脑血管痉挛的选择动脉灌注及血管成形术治疗

目的 探讨早期超选择动脉内灌注及血管成形术(PTA)治疗脑血管痉挛(CVS).方法 对76例CVS病人,在全脑DSA造影中明确痉挛部位,其中6例近端、局限性CVS采用PTA,而远端、弥漫性CVS采用超选择脑动脉内灌注0.3%罂粟碱及溶栓药物治疗,直至血管口径接近正常.结果 痉挛血管全部有改善,术后临床状态和神经功能状态均得到改善,无死亡.术后3月随访,Jennett预后良好61例(80.26%),较差(重残或植物状态)12例(15.79%),死亡3例(3.95%),死亡原因均为颅外因素.结论 超选择动脉灌注及血管成形术是治疗脑血管痉挛的直接而有效的方法.     

超选择动脉溶栓及血管成形术治疗急性脑梗死的临床研究

目的：探讨超选择经动脉尿激酶（UK）溶栓及血管成形术（PTA）治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法：随机取56例急性脑梗死病人为研究组，行超选择动脉溶栓及PTA治疗，取脑梗死病人为对照组，行UK静脉溶栓治疗，复查血管再通率，比较两组临床疗效及并发症。结果：颈内动脉（ICA），大脑中动脉（MCA），椎基底动脉闭塞血管再通率分别为50％，95％，和100％，PTA组6例中，ICA2例，椎基底动脉4例，均有血管再通，治疗后研究组神经功能缺损（NFD）评分，语言功能障碍恢复，3个月后临床神经功能均好于对照组，研究组并发症的数量和严重程度均明显低于对照组。结论：尿激酶超选择动脉溶栓及血管成形术是治疗急性脑梗死安全有效的方法，血管内精巧细致的超滑导丝和球囊扩张等机械性作用显弥补了单纯溶栓药物治疗的不足。     

动脉内灌注尼莫地平对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后重度脑血管痉挛病人临床病程及脑灌注的影响

目的动脉内灌注尼莫地平（IYI）对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后重度脑血管痉挛病人的疗效仍未被证实，本研究的目的即为探讨INI对临床病程和脑灌注的影响。方法经地方伦理委员会核准后，对214例动脉瘤性SAH病人中的26例进行研究，均为难治性重度脑血管痉挛病人。在治疗过程中及随访时采用DSA、经颅多普勒（TCD）、灌注CT（PCT）及神经系统检查监测疗效。结果血管造影结果无改变8例。INI灌注后1d，PCT定量分析结果表明，到达峰值时间缩短（P=0．03），平均通过时间缩短（P=0．17）；但其后这种变化不再持续。TCD汇总分析结果表明，INI灌注后1d存在短暂血流量增加（P=0．03），其后7d该变化不再明显。16例（61％）病人出现新的脑梗死灶。结论INI灌注24h内，血管造影结果表明血管痉挛改善，PCT结果表明脑灌注增加，该作用强于动脉内罂粟碱灌注。但动脉内灌注的持续作用是短暂的，因此，仍有待寻找对严重脑血管痉挛具有持续作用、能真正改善脑灌注的治疗策略。     

真丝线段血管内栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形

观察血管内真丝线段栓塞治疗脑动脉畸形的疗效．方法：对46例脑动脉畸形患者采用经微导管血管内真丝线段栓塞治疗，最少的病例推注线段30cm，最多的达1050cm。结果：脑AVM病灶完全栓塞者10例（21．7％），栓塞90％以上者12例（26％），70～90％者20例（43．4％），不足50％者4例（8．7％），84．8％的患者术后均有不同程度的临床症状的改善，出现并发症9例，随访观察无再次出血的病例发生。结论：血管内真丝线段栓塞治疗脑AVM具有无毒、安全、经济、疗效好。特别是对于巨大型高血流量和重要部位的AVM有很好的疗效。     

