半椎板入路在切除椎管内外沟通性肿瘤中的应用

目的探讨半椎板入路在显微手术切除椎管内外沟通性肿瘤中的临床应用。方法回顾性分析经一侧半椎板入路显微切除11例椎管内外沟通性肿瘤的临床资料。结果9例椎管内外沟通性神经鞘瘤、1例椎管内外沟通性脊膜瘤手术全切除,1例椎管内外脂肪肉瘤次全切除。术后临床症状均得到明显改善。结论采用半椎板入路切除椎管内外沟通性肿瘤,更加有利于对偏侧生长在椎管外侧部分肿瘤的显露和全切除,并能进一步提高脊髓脊柱手术的微创性,并取得了更好的治疗效果。     

远外侧枕下入路切除高颈段椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤(附4例报告)

目的 :探讨经远外侧枕下入路切除高颈段椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的治疗效果及手术技巧。方法 :回顾分析 4例经远外侧枕下入路切除高颈段椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤病人的临床资料及手术治疗结果。结果 :肿瘤全切 3例 ,1例因肿瘤包绕椎动脉而次全切除。所有患者术后恢复良好 ,未出现与手术入路有关的严重并发症。结论 :远外侧枕下入路具有手术路径短、视野宽广、显露硬膜内外病变清楚等优点 ,是治疗高颈段椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的一种实用手术入路     

神经导航辅助颅底肿瘤显微外科切除

目的　探讨神经影像导航辅助下显微外科切除颅底肿瘤的效果。方法　回顾性研究我院 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 8月收治的 44例颅底肿瘤 ,其中垂体瘤 8例 ,鞍结节脑膜瘤 12例 ,颅咽管瘤 9例 ,桥小脑角肿瘤 7例 ,蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤 5例 ,后颅窝海绵状血管瘤 3例 ,应用StealthStation影像导航系统 ,导航辅助显微外科切除肿瘤。结果　导航头皮注册平均误差为 ( 2 .7± 1.2 )mm ,颅骨钻孔标记注册误差 ( 1.5± 0 .8)mm。 44例病人达到肿瘤全切 3 8例 ,全切率 86.4% ,肿瘤次全切 4例 ,大部切除 2例。手术并发症包括动眼神经损伤 2例 ,面神经麻痹 2例 ,一过性尿崩 6例 ,无手术死亡。结论　神经影像导航辅助下的颅底肿瘤显微外科切除 ,定位准确 ,能提高肿瘤全切除率 ,减少并发症。     

寰枢椎后路"三点式"经椎弓根固定治疗C1、2层面椎管哑铃形肿瘤

[目的]探讨后正中入路切除C1、2层面椎管哑铃形肿瘤并使用寰枢椎后路三点式经椎弓根固定的治疗效果及手术技巧。[方法]回顾性分析16例经后正中入路切除C1、2层面椎管哑铃形肿瘤并使用寰枢椎后路三点式经椎弓根固定的病人的临床资料及手术治疗效果。[结果]16例均一次手术切除椎管内外肿瘤,16例随访12～15个月,患者的症状和神经功能均有不同程度的改善,随访期间无肿瘤复发、无内固定松动和后凸畸形发生。[结论]C1、2层面哑铃形椎管肿瘤可经颈后正中入路一次切除,寰枢椎后路三点式经椎弓根固定可维持肿瘤切除后寰枢椎的稳定性。     

上颈椎椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的临床特点及外科治疗

目的探讨上颈椎椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的临床特点及外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析本院1999年1月。2007年5月收治的33例上颈椎椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤患者，经颈后外侧入路行肿瘤切除26例，前后联合入路行肿瘤切除7例；20例采用后路钉棒／钉板内固定系统重建，13例未行内固定。结果术后随访6个月～8年，平均18．3个月。多数患者症状改善明显，4例复发，其中2例再次手术。结论上颈椎椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤临床相对少见，手术风险较大。根据肿瘤部位、性质和分期制定合理的手术方案能提高肿瘤切除率，降低术后局部复发率和并发症的发生率。     

椎管内肿瘤21例手术治疗报告

目的:总结手术治疗肿瘤的经验。方法:回顾性总结了我院过去10年来对21例椎管内肿瘤的手术疗效结果。结果:本组21例椎管内肿瘤,其中椎管内硬膜外肿瘤4例,硬脊膜下髓外肿瘤15例,髓内肿瘤2例;颈段5例,胸段10例,腰段6例;术后病理分型脊膜瘤7例,神经鞘瘤9例,星形细胞瘤2例,转移瘤3例。21例中有11例行磁共振检查后再行显微外科手术切除肿瘤,其中10例为全切除,1例为次全切除,出院时症状均大大改善。结论:椎管内肿瘤以良性居多,手术治疗效果好。MRI检查及显微外科手术的应用是提高治疗效果的关键。     

