肺叶切除并肺动脉重建术治疗中心型肺癌42例体会

目的总结应用肺叶切除并肺动脉重建术治疗中心型肺癌的经验。方法回顾性分析自1995年9月至2006年8月,我院采用肺叶切除肺动脉重建术治疗中心型肺癌42例,其中24例肺动脉楔形切除后10例直接对拢缝合,14例用自体心包片修补;18例行肺动脉段袖式切除后6例直接吻合,5例用自体奇静脉移植,7例用自体心包片作成人工管道间置,恢复血管的连续性;同期有19例施行支气管成形术;术后有29例接受化疗,8例接受放疗。结果术后无死亡病例,并发肺炎7例,轻度肺不张4例,支气管残端漏1例,经治疗后均获痊愈。余者恢复良好,均顺利出院。结论肺叶切除肺动脉重建术治疗中心型肺癌能提高肺癌切除率,扩大手术适应证,最大限度保存患者的肺功能,是一种安全有效的手术方法。     

自体心包奇静脉补片肺动脉重建术在中心型肺癌治疗中的应用

目的 探讨自体心包、奇静脉移植补片肺动脉重建技术在中心型非小细胞肺癌治疗中应用的临床价值及其外科技术问题.方法 1992年3月至2009年8月,应用自体心包、奇静脉移植补片肺动脉重建技术治疗62例肺血管受侵犯的中心型非小细胞肺癌.术前行新辅助化疗2个疗程17例,术后pTNM分期:Ⅱb期4例,Ⅲa期46例,Ⅲb期12例.根据肺动脉和支气管受侵的情况,采用自体奇静脉移植补片术18例、心包移植补片术38例、制成心包管间位移植术6例,合并上腔静脉侧壁切除心包奇静脉补片成形术5例,同时行支气管袖式切除51例,肺叶切除11例.术后接受辅助化疗47例,辅助放疗19例.结果 全组术中冰冻和术后病理检查证实肺动脉及支气管切缘均无癌残留.手术死亡2例(3.2%),死因为术后支气管吻合口瘘致呼吸衰竭和术后严重心律失常、心脏骤停各1例.术后主要并发症发生率17.7%(11/62例),经对症处理后治愈.出院前或术后2～6个月经胸部X线、CT、心脏超声及气管镜检查显示2例发生支气管吻合口狭窄,经气管镜微波治疗好转,其余肺通气及血流灌注良好,无肺血管狭窄和栓塞等并发症.60例术后随访6～210个月,平均49.5个月.术后1、3、5、10年生存率分别80.2%(49/60例)、44.7%(21/47例)、31.4%(11/35例)、23.1%(3/13例).结论 自体心包、奇静脉移植补片肺动脉重建技术,可安全、有效地用于治疗肺动脉侧壁切除后缺损较大的中心型肺癌病人;制成心包管间位移植对袖式切除后肺动脉缺损过长吻合困难或失败者,是可行的肺动脉重建技术.

Abstract：

Objective To review the clinical experience of reconstruction of pulmonary artery(PA) by a pateh of autologus pericardium or azygous venae for non-small cell lung cancer. Methods Between March 1992 and August 2009, 62 patients with locally advanced central lung cancer received sleeve resection and reconstruction of PA. According to PTNM classification, 4 patients were in stage Ⅱb, 46 in stage Ⅲa and 12 in stage Ⅲb. 17 patients had induction chemothoerapy. Sleeve lotrate the PA, the surgical procedures included partial PA tangential resections and reconstructions by a pateh of autologous azygous venas in 18 cases , a patch of autologous pericardium in 38 cases and a complete PA sleeve resection reconstructios by a custom-made autologous pericardial conduit interposition in 6 cases. Partial superior vena cava tangential resctions and reconstructions were performed in 5 patients by a patch of autologous pericardium or azygous venae. 47 patients received pstoperative chemotherapy and 19 had radiotherapy. Results There was 2 early postoperative deaths(3.2%). The cause of death was bronchial anastomotic leak led to respiratory failure in 1 case and severe arrhmia led to heart arrest in 1. No cancerous tissue of all resection margins are checked by frzen section histology and examination of resection specimens in the surgical pathology laboratory. The postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients(17.7%) and all of them recovered uneventfully.Roentgenography, flexible bronchoscopy and echocardiography were in normal range in the remaining 60 patients with no bronchial anastomosis stenosis or vascular thombosis before discharge and at 2-6 months after surgery. The mean follow up time was 49.5 months (6-210 months). The overall 1, 3, 5 and 10 yerr survival rates were 80.2%, 44.7% ,31.4% and 23. 1%, respectively. Conclusion Reonstruction of PA by autologous pericardial patch or autologous azygos vein patch is a safe and effective technique for locally advanced lung cancer.For extended circumferential defects of PA,the autologous pericardial conduit interposition could bue used for reconstruction.     

