健康成人横面和空间心电轴的初步探讨

目的初步探讨健康成人心电图窦性P波、QRS波群、T波、U波的横面及空间心电轴的测量方法和正常参考范围。方法连续入选住院体检确定的100例健康成人（男性组,n=50;女性组,n=50）的12导联同步心电图进行分析,测量V6和V1的窦性P波、QRS波群、T波、U波振幅的代数和,借助测算额面QRS波群心电轴的查表法和坐标绘图法来确定相应心电波的横面心电轴。根据窦性P波、QRS波群、T波、U波的额面和横面心电轴所在方位确定相应心电波的空间心电轴所在方位。结果男性组、女性组和全组的窦性P波横面心电轴分别为＋30.00°＋77.92o（＋58.00o）、＋30.26°＋75.00o（＋60.00o）和＋30.00°＋75.00o（＋60.00o）;窦性QRS波群横面心电轴分别为-40.50°＋36.70o（-1.90o＆#177;19.70o）、-31.80°＋42.20o（＋5.20o＆#177;18.90o）和-36.72o～＋40.12o（＋1.70o＆#177;19.60o）;窦性T波横面心电轴分别为＋10.20°＋70.94o（＋53.00o）、-7.80°＋62.78o（＋41.00o）和＋2.06°＋68.00o（＋45.00o）;窦性U波横面心电轴分别为＋37.04°＋81.00o（＋60.00o）、＋8.00°＋89.82o（＋50.00o）和＋8.44°＋81.00o（＋60.00o）。男、女性组间只有窦性T波横面心电轴差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。男性组、女性组和全组窦性P波和T波的空间心电轴100%均在左前下象限;窦性QRS波群空间心电轴99%均在左前下或左后下象限;窦性U波空间心电轴93%均在左前下象限,男、女性组间差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。结论上述结果可供进一步确定成人窦性P波、QRS波群、T波、U波横面和空间心电轴的正常范围和临床应用参考,其测量方法是否合理尚待进一步验证。     

Intra-abdominal hypertension increases spatial QRS-T angle and elevates ST-segment J-point in healthy women undergoing laparoscopic surgery

Background

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) impairs cardiovascular function, however an effect of IAH on cardiac electrophysiology has been poorly documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of IAH following pneumoperitoneum on vectorcardiographic variables reflecting cardiac repolarisation and depolarisation.

江苏无锡地区机关人员血压与心电图异常的关系

目的:探讨机关人员的血压水平及其与临床心电图异常的关系。方法:通过对江苏无锡地区部分机关的8 540名工作人员的系统查体,计算不同性别的血压分类及高血压患病率,分析不同血压水平的心电图异常检出率。结果:(1)男性正常高限血压占12.12%,高血压占37.15%;女性正常高限血压占7.37%,高血压占21.08%,男性正常高限及高血压患病率显著高于女性(P<0.01);(2)高血压患病率随年龄增高而增高,除70~79岁组外,均为男性显著高于女性(P<0.01);(3)随着血压升高,临床心电图异常分类如ST-T改变、左室高电压、左室肥厚、束支传导阻滞、室性早搏、陈旧性心梗等检出率显著升高。结论:随着血压升高,临床心电图异常特别是室性异常心电图的发生率显著升高。血压达到正常高限时,临床心电图异常率已开始升高。     

老年原发性高血压动态血压及脉压的特点

目的：探讨老年原发性高血压动态血压及脉压的特点。方法：采用随机对照研究,回顾分析65例老年原发性高血压患者和32例中青年原发性高血压患者的动态血压表现。结果：老年原发性高血压组24h平均脉压（24hAPP）、白天平均脉压（dPP）、夜间平均脉压（nPP）,夜间平均收缩压（nSBP）显著高于中青年组（P均〈0．01）,24h平均舒张压（24hADBP）、白天平均舒张压（dDBP）、夜间平均舒张压（nDBP）显著低于中青年组（P均〈0．05）。结论：较之中青年高血压,老年原发性高血压患者的动态收缩压显著升高,动态舒张压显著降低,动态脉压明显增大。     