颈椎哑铃形椎管肿瘤的手术治疗15例报告

目的：总结颈椎哑铃形椎管肿瘤的手术治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析15例颈椎哑铃形椎管肿瘤的临床表现、影像学特征、病理类型、手术治疗方法和预后。结果：15例均采用颈后正中入路，一次手术切除椎管内外肿瘤，9例随访6个月至5年，患者的症状和神经功能均有不同程度的改善，无肿瘤复发病例．结论：颈椎哑铃形椎管肿瘤可经颈后正中入路一次手术切除。     

上颈椎椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的临床特点及外科治疗

目的 探讨上颈椎椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的临床特点及外科治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析本院1999年1月~2007年5月收治的33例上颈椎椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤患者，经颈后外侧入路行肿瘤切除26例，前后联合入路行肿瘤切除7例；20例采用后路钉棒/钉板内固定系统重建，13例未行内固定。结果 术后随访6个月~8年，平均18.3个月。多数患者症状改善明显，4例复发，其中2例再次手术。结论 上颈椎椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤临床相对少见，手术风险较大。根据肿瘤部位、性质和分期制定合理的手术方案能提高肿瘤切除率，降低术后局部复发率和并发症的发生率。     

一期后路手术切除Toyama Ⅲb和Ⅵ型上颈椎椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的可行性与疗效

目的 :探讨一期后路手术切除Toyama Ⅲb和Ⅵ型上颈椎椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的可行性及短期临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2006年1月~2016年1月收治的10例Toyama Ⅲb和Ⅵ型上颈椎椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤患者,其中男8例,女2例,年龄40~65岁,平均56.2±7.8岁。神经鞘瘤8例,神经纤维瘤2例。肿瘤位于C1/25例,C2/3 3例,C3/4 2例。Toyama Ⅲb型7例,Ⅵ型3例。术前行MRI测量椎管外肿瘤距离硬膜囊边缘的最大径为4.0~6.5cm,平均4.8±0.7cm;JOA评分平均为9.5±3.5分;ASIA分级,B级1例,C级1例,D级2例,E级6例。均采用一期后路手术切除肿瘤及单侧内固定重建颈椎的稳定性,术后行JOA评分及ASIA残损分级评价神经功能改善情况,复查X线评估颈椎的稳定性。结果:所有的肿瘤均一期后路完全切除,其中椎管外瘤体均是完整的整块切除,无椎动脉损伤、神经功能障碍加重。手术时间为210~270min(231.0±18.5min),术中出血量为400~700ml(550.0±87.9ml),住院时间为6~8d(7.2±0.8d)。随访6~15个月,平均12.0±3.0个月,随访期间未见肿瘤复发者,患者的神经症状及阳性体征较术前明显改善。术后半年的平均JOA评分为15.4±1.4分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);ASIA分级D级1例,E级9例,末次随访时D级1例也恢复到E级,末次随访与术前ASIA分级比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。10例患者随访期间无内固定松动和后凸畸形的发生。结论:Toyama Ⅲb和Ⅵ型上颈椎椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤可经一期后路手术切除并恢复颈椎的稳定性,短期的临床疗效较满意。     

前路颈动脉鞘内外联合入路手术治疗Toyama Ⅱb和Ⅲb型颈椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤

目的:探讨经前路颈动脉鞘内外联合入路手术治疗ToyamaⅡb和Ⅲb型颈椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的效果及手术技巧。方法:2006年2月~2010年10月对17例ToyamaⅡb和Ⅲb型颈椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤患者采用经前路颈动脉鞘内外联合入路手术切除肿瘤、髂骨或钛网支撑植骨并钛板内固定重建颈椎稳定性,其中男9例,女8例,年龄34～53岁,平均43.6岁。ToyamaⅡb型9例,Ⅲb型8例。术前脊髓神经功能Frankel分级:C级3例,D级10例,E级4例。随访观察患者症状和神经功能改善情况。结果:17例患者均一期手术切除椎管内外肿瘤,手术过程顺利,手术时间90～170min,平均130min;失血量150～700ml,平均280ml。1例术后即刻出现前臂神经症状加重,予激素及脱水剂治疗3d后症状缓解,未出现其他严重并发症。17例随访10～48个月,平均18个月,患者局部疼痛和神经症状均有明显改善或缓解,末次随访时,7例患者脊髓神经功能Frankel分级改善1级,3例改善2级。1例恶性神经鞘瘤患者术后1年出现局部肿瘤复发而再次行后路手术切除,其余患者随访期间肿瘤无复发。结论:ToyamaⅡb和Ⅲb型颈椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤可经前路颈动脉鞘内外联合入路一次手术切除,手术创伤小,瘤体切除彻底,并发症少。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.