后建立MPTP慢性PD模型]。采用Western blot法检测3组小鼠黑质中TH及caspase-3半定量表达水平。结果 NMNAT1呈高表达的NMNAT1组黑质中TH蛋白表达量较MPTP组高(t=7.985,P0.001),caspase-3蛋白表达量较MPTP组低(t=8.901,P0.001)。结论 NMNAT1能增加TH表达发挥一定的神经保护作用,并通过减少caspase-3表达水平参与抗细胞凋亡。     

罗格列酮通过抗凋亡机制保护帕金森病模型小鼠多巴胺神经元

目的研究罗格列酮在1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6四氢吡啶(MPTP)所致帕金森病(PD)模型小鼠中对多巴胺能神经元的保护作用。方法采用MPTP制备PD小鼠模型,观察各组小鼠行为学变化,免疫组织化学和免疫印迹法观察中脑黑质TH、caspase-9、caspase-6、Bcl-2和Bax的表达变化,TUNEL检测细胞凋亡情况,并观察给予罗格列酮后对上述变化的影响。结果模型组小鼠出现竖毛、翘尾、震颤、肌肉强直和运动变缓等PD样症状,黑质区TH阳性神经元缺失,并伴有Caspase-9、caspase-6、Bax高表达及TUNEL阳性细胞增加,而Bcl-2的表达与对照组相比下降;经罗格列酮处理后,上述情况得到一定程度逆转。结论罗格列酮可通过阻抑凋亡调控蛋白的异常表达,发挥对PD模型小鼠多巴胺能神经元保护作用。     

沉默信息调节因子1/p53信号通路参与MPTP诱导的帕金森病小鼠多巴胺能神经元丢失

目的研究沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)和p53在MPTP诱导的帕金森病(PD)小鼠模型多巴胺能神经元凋亡中的可能作用。方法将健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、MPTP组,采用行为学方法检测行为学改变,高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测多巴胺(DA)、二羟基苯乙酸(DOPAC)和高香草酸(HVA)的含量变化,免疫荧光染色法观察两组小鼠黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性神经元数目的变化及SIRT1表达情况,TUNEL法观察黑质细胞凋亡情况,Western blot法检测TH、SIRT1、p53、乙酰化p53 (ac-p53)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(Bcl-2)和Bax的表达情况。结果行为学结果显示MPTP组小鼠爬杆转向时间及爬杆总时间均较对照组小鼠显著延长(P 0. 01)。HPLC结果提示MPTP组的DA、DOPAC及HVA含量较对照组显著下降(P 0. 01)。免疫荧光结果显示MPTP小鼠黑质区TH阳性神经元数目及SIRT1表达较对照组均显著减少。TUNEL检测结果显示,与对照组相比,MPTP组凋亡阳性细胞数明显增多。Western blot结果显示,与对照组相比,MPTP组的TH、SIRT1、Bcl-2蛋白表达显著下降(P 0. 01),p53、ac-p53、Bax蛋白表达显著升高(P 0. 01)。结论MPTP模型小鼠行为学异常、TH阳性神经元减少、DA及其代谢产物下降提示成功复制PD动物模型,同时MPTP模型小鼠的SIRT1、p53及凋亡相关蛋白表达异常,提示该信号通路可能参与了PD的疾病过程。     

丁基苯酞对帕金森模型小鼠中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元数及TH、TNF-α蛋白表达的影响

目的研究丁基苯酞(dl-3n-butylphthalide,NBP)对由MPTP诱导的C57BL/6小鼠帕金森模型中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元数及TH、TNF-α蛋白表达的影响,进一步探讨其保护机制。方法 24只C57BL/6小鼠,随机分成3组:正常对照组,MPTP组,NBP治疗组。MPTP腹腔注射法制备帕金森模型,免疫组织化学法观察中脑黑质TH阳性神经元细胞数,蛋白质印迹法观察中脑黑质TH、TNF-α蛋白含量的变化。结果 (1)与正常对照组比较,MPTP组可见帕金森病小鼠中脑黑质TH阳性神经元明显减少(P0.01);与MPTP组比较,NBP治疗组帕金森病小鼠中脑黑质TH阳性神经元数目明显增加(P0.01);(2)与正常对照组比较,MPTP组帕金森病模型小鼠中脑黑质TH蛋白表达减少(P0.01),而TNF-α蛋白表达增加(P0.05);(3)与MPTP组比较,NBP治疗组帕金森病模型小鼠中脑黑质TH蛋白表达明显增加(P0.01),而TNF-α蛋白表达减少(P0.05)。结论丁基苯酞可能通过提高中脑黑质中TH的含量及减少TNF-α炎性介质表达发挥对MPTP所致C57BL/6小鼠帕金森模型的神经元保护作用。     

晚期糖基化终末产物受体对帕金森病模型小鼠脑内酪氨酸羟化酶表达的影响

目的探讨晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)诱导的帕金森病(PD)模型小鼠脑中酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)表达量的影响。方法采用12周龄的C57BL/6雄性小鼠依据不同处理方法分为6组(均n=10):对照组;MPTP组;空载病毒阴性对照(RAGE-NC)组;目的基因阴性对照(siRNA-RAGE)组;RAGE-NC+MPTP组;siRNA-RAGE+MPTP组。携带空载siRNA的慢病毒(RAGE-NC)与携带抑制RAGE表达的目的 siRNA-RAGE慢病毒经脑立体定位仪定向注射于小鼠两侧黑质,根据分组情况给予腹腔注射MPTP 30mg·kg~(-1)或等量生理盐水(每周2次×5周)。5周后予小鼠断头取脑,利用免疫组织荧光染色法检测各组小鼠脑组织黑质中TH数量变化情况,采用Western blot法分别检测各组RAGE、caspase-3、TH蛋白表达水平。结果与RAGENC+MPTP组比较,siRNA-RAGE+MPTP组RAGE蛋白表达减少(0.782 8±0.139 6 vs 1.039 0±0.146 4,P0.01),caspase-3蛋白表达减少(0.864 4±0.105 3 vs 1.240 0±0.080 7,P0.001),TH蛋白表达量显著升高(1.114 0±0.201 1vs 0.771 1±0.211 3,P0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论抑制RAGE表达可抑制凋亡反应,提高PD多巴胺能神经元模型中TH蛋白表达水平,有潜在的神经保护作用。     