肱动脉袖带血压与中心动脉血压差异的分析

目的：比较肱动脉袖带血压与中心动脉血压的差异性,并探讨两者间差异的可能影响因素及机制。方法：选择住院行诊断性冠脉造影患者128例,平均（60．87±9．36）．岁。术前测量脉搏波传导速度（PWV）,容量顺应性（C1）,振荡顺应性（C2）,术中记录升主动脉压力（中心动脉血压,CAP）,并同步测量肱动脉袖带血压。结果：（1）根据中心动脉与肱动脉袖带收缩压（SBP）差异程度分为3组：相符组（两者相差≤4mmHg）21例（16．40％）,高估组（后者高于前者,差值〉4mmHg）14例（10．94％）,低估组（后者低于前者,差值〉4mmHg）93例（72．66％）;（2）低估组人群传统心血管危险因素多,多为老年,高血压、冠心病较多（P〈0．05）;（3）低估组PWV明显增快（P〈0．05）;（4）低估组C2明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论：中老年人肱动脉袖带血压大多数低于中心动脉压,中心动脉硬化可能与之有关。     

血液透析病人血压控制与血容量变化之间的关系

目的 了解血液透析病人血压控制与血容量变化之间的关系。方法 根据JNC诊断标准将血液透析病人分为高血压组及正常血压或低血压组。用多频率生物阻抗分析仪(Xitron 4200)测定透析病人透析前后的血容量,并根据细胞外液容量(ECW)的变化将透析病人分为血容量减少较多及较少组,分别分析它们与血压控制的关系。结果 细胞外液容量(ECW)减少越多,血压控制越理想。结论 血液透析病人高血压的主要发生机制可能是血容量过多,血容量控制越好,血压控制越好。     

老年人血压水平与心脏病关系的研究

目的：探讨老年人高血压（ＥＨ）的特征及血压水平与心脏病的关系。方法：按１９９９年ＷＨＯ／ＩＳＨ高血压防治指南和心电图（ＥＣＧ）明尼苏达编码标准,对接受健康体检的１８９２名老年人的血压及ＥＣＧ等资料进行分析。结果：①正常高值血压,１、２、３级ＥＨ,单纯收缩期高血压（ＩＳＨ）分别占１３．４％、１２．１％、１５．２％、８．９％及１６．９％;②血压水平与ＳＴ－Ｔ改变、Ｐｔｆｖ１异常显相关（Ｐ＝０．０１）     

Association of blood pressure and aortic distensibility with P wave indices and PR interval: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Introduction

Hypertension is an established risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Understanding the association of blood pressure (BP) levels and aortic distensibility with P wave indices (PWIs) and PR interval, intermediate phenotypes of atrial fibrillation, could provide insights into underlying mechanisms.

Methods

This analysis included 3180 men and women aged 45–84 years participating in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, a community-based cohort in the United States. Aortic distensibility was evaluated in 2243 of these individuals using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. PWIs and PR interval were automatically measured in standard 12-lead ECGs. Sitting BP and other cardiovascular risk factors were assessed using standardized protocols. Left ventricular mass was measured by magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

Higher systolic BP, and diastolic BPs and greater pulse pressure were associated with a significantly greater P wave terminal force. These associations, however, were markedly attenuated or disappeared after adjustment for left ventricular mass. Systolic BP, diastolic BP, and pulse pressure were not strongly associated with PR interval or maximum P wave duration. Reduced aortic distensibility was associated with a longer PR interval but not with PWIs: compared with individuals in the top quartile of aortic distensibility, participants in the lowest quartile had on average a 3.7-ms longer PR interval (95% CI: 0.7, 6.7, p = 0.02), after multivariable adjustment.

Conclusion

In this large community-based sample, associations of BP and aortic distensibility with PWIs and PR interval differed. These results suggest that processes linking hypertension with the electrical substrate of atrial fibrillation, as characterized by these intermediate phenotypes, are diverse.     