前交通动脉动脉瘤70例治疗分析

目的 探讨前交通动脉动脉瘤的治疗方法及疗效。方法 回顾性分析70例破裂前交通动脉动脉瘤患者的临床资料,显微手术治疗40例,血管内栓塞治疗30例。术后随访1个月到3年,GOS评分4~5分为预后良好,1~3分为预后不良。结果 显微手术治疗的40例患者中,术中动脉瘤破裂共7例,其中死亡2例;40例患者中,预后良好28例,预后不良12例。血管内栓塞治疗的30例患者术后即刻造影按Raymond分级评价栓塞程度:1级12例,2级10例,3级8例;1例因术中动脉瘤破裂死亡;5例（8根血管）术中发生严重脑血管痉挛,维拉帕米超选灌注治疗后7根血管脑血管痉挛得到完全缓解。结论 显微手术和血管内栓塞是治疗前交通动脉动脉瘤的有效方法;维拉帕米超选灌注治疗脑血管痉挛有一定效果。     

动脉内灌注维拉帕米治疗脑血管痉挛

目的评估动脉内灌注维拉帕米治疗动脉瘤破裂后脑血管痉挛的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析20例脑动脉瘤介入术中及术后出现脑血管痉挛病人的临床资料,均采用动脉内灌注维拉帕米治疗。每根血管剂量3~10 mg不等,平均(5.3±2.6)mg。每例病人剂量3~25 mg不等,平均剂量(8.0±4.9)mg。比较灌注治疗前、中、后病人的心率和平均动脉压(MAP)情况。结果本组共实施30根血管的灌注治疗,其中27根痉挛血管获得影像学改善。与术前比较,术中、术后病人的心率和MAP均无明显改变(P0.05)。无介入治疗相关并发症发生。随访20例,时间3~6个月,改良Rankin评分:1分16例,2分3例,3分1例。结论动脉灌注维拉帕米是一种安全、有效的治疗脑血管痉挛的方法。     

动脉内溶栓联合支架治疗基底动脉闭塞临床报道

目的探讨溶栓后即刻置入支架的方法治疗急性椎基底动脉系统卒中溶栓术后血管重新闭塞的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析北京宣武医院2003年7月-2004年12月采用动脉内溶栓加支架置入治疗的7例脑卒中患者的临床资料，采用尿激酶超选择动脉溶栓，溶栓后对血管狭窄行支架成形术。结果7例溶栓后均再通。基底动脉尾段狭窄1例，主干狭窄4例，头段狭窄2例．动脉狭窄率平均为85％．即刻置入冠脉支架。置入支架后造影显示血管形态良好．残留狭窄率小于20％。术后复查点片状脑出血2例。术后症状好转或消失6例，围手术期死亡1例。结论超选择动脉溶栓联合支架治疗能够防止血管再闭塞及卒中复发，改善病人预后。     

维拉帕米动脉血管内灌注预防神经介入术中脑血管痉挛的价值

目的探讨维拉帕米动脉血管内灌注预防神经介入术中脑血管痉挛的价值。方法对神经介入治疗过程中出现的13例血管痉挛患者,采用动脉血管内灌注维拉帕米灌注防治。结果导致脑血管痉挛的因素:蛛网膜下腔出血9例,导丝等物理刺激3例,脑动静脉畸形1例,其中经颅内动脉灌注4例,经颈内动脉灌注9例;动脉血管灌注维拉帕米后,脑血管痉挛均得到解除,血流恢复;术中未出现病情加重情况,未造成患者神经功能损伤;患者治疗前后心率、平均动脉压差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用动脉血管内灌注维拉帕米可有效解除神经介入治疗过程中脑血管痉挛,安全可靠。     