小白菊内酯对帕金森病MPTP模型小鼠抗炎作用的研究

目的研究艾菊有效成分小白菊内酯在1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)所致小鼠帕金森病(PD)模型中对炎症因子环氧合酶-2(COX-2)及其产物前列腺素E2(PGE2)以及一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达调控的影响以及对多巴胺能神经元的保护作用。方法应用MPTP制备亚急性PD小鼠模型,观察小鼠行为学变化,采用免疫组织化学和免疫蛋白印记法观察小鼠黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH),COX-2、PGE2以及iNOS的表达变化过程;并观察给予小白菊内酯后对上述变化的影响。结果与对照组相比,模型组小鼠出现典型PD症状,COX-2、PGE2、i NOS阳性细胞显著增加(P<0.01),同时伴有TH阳性神经元显著丢失58%(P<0.01);给予小白菊内酯处理后,模型小鼠PD症状减轻,黑质区COX-2、PGE2、iNOS阳性细胞明显减少(P<0.01),TH阳性细胞数较对照组仅下降27%。结论小白菊内酯可影响MPTP模型小鼠黑质COX-2、PGE2、iNOS的表达,起到抗炎作用进而对小鼠多巴胺能神经元起到一定保护作用。     

PDTC对MPTP帕金森病鼠黑质NF-κB表达的影响

目的研究二硫代氨基甲酸吡咯烷(PDTC)对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)帕金森病(PD)鼠黑质核因子-κB(NF-κB)表达的影响。方法实验组C57/BL小鼠按体重30 mg/(kg.d)经腹腔注射MPTP共7 d制成PD模型,预防组小鼠按体重40 mg/(kg.d)经腹腔注射PDTC半小时后再经腹腔注射MPTP。观察两组小鼠注射前后行为变化,并采用SABC法检测注射后黑质部NF-κB及酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的表达情况。结果实验组小鼠表现出PD的典型症状,预防组则无异常行为表现。实验组小鼠黑质部NF-κB阳性表达较预防组显著,并有明显核易位现象,TH阳性神经元显著减少(均P<0.01)。结论NF-κB参与了MPTP PD鼠发病过程,黑质中NF-κB过度激活是MPTP对小鼠造成损害作用的机制之一。预先使用PDTC对MPTP PD鼠起到一定神经保护作用。     

帕金森病小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元凋亡规律的实验研究

目的:探讨MPTP诱导小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元凋亡的规律。方法:采用慢性MPTP处理(30mg/kg/d×7)的模式,建立小鼠帕金森病模型;应用酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组织化学染色和TUNEL染色,观察黑质多巴胺能神经元数目改变和凋亡情况。结果:慢性MPTP处理过程中,小鼠黑质TH阳性细胞数逐渐减少;于MPTP注射第3天开始出现凋亡细胞,第8天达到高峰。结论:采用慢性MPTP处理的模式,可诱导小鼠黑质神经元凋亡;在这类模型中,细胞凋亡是MPTP发挥神经损害效应的主要形式。     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

The organization of the connections between the cortex and the claustrum in the monkey

The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the claustrum has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase in several areas of the neocortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are related to the anterior and posterior halves respectively of the claustrum, and the occipital and temporal cortex to the posterior and inferior margins. Parts of the claustrum related to areas of the cortex in the frontal lobe overlap considerably in the antero-posterior dimension with parts related to widely separated but interconnected areas of the parieto-temporal cortex. Areas of cortex within one lobe which are interconnected are related to parts of the claustrum which overlap in the dorsoventral dimension.     

Experimental study of the projections of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the area postrema in the cat

Projections from the area postrema and adjacent parts of the medial solitary nucleus are demonstrated with the Nauta method following lesions limited exclusively to these structures. Experiments are controlled with lesions involving adjacent bulbar regions, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Ascending pathways in the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord project ipsilaterally to the area postrema and bilaterally to a para-alar nucleus in the ventral periphery of the nucleus gracilis. Neurons in the area postrema project mainly inspilaterally to the dorsal and medial regions of the medial solitary nucleus. Neurons in the posterior half of the medical solitary nucleus project ipsilaterally to the lateral solitary nucleus, dorsal vagal nucleus, ambigus, retrofacial nucleus, and dorsal and lateral bulbar reticular formation. Projections to nuclei intercalatus and prepositus hypoglossi, bilaterally, and to the ipsilateral dorsal tegmental nucleus by way of the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus are also shown. No direct projections to the diencephalon are demonstrated. Control lesions in the dorsal column nuclei reveal projections to the contralateral inferior olive and thalamic reticular and ventrobasal nuclei, but not to the projection sites of the solitary nucleus. Evidence is given to support the hypothesis that ascening visceral pathways are interruped in the bulbar reticular formation and dorsal tegmental nucleus before reaching the diencephalon. Correlations are suggested with functional aspects of the central autonomic and reticular activating systems.