AQP4参与卵巢激素对单胺类神经递质的调节作用

目的:探讨AQP4对卵巢激素调节神经递质作用的影响.方法:应用雌性AQP4基因敲除型CD1小鼠与野生型CD1小鼠,测定AQP4基因敲除对小鼠血浆中雌孕激素水平的影响;两种基因型小鼠实施卵巢去势手术(OVX),测定纹状体和皮层中单胺类神经递质的含量.结果:AQP4基因敲除型小鼠动情后期血浆雌、孕激素水平显著低于野生型小鼠;去势后野生型小鼠纹状体多巴胺(DA)及皮层去甲肾上腺素(NE)含量明显降低,但去势不影响AQP4基因敲除型小鼠脑内相应的递质水平.结论:AQP4参与了卵巢激素对单胺类神经递质的调节.     

前列腺素DP受体缺乏对小鼠脑内组胺含量的影响(英文)

目的　探讨前列腺素DP受体(DPR)缺乏对小鼠脑内组胺含量的影响。方法　在乙醚麻醉下,分别于明时(8:0 0AM )及暗时(8:0 0PM )断头处死野生型及DPR基因敲除型小鼠,迅速取出脑组织并分离出皮层、纹状体、海马、下丘脑、丘脑、中脑及脑干等脑区,制备匀浆并用HPLC荧光检测法测量其组胺含量。结果　明时处死,DPR基因敲除型小鼠皮层、下丘脑及丘脑中的组胺含量明显低于野生型小鼠;暗时处死DPR小鼠,仅丘脑中组胺含量显著降低。结论　DPR基因敲除型小鼠脑中组胺能神经活性显著降低,这一变化可能是该种小鼠尚能维持正常睡眠的代偿机制之一。     

抑制谷氨酰胺合成酶对小鼠纹状体氨基酸类和单胺类递质含量的影响

目的：探讨抑制谷氨酰胺合成酶对小鼠纹状体氨基酸类递质和单胺类递质稳态的影响。方法：3月龄C57BL/6J小鼠,腹腔给予谷氨酰胺合成酶抑制剂L-蛋氨酸磺酸盐0.1 mL/10 g,隔日给药,持续2周。Western blot方法检测纹状体谷氨酰胺合成酶以及谷氨酸转运体蛋白表达水平,高效液相色谱法检测纹状体谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺等氨基酸类递质和多巴胺、5-羟色胺等单胺类递质的含量。结果：同生理盐水对照组相比,实验组小鼠纹状体谷氨酸转运体1、谷氨酸天冬氨酸转运体表达上调,谷氨酰胺合成酶表达下调;谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬氨酸含量减少,γ-氨基丁酸、丝氨酸含量增加,而单胺类递质含量无明显变化。结论：系统性给予谷氨酰胺合成酶抑制剂能影响脑内氨基酸类递质代谢的稳态,导致兴奋性神经递质谷氨酸水平下降,抑制性神经递质γ-氨基丁酸水平上升,但对单胺类递质含量没有影响。     