Association of late-life changes in blood pressure and cognitive status

Background Disagreement exists on the association between changes in blood pressure and cognitive impairment. We aimed to examine whether 4-year changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) are associated with cognitive status in a representative sample of older men and women. Methods Analysis of longitudinal data from 854 participants of a population-based German sample (aged 60-87 years) was performed with standard cognitive screening and blood pressure measurements. Effects of changes in SBP and DBP (10 mmHg and 5 mmHg respectively as unit of regression effect measure) on cognitive status were evaluated using non-parametric and linear regression modeling. Results No clear associations were seen between changes in SBP or in DBP and cognitive scores. Small effects were found after stratification for sex and hypertension awareness. Specifically, larger decreases in SBP were associated with higher cognitive scores in those men aware of their hypertension (10 mmHg decrease in SBP, β = -0.26, 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.02) and men with controlled hypertension (10 mmHg decrease in SBP, β = -0.44, 95% CI: -0.92 to -0.03). Additionally larger increases in DBP were associated with higher cognitive scores in men with controlled hypertension (5 mmHg increase in DBP, β = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.19-1.15). For women aware of their hypertension, larger decreases in DBP were associated with higher cognitive scores (5 mmHg decrease in DBP, β ?= -0.26; 95%CI: -0.51 to -0.01). Conclusions Changes in blood pressure were only weakly associated with cognitive status. Specifically, decreases in SBP were associated with higher cognitive scores in men aware of their hypertension and especially those that were medically controlled.     

Effects of music on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate: a meta-analysis

There are a handful of studies that have been done investigating the effect of music on various vital signs, namely systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR). Many studies have also assessed effects of music on self-reported anxiety level, attributing some degree of music-induced anxiety relief to the beneficial impacts of music on vital signs. Several randomised studies have shown varying effects of music on these vital parameters and so a metaanalysis was done to compare the effect of music on them. The fixed effects model was used as studies were homogenous. A two-sided alpha error < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Compared to those who did not receive music therapy, those who did receive music therapy had a significantly greater decrease in SBP before and after (difference in means, -2.629, confidence interval (CI), -3.914 to -1.344, P < 0.001), a significantly greater decrease in DBP (difference in means, -1.112, CI, -1.692 to -0.532, P < 0.001), and a significantly greater decrease in HR (difference in means, -3.422, CI, -5.032 to -1.812, P < 0.001).     

Hormone replacement therapy and longitudinal changes in blood pressure in postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND: The incidence of hypertension in postmenopausal women exceeds that in age-matched men. Longitudinal studies relating hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to blood pressure changes are sparse. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between HRT and longitudinal changes in blood pressure in postmenopausal women. DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study. SETTING: Community-dwelling volunteers. PATIENTS: 226 healthy, normotensive postmenopausal women from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging with a mean (+/-SD) age of 64 +/- 10 years were followed for 5.7 +/- 5.3 years. Seventy-seven women used both estrogen and progestin, and 149 used neither. MEASUREMENTS: Lifestyle variables, blood pressure, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors were measured at baseline and approximately every 2 years thereafter. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure at baseline was similar in HRT users and nonusers (133.9 +/- 16.0 mm Hg vs. 132.4 +/- 14.8 mm Hg). Over time, average systolic blood pressure increased less in HRT users than nonusers, independent of other cardiovascular risk factors, physical activity, and alcohol use. For example, HRT users who were 55 years of age at their first Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging visit experienced a 7.6-mm Hg average increase in systolic blood pressure over 10 years; in contrast, the average increase in nonusers was 18.7 mm Hg. The lesser increase in systolic blood pressure in HRT users was more evident at older age. Diastolic blood pressure, which did not change statistically over time in either group, was not associated with HRT. CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal women taking HRT have a smaller increase in systolic blood pressure over time than those not taking HRT. This difference is intensified at older ages.     

不同血压心力衰竭患者肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的活性

目的为探讨不同血压的充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的活性。方法运用放免法测定收缩压(SBP)<100mmHg(1mmHg=0．133kPa)的CHF患者(LPCHF组,22例),SBP>100mmHg的CHF患者(HPCHF组,25例)及健康人(对照组,18例)血浆肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)及醛固酮(ALD)水平。结果LPCHF组及HPCHF组血浆PRA、AngⅡ和ALD均明显高于对照组(P<0．05～0．01),LPCHF组血清钠、SBP及脉压SBP显著低于对照组(P<0．05～0．01);LPCHF组血浆PRA、AngⅡ和ALD高于HPCHF组(P<0．05～0．01),LPCHF组血清钠、SBP及脉压SBP显著低于HPCHF组(P<0．05～0．01);CHF患者脉压SBP与血浆AngⅡ及ALD呈显著负相关(r=－0．501,P<0．01,r=－0．439,P<0．01)。结论CHF患者体内RAAS活性增高,且SBP<100mmHg者较SBP>100mmHg更高。     