中药川芎嗪对蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的实验研究

目的观察川芎嗪（TMP）对蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛（CVS）的治疗效果。方法制备能够连续造影的兔CVS动物模型，将其随机分为TMP组、尼莫地平组和对照组，每组13只，各组分别注入TMP 60mg／kg、尼莫地平0．1mg／kg及等量生理盐水，观察各组动物的神经功能状态变化，并应用脑血管造影、经颅多普勒（TCD）及电镜技术，了解药物对急、慢性CVS的治疗效果。结果CVS急性期静脉注射TMP、尼莫地平30min后，基底动脉口径分别由（57．17±11．40）％、（58．0±10．90）％扩大到（80.16±14.22）％、（90．0±11.38）％（均P〈0．01）。在CVS慢性期，动脉口径扩张不明显（P〉0．05），但TCD检测基底动脉的平均血流速度则分别由（57.92±10．54）cm／s、（61.61±11.49）cm／s下降到（36．58±10.39）cm／s、（33.67±7.57）cm／s（均P〈0.01）；形态学研究显示：对照组基底动脉内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞及神经细胞的损害程度明显重于实验组。结论①TMP能够缓解CVS，明显改善CVS后的神经系统功能损害症状。②TMP与尼莫地平对CVS同样具有良好的治疗效果，但TMP60mg／kg对脑组织、血管组织的保护作用优于尼莫地平0.1mg／kg。     

脑缺血性疾病的血管内治疗进展

随着介入放射治疗技术的发展 ,血管内治疗已成为治疗脑缺血性疾病的一个重要手段。本文从超选择脑动脉接触性溶栓治疗、经皮穿刺脑血管成形术 (PTA)、经皮内膜斑块切除术和超声血管内成形术及静脉窦逆行灌注等方面对此领域作一综述。     

Clinical evaluation of the effect of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and intra-arterial papaverine infusion for the treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

The clinical efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and intra-arterial papaverine infusion for treatment of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage was investigated. Between 1990 and 1993, 84 patients were treated for cerebral vasospasm in National Defense Medical College Hospital. Angioplasty was performed for asymptomatic vasospasm in 18 patients and for symptomatic vasospasm in 12 patients. Intra-arterial papaverine infusion was performed for asymptomatic vasospasm in 10 patients and for symptomatic vasospasm in four patients. The other 40 patients were treated with standard conservative therapy including hypervolemic and hypertensive hemodilution. The outcomes of these patients were analyzed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. The outcome tended to be better for patients treated with angioplasty, but not for those treated with papaverine infusion, than for those treated conservatively. Recurrence of vasospasm was more frequent after papaverine infusion than after angioplasty. Undesirable complications such as abrupt development of unconsciousness were experienced during papaverine infusion but not during angioplasty. We conclude that percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is superior to intra-arterial papaverine infusion for prevention and treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.     

Clinical evaluation of the effect of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and intra-arterial papaverine infusion for the treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract

The clinical efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and intra-arterial papav~rine infusion for treatment of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage was investigated. Between 1990 and 1993, 84 patients were treated for cerebral vasospasm in National Defense Medical College Hospital. Angioplasty was performed for asymptomatic vasospasm in 78 patients and for symptomatic vasospasm in 72 patients. Intra-arterial papaverine infusion was performed for asymptomatic vasospasm in 70 patients and for symptomatic vasospasm in four patients. The other 40 patients were treated with standard conservative therapy including hypervolemic and hypertensive hemodilution. The outcomes of these patients were analyzed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. The outcome tended to be better for patients treated with angioplasty, but not for those treated with papaverine infusion, than for those treated conservatively. Recurrence of vasospasm was more frequent after papaverine infusion than after angioplasty. Undesirable complications such as abrupt development of unconsciousness were experienced during papaverine infusion but not during angioplasty. We conclude that percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is superior to intra-arterial papaverine infusion for prevention and treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. [Neural Res 1999; 21: 195-203]     

Complication rate of intraarterial treatment of severe cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage with nimodipine and percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty: Worth the risk?

Background and purpose

Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Arterial cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is discussed as the main pathomechanism for DCI. Due to positive effects of per os nimodipine, intraarterial nimodipine application is used in patients with DCI. Further, percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTA) is applied in focal high-grade spasm of intracranial arteries. However, clinical benefits of those techniques are unconfirmed in randomized trials so far, and complications might occur. We analyzed the occurrence of new infarcts in patients with severe CVS treated intra-arterially to assess benefits and risks of those techniques in a large single-center collective.