水通道蛋白4基因敲除对博莱霉素诱导小鼠肺纤维化的影响

目的：评价水通道蛋白4（AQP4）在博莱霉素诱导的小鼠肺纤维化中的作用。方法：采用博莱霉素3 mg/kg气管内注射诱导AQP4基因敲除（AQP4-/-）小鼠发生肺纤维化,以野生型小鼠为对照,造模后第3、7、14、28天处死动物,检测肺系数、血清转化生长因子 β1（TGF β1）、肿瘤坏死因子 α（TNF α）水平和肺组织羟脯氨酸含量,作肺组织病理切片行HE染色和Masson染色观察肺部炎症及纤维化程度。结果：造模第14天,野生型小鼠肺系数增高为野生型对照小鼠的19倍（1269 ± 605与680 ± 082,q=4204,P<005）;AQP4-/-小鼠肺系数增高为AQP4-/-对照小鼠的23倍（1405 ± 582与605± 058,q=5172,P<001）,但与野生型小鼠比较,AQP4基因敲除对博莱霉素诱导的小鼠肺纤维化过程中肺系数增高无明显影响（P>005）。小鼠肺组织羟脯氨酸含量随造模时间逐步增加,造模第28天,野生型小鼠肺组织羟脯氨酸含量增加为对照的155倍［（085 ± 022）μg/mg与（055 ± 014）μg/mg,q=4313,P<005］;AQP4-/-小鼠肺组织羟脯氨酸含量增加为对照的14倍［（084 ± 013）μg/mg与（060 ± 014）μg/mg,q=4595,P<005］,但与野生型小鼠比较,AQP4基因敲除对小鼠肺纤维化过程中肺组织羟脯氨酸含量增加无明显影响（P>005）。造模后,小鼠血清TGF β1、TNF α水平有增加趋势,但这两个指标在野生型和AQP4-/-小鼠间差别无统计学意义（均P>005）。肺组织病理学检查结果表明AQP4基因敲除对博莱霉素诱导的小鼠肺部炎症和纤维化无明显影响。结论：AQP4基因敲除对博莱霉素诱导的小鼠肺纤维化未产生明显影响。     

益气复智颗粒对多梗塞性痴呆模型大鼠脑内单胺类神经递质的影响

目的：观察益气复智颗粒对多梗塞性痴呆模型大鼠海马、纹状体单胺类神经递质含量的影响。方法：测定多梗塞性痴呆模型大鼠脑内不同分区单胺类神经递质含量，不同剂量的益气复智颗粒治疗组与脑复康，模型组，空白对照组等进行比较，以揭示益气复智颗粒治疗血管性痴呆的机理。结果：模型大鼠海马、纹状体单胺类神经递质含量降低，其代谢产物亦降低，而益气复智颗粒能升高模型大鼠海马，纹状体内单胺类神经递质及其代谢产物的含量。结论：提高受损脑单胺类神经递质的含量可能是益气复智颗粒治疗血管性痴呆的主要作用机理之一。     

水通道蛋白AQP4基因缺失加重NMDA诱导的小鼠脑损伤

目的:评价水通道蛋白AQP4在兴奋性氨基酸NMDA诱导脑损伤中起的作用。方法:在AQP4基因敲除小鼠,皮层注射NMDA 150 nmol诱导损伤。甲苯胺蓝染色评价损伤面积,Fluro-Jade B染色评价变性神经元,免疫组化法评价血脑屏障通透性增高。结果:与野生型小鼠比较,AQP4基因缺失加重NMDA诱导的皮层损伤,增加损伤区变性神经元密度,加重血脑屏障通透性的增高。结论:AQP4在NMDA诱导的脑损伤中可能起保护作用。     

菖欢1号对大鼠抑郁症模型脑内单胺类神经递质的影响

目的：研究抑郁症模型大鼠下丘脑,海马,纹状体和大脑皮层等不同分区单胺类神经递质的含量测定结果和中药制剂菖1号对其含量的影响。方法：采取测定抑郁症模型大鼠脑内不同分区单胺类神经递质含量,比较菖欢1号治疗组与阿米替林组,模型组的含量,以探求菖1号治疗抑郁性神经症的机理,结果：抑郁症模型大鼠下丘脑,海马,纹状体,大脑皮层单胺类神经递质含量降低,其代谢率升高,而菖欢1号对报郁症模型大鼠能升高下丘脑,海马NE,纹状体,大脑皮层DA含量并降低其代谢率,从而为该药治疗抑郁性神经症提供了药理学依据。结论：菖1号主要作用于儿茶酚胺类神经递质,其治疗作用可能与升高下丘脑,海马NE,纹状体,大脑皮层DA含量并降低其代谢率有关。     