Effect of age at menopause on blood pressure in postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND: A major mechanism of hypertension in many postmenopausal women is deficiency of female gonadal steroids. A long postmenopausal period may thus represent one factor that influences the prevalence of hypertension because of long periods of estrogen loss. METHODS: When we conducted a medical survey in northwestern China, we also asked 150 postmenopausal female subjects to provide age at menopause in a questionnaire. Age at menopause ranged from 37 to 57 years for all subjects. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in all subjects were obtained from 24-h ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring. RESULTS: An inverse correlation was identified between age at menopause and SBP and DBP, and a positive correlation was found between postmenopausal period and either SBP or DBP. Blood pressure, age at menopause, and postmenopausal period were not significantly related to body mass index, plasma renin activity, glomerular filtration rate, or urinary excretion values of sodium and potassium. CONCLUSIONS: Our results clearly demonstrated that higher blood-pressure levels in postmenopausal women depend on age at menopause and postmenopausal period, but not subjects' age, suggesting that a longer absence of female gonadal steroids represents a major factor contributing to increased blood pressure in elderly women.     

无痛胃镜检查对老年患者血压、心率和血氧饱和度的影响

目的:观察无痛胃镜检查对老年患者血压、心率和血氧饱和度的影响,了解老年患者行无痛胃镜检查的安全性.方法:无痛胃镜检查是在胃镜检查前先予以芬太尼及丙泊酚静脉麻醉.以多功能监护仪监测并记录无痛胃镜检查前、检查中、苏醒时和休息10min患者的收缩压、舒张压、心率和血氧饱和度,并记录不良反应(呛咳、呃逆、呼吸抑制等).结果:与...     

Effect of pacemaker rate-adaptation on 24 h beat-to-beat heart rate and blood pressure profiles.

AIMS: The aims of the study were to evaluate the 24-h beat-to-beat heart rate (RR) and blood pressure changes during closed loop stimulation (DDD-CLS) pacing and conventional fixed rate DDD pacing with respect to spontaneous activity. METHODS: We simultaneously and continuously measured beat-to-beat heart rate and blood pressure for 24 h in patients implanted with Inos2+ (Biotronik GmbH, Berlin, Germany). A randomised cross-over comparison of DDD-CLS and DDD pacing was performed by short- and long-term analyses. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (10 males, aged 46-85 years) were enroled in the study: 11 completed the protocol. The percentage of atrial stimulation was 72.87% during DDD-CLS and 38.36% in DDD (P=0.003). All patients were 100% stimulated in the ventricle. On average, the percentage increase of paced RR intervals with respect to spontaneous beats was only 7.4% in DDD-CLS but 20.1% in DDD (P=0.0001). A significant correlation between spontaneous and paced RR profiles was obtained only during DDD-CLS (r(DDD-CLS)=0.77, r(DDD)=0.23, P=0.01). Short-term analysis revealed a 3.79% reduction of the escape interval in DDD-CLS and 8.19% in DDD, and the relative fall in diastolic blood pressure was 1.14% in DDD-CLS and 3.81% in DDD. CONCLUSION: DDD-CLS provided physiological heart rate fluctuations throughout the 24-h test. The blood pressure profiles of paced and spontaneous beats were comparable. The onset of paced rhythm in DDD-CLS resulted in a less pronounced decrease in heart rate and fall in diastolic pressure than in DDD.     