Intra-arterial papaverine in the management of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage

Between July 1992 and January 1993 a prospective pilot study of the efficacy of intra-arterial papaverine in the management of clinically significant angiographically confirmed cerebral vasospasm arising as a consequence of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage was conducted. During this period 40 patients were managed with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. All patients were treated with nimodipine from day of admission and carefully monitored in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. 11 of the 40 patients subsequently developed clinically significant angiographically confirmed cerebral vasospasm and underwent angiography with selective internal carotid or vertebral artery injection of papaverine in 12 to 40 mg boluses to a maximum of 450 mg. A good angiographic response was seen in all cases. Two patients underwent repeat procedures, in one case twice. Overall clinical outcome was good in 7 cases, moderate disability in 2 cases, severe disability in 1 case and death in 1 case. In patients who underwent the procedure in less than 4 hours from the onset of their deficits (n=8) a good outcome was seen to occur in 7 patients with one patient sustaining a moderate deficit. Complications from the procedure were seizures in 3 patients and a momentary locked-in-syndrome in one case. All complications were seen with a fast bolus of the higher volume papaverine and have not occurred with a slow infusion of the lower dose boluses. None of the patients developing these complications had them recur outside the angiogram suite. Our conclusion is that this form of treatment supplements the therapeutic regimens now available in the management of cerebral vasospasm.     

Intra-arterial papaverine infusions for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm induced by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Cerebral vasospasm secondary to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage that has become refractory to maximal medical management can be treated with selective intra-arterial papaverine infusions. Papaverine is a potent vasodilator of the proximal, intermediate, and distal cerebral arteries and can improve cerebral blood flow (CBF). When infused intra-arterially using endovascular microcatheter techniques, papaverine can effectively increase angiographic vessel diameter, decrease prolonged cerebral circulation time, and improve cerebral oxygenation. However, one of the major disadvantages of papaverine is its transient nature, which can result in recurrent and/or persistent angiographic and clinical vasospasm that may require multiple repeated infusions, despite a successful response to the initial treatment. Intra-arterial papaverine can be used alone or in combination with balloon angioplasty. This article reviews the mechanism of action, technique of administration, effects on CBF, clinical results, and complications of intra-arterial papaverine for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.     

法舒地尔动、静脉给药治疗颅内动脉瘤栓塞后脑血管痉挛的对比研究

目的探讨法舒地尔动脉推注(IAF)与静脉给药对脑动脉瘤栓塞后脑血管痉挛(CVS)的疗效对比并评估其安全性。方法介入栓塞治疗后出现脑血管痉挛39名患者,随机分成A、B二组。A组,改用静脉法舒地尔治疗,30 mg,3次/d;B组立即行动脉内注射盐酸法舒地尔(60 mg+生理盐水100 ml,60 min缓慢推注治疗),连续3 d,3 d后予常规静脉法舒地尔治疗。结果 B组IAF治疗后血管痉挛程度明显改善,第3 d、7 d、14 d的GCS评分均高于A组,3月后GOS评分明显高于A组。结论 IAF能安全有效地缓解蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的临床症状并改善预后。     

Interventional endovascular therapy: SPECT cerebral blood flow imaging compared with transcranial doppler monitoring of ballon angioplasty and intraarterial papaverine for cerebral vasospasm.

The effects of interventional endovascular treatment of cerebral vasospasm with balloon angioplasty or papaverine infusion were evaluated by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) in 44 patients whose cerebral vasospasm was refractory to medical management. SPECT revealed blood flow improvements in 42% of patients with papaverine treated vessels and 70% of patients with balloon angioplasty (P=.037). TCD correlated with SPECT in 71% of patients in the papaverine group and 73% of patients in the balloon angioplasty group. TCD showed 93% of segments improved by angioplasty, whereas 43% of segments were improved with papaverine (P<.001). Disagreements were largely represented by patients with TCD velocity improvements in which SPECT blood flow imaging was, unchanged or worsened. Balloon angioplasty seems superior to papaverine infusion for treatment of vasospasm. SPECT and TCD are complementary tests in the evaluation of vasospasm and effect of interventional therapy.     