水通道蛋白4在小鼠嗅觉系统中的表达及功能

目的研究水通道蛋白4(aquaporin 4,AQP4)在小鼠嗅觉系统中的表达及功能。方法应用免疫荧光和免疫印迹技术研究野生型和AQP4基因敲除小鼠嗅觉系统中AQP4的表达差异;采用埋藏食物小球实验、嗅觉迷宫实验两种嗅觉行为学方法以及气体刺激性嗅觉电位记录(electroolfactogram,EOG)检测两组小鼠嗅觉功能的差异。结果免疫荧光和免疫印迹结果均证实了AQP4基因敲除小鼠嗅觉系统中没有AQP4的表达。免疫荧光结果表明AQP4主要分布于嗅黏膜上皮层中支持细胞膜、Bowmann’s腺管上皮细胞膜以及基底细胞膜上,还分布于嗅黏膜固有层中Bowman’s腺上皮细胞膜、嗅神经束周围的嗅鞘细胞膜,以及嗅球的嗅神经层和小球层。行为学检测结果显示,埋藏食物小球实验和嗅觉迷宫实验中除对照实验外,野生型和AQP4基因敲除小鼠在所有测试时间点的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。气体刺激性诱发电位结果发现,两组小鼠嗅黏膜在不同气压强度饱和三甲胺(trimethylamine)作用下的嗅觉电位波形相似,波幅均随气压的逐渐增加而增大;而在相同气压作用下,AQP4基因敲除小鼠嗅觉电位的波幅低于野生型小鼠,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 AQP4广泛分布于嗅觉系统包括嗅黏膜、嗅神经和嗅球的多个部位,其可能具有保护嗅神经束和促进神经信号传递的作用。     

促性腺激素对小鼠卵巢多功能蛋白聚糖表达的影响

目的观察促性腺激素对野生型和bikurtin基因敲除小鼠多功能蛋白聚糖(PG-M)表达的影响。方法应用免疫组织化学法检测激素处理后PG—M在野生型和bikunin基因敲除小鼠中的表达。结果PG-M阳性表达分布于排卵前卵丘颗粒细胞层，给予促性腺激素后，其表达增强。bikunin基因敲除小鼠的PG-M阳性表达较野生型弱，但在激素调节诱导排卵后，PG-M仍分布在卵丘细胞表面。结论PG-M是卵泡发育中一种基质成分。促性腺激素增强排卵中PG—M表达。     

烟碱对帕金森病模型小鼠多巴胺释放的影响及机制探讨

目的：研究烟碱对帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）模型小鼠不同脑区多巴胺（dopamine,DA）的影响及其机制。方法:应用1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,MPTP）制备PD小鼠模型,应用爬杆实验检测小鼠运动功能,应用酪氨酸羟化酶免疫组化观察小鼠中脑黑质致密部（substantia nigra pars compacta, SNpc）多巴胺能神经元数目,应用高效液相色谱法检测小鼠不同脑区（纹状体、海马、皮质）DA的含量,应用蛋白质免疫印迹检测小鼠纹状体多巴胺转运体（dopamine transporter,DAT）的变化。结果：①烟碱可显著改善MPTP导致的野生型小鼠运动功能障碍;②烟碱可显著改善MPTP诱导的野生型小鼠中脑SNpc多巴胺能神经元的丢失;③烟碱可显著减轻MPTP所致的野生型小鼠纹状体DA含量的减少,烟碱对α7-烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,nAChRs）敲除型（knockout,KO）小鼠MPTP模型中纹状体DA含量的减少无明显恢复作用,烟碱对野生型小鼠或α7-nAChRs KO小鼠MPTP模型中海马和皮质中的DA含量无明显影响。④烟碱可显著增加野生型小鼠MPTP模型中纹状体DAT的含量,烟碱对α7-nAChRs KO小鼠MPTP模型中的纹状体DAT的减少无逆转作用。结论：烟碱可以激活α7-nAChRs抑制PD模型小鼠SNpc区多巴胺能神经元的死亡,提高纹状体DAT水平;促进纹状体DA含量增加,从而在PD模型小鼠中发挥神经保护作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.