褪黑素与血压昼夜节律的相关性研究

目的研究褪黑素（MLT）与血压昼夜节律的关系。方法选门诊、住院患者及健康查体者88例分为非杓型高血压组、杓型高血压组及对照组；行24小时动态血压监测；同期测定患者白昼和黑夜尿6羟基硫酸褪黑素（6-SMT）含量，并计算黑夜／白昼尿6-SMT比值。结果（1）非杓型高血压组的夜间收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压下降率均低于杓型高血压组和对照组（P〈0．01）；杓型高血压组和对照组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）各组患者的黑夜尿6-SMT含量高于白昼（P〈0．01）；非杓型高血压组的黑夜尿6-SMT含量和黑夜／白昼尿6-SMT比值低于杓型高血压组和对照组（P〈0．01）。（3）在各组内，各黑夜／白昼尿6-SMT比值与其组夜间血压下降率均存在正相关（P〈0．05）。结论血压节律呈现杓型分布的杓型高血压组和对照组，其MLT在黑夜分泌较多；非杓型高血压组MLT黑夜分泌明显减少，与血压昼夜节律异常存在密切关系。     

不同血压分级的原发性高血压患者心率变异性分析

目的 探讨不同高血压分级患者的心率变异性（HRV）特征,了解高血压对自主神经功能的影响.方法 纳入2011年6月-2012年6月我院心内科高血压患者（n=167）及健康对照组（n=50）,进一步根据〈中国高血压防治指南〉血压分级标准将高血压组分为：高血压1级组[140 mmHg≤收缩压（SBP）＜160 mmHg和/或90 mmHg≤舒张压（DBP）≤100 mmHg,n=45]、高血压2级组（160≤SBP＜180 mmHg和/或100 mmHg≤DBP≤110 mmHg,n=57）、高血压3级组（SBP≥180 mmHg和/或DBP≥110 mmHg,n=65）,采用24小时动态心电图记录的各组研究对象的HRV资料,分析和比较各组间HRV的5项时域指标SDNN、SDANN、HRV三角指数、RMSSD、PNN50之间的差异.结果 3组高血压组的5项HRV时域指标均低于健康对照组（P＜0.05）;高血压1级组、高血压2级组、高血压3级组三组之间的5项时域指标依次降低,其中SDNN、SDANN、HRV三角指数在对照组、高血压1级组、高血压2级组、高血压3级组任意两组之间比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）.结论 高血压患者存在自主神经功能受损,并且随着血压分级水平的升高,自主神经受损逐渐加重.     

高血压患者脉压与血压负荷、心率变异性及心律失常关系的探讨

目的探讨原发性高血压(EH)患者24h平均脉压(PP)与血压负荷、心率变异性(HRV)及心律失常的相关性。方法随机选择EH患者86例,同时行动态血压(ABPM)与动态心电图检查,以PP<60mmHg(A组,n=42),PP≥60mmHg(B组,n=44)分为两组,对其进行分析。结果PP增加主要因收缩压(SBP)增加所致;随PP增加,SBP血压负荷增加,HRV时域法指标均降低,而复杂性、恶性心律失常的发生率也明显增加,两组数据经统计学处理,有明显的统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论EH患者PP与血压负荷、HRV时域法指标及心律失常有关,临床在对其治疗中要注意缩小PP,并将PP作为评价高血压危险度和降压效果的重要指标。     

嗜铬细胞瘤患者血压与儿茶酚胺分泌的昼夜变化

目的　研究嗜铬细胞瘤患者手术前后血压及尿儿茶酚胺排泄量的昼夜变化及两者之间的关系。方法　 2 7例嗜铬细胞瘤患者术前进行动态血压监测 ,其中 12例在术前及术后 10天进行动态血压监测并同日留取十段尿待测尿儿茶酚胺排泄量 ,应用Cosinor方法分析收缩压、舒张压、心率及去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺排量的昼夜变化。结果　术前不同血压类型患者的血压昼夜变化有所不同 ,持续性高血压患者的血压昼夜变化消失 ,阵发性高血压及正常血压患者血压昼夜变化存在。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺分泌的昼夜变化存在 ,肾上腺素、多巴胺的分泌高峰相有所后延。手术切除肿瘤后 ,患者的尿儿茶酚胺排泄量与血压的昼夜变化均恢复正常。 12例嗜铬细胞瘤患者术前的 2 4h平均收缩压、舒张压与 2 4h尿平均去甲肾上腺素排泄量呈明显正相关 (r =0 .83、0 .91,P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　嗜铬细胞瘤患者的儿茶酚胺分泌的昼夜变化存在 ;持续性高血压患者血压的昼夜变化消失 ,阵发性高血压患者血压的昼夜变化存在。