Effective management of cerebral vasospasm with balloon angioplasty after failed papaverine angioplasty

A 37 year old male with symptomatic cerebral vasospasm complicating the rupture of a basilar tip aneurysm was initially treated with intra-arterial papaverine in conjunction with concomitant hypervolaemia and induced hypertension. However, the vasospasm was only moderately improved, with this effect lasting for less than 24 h. Following further administration of intra-arterial papaverine, without significant angiographic improvement, endovascular balloon dilatation of both vertebral arteries and basilar artery resulted in dramatic and sustained reversal of angiographic vasospasm. The patient's clinical condition improved dramatically after this procedure, progressing from an unconscious state requiring ventilatory support, to a Glasgow Coma Score of 15 in the absence of focal neurological signs (with the exception of a right oculomotor palsy), within 9 days. This case suggests that there may be a role for balloon dilatation angioplasty, in patients who have cerebral vasospasm refractory to treatment with intra-arterial papaverine.     

鞘内应用罂粟碱治疗动脉瘤术后症状性血管痉挛

目的回顾性分析鞘内应用罂粟碱治疗破裂脑动脉瘤夹闭术后症状性血管痉挛的临床疗效。方法对于临床常规处理无效、出现进行性神经功能恶化、经颅多谱勒（TCD）检查证实存在严重脑血管痉挛的患者，在腰穿释放30ml血性脑脊液后，缓慢注入0．3％（60mg／20ml）罂粟碱溶液20ml。每次注药后行TCD动态检查以明确治疗效果。结果经鞘内灌注罂粟碱治疗，血管痉挛缓解率达90％（40／45），临床症状明显改善率达84．4％（38／45）。用药后发生一过性低血压者3例，短暂性偏瘫1例。全部患者得到随访，存在与血管痉挛相关的永久性神经功能缺损者占6．7％（3／45）。结论鞘内应用罂粟碱对大部分的症状性脑血管痉挛有效，且无明显副作用。     

High Risk of New Episode of Symptomatic Vasospasm in Unaffected Arteries in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients Receiving Targeted Endovascular Treatment for Symptomatic Focal Vasospasm

Background

There is controversy whether asymptomatic vasospasm in other arteries should be concurrently treated (global treatment) in patients receiving targeted endovascular treatment [percutaneous-transluminal-angioplasty (PTA) and/or intra-arterial (IA) vasodilators] for focal symptomatic vasospasm.

Objective

To determine the rates of occurrence of new symptomatic vasospasm in previously asymptomatic arterial distributions among patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) who underwent targeted endovascular treatment for focal symptomatic vasospasm.

Methods

We identified all patients with SAH who had received targeted endovascular treatment during a 4-year period. We ascertained any new occurrence of symptomatic vasosopasm requiring endovascular treatment in previously unaffected (and untreated) arterial distributions within the same hospitalization. Blinded reviewers quantitatively graded angiographic vasospasm (<25, 26–49, ≥50 %) in all major arteries for each patient at the time of targeted treatment.

Results

Of the 41 patients who received targeted endovascular treatment (PTA in 41 % and vasodilators in 59 %), 11 (27 %) developed new symptomatic vasospasm in previously asymptomatic vascular distributions requiring endovascular treatment. Moderate severity of angiographic vasospasm in asymptomatic arteries at the time of targeted treatment tended to predict the occurrence of new symptomatic vasospasm. The rate of death and disability at discharge [modified Rankin scale (mRS) of 3–6] was 82 % (9/11) among those who developed a new episode of symptomatic vasospasm compared with 70 % (21/30) in those who did not (P = 0.58).

Conclusions

High risk of new occurrence of ischemic symptoms in previously asymptomatic (and untreated) arterial distributions among patients receiving targeted treatment should be recognized. Further studies should evaluate the benefit of performing global endovascular treatment during the initial targeted endovascular treatment session.