同时支气管肺动脉成形治疗中心型肺癌

自１９８７年至１９９５年，对２３例中心型肺癌病人采用同时行支气管、肺动脉成形术治疗。其中支气管完全袖式切除２０例，楔形袖式切除３例；肺动脉干侧壁切除１８例，袖式切除５例。术后１、３、５年生存率分别为７．３％、４５．５％、３３．３％。采用同时支气管肺动脉成形术治疗中心型肺癌进一步减少了全肺切除术的比率，扩大了手术适应证，取得了满意的治疗效果。     

自体心包奇静脉补片肺动脉重建对中心型肺癌患者术后并发症和预后的影响

目的探究以自体心包、奇静脉补片行肺动脉重建对于中心型肺癌患者术后并发症和预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年1月间于我院行手术治疗的98例肺癌患者的临床资料,根据手术方式分为全肺切除组(47例)和肺动脉重建组(51例),分别行全肺切除术和肺叶切除术+自体心包、奇静脉补片肺动脉重建术,比较两组患者手术前后肺功能情况,包括一秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1),用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC),每分钟最大通气量(maximal voluntary ventilation,MVV),肺一氧化碳弥散因子(transfer factor for carbon monoxide of lung,TLCO),手术情况,术后并发症发生率和生存率。结果手术前,两组患者FEV1、FVC、MVV和TLCO无统计学差异(P=0. 947,0. 710,0. 608,0. 858),手术后2个月,两组患者上述指标显著低于手术前(P 0. 05),而肺动脉重建组的上述指标显著高于全肺切除组(均为P 0. 001);肺动脉重建组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后胸腔引流量、术后下地时间以及住院时间显著低于全肺切除组(P=0. 027或P 0. 001),两组患者术中淋巴结清除数目无统计学差异(P=0. 440);肺动脉重建组术后并发症发生率显著低于全肺切除组(9. 80%vs. 25. 53%,P=0. 040);两组患者的总生存率无统计学差异(HR=0. 522,95%CI[0. 241,1. 130],P=0. 095);肺动脉重建组患者的无进展生存率明显高于全肺切除组(HR=0. 471,95%CI[0. 237,0. 935],P=0. 031)。结论以自体心包、奇静脉补片行肺动脉重建可以显著改善患者肺功能,手术创伤小,术后恢复快,术后并发症少,并能改善预后。     

支气管加肺血管、上腔静脉联合成形治疗肺癌

目的探讨支气管袖式或楔形切除加肺血管、上腔静脉成形术在肺癌治疗中的应用及效果。方法全组106例肺癌患者,行支气管袖式切除38例,楔形切除59例;支气管肺血管成形99例,支气管上腔静脉成形7例。结果术后发生并发症11例,其中出血1例,支气管胸膜漏1例,肺不张2例,心衰4例,肺部感染3例,无同术期死亡。1、3、5年生存率分别为76．0％、54．0％、32．4％。结论支气管成形加肺血管、上腔静脉成形对扩大肺癌手术指征,缩小切除范围,提高生存质量有重要意义。     

支气管袖式肺叶切除肺动脉成形术治疗中心型肺癌

目的 总结支气管袖式肺叶切除、肺动脉成形术治疗中心型肺癌的临床经验.方法 回顾分析1989年5月至2009年5月收治的52例中心型肺癌患者,其中38例行支气管环状切除成形及支气管袖式肺叶切除术;12例行支气管肺动脉双袖式肺叶切除术;2例行气管隆突及半隆突切除重建合并肺叶切除术.结果 本组术后死亡1例,发生手术并发症5例...     

支气管袖状肺叶切除肺动脉成形术治疗中央型肺癌

目的总结支气管袖状肺叶切除、肺动脉成形术治疗中央型肺癌的经验。方法 1989年5月至2009年5月,对52例中央型肺癌病人施行以支气管袖状肺叶切除术,部分病人同时行肺动脉成形术。包括支气管环状切除成形及支气管袖状成形肺叶切除术38例;支气管肺动脉双袖状成形肺叶切除术12例;气管隆突及半隆突切除重建合并肺叶切除术2例。结果本组手术死亡1例。发生手术并发症5例次,发生率为9.62%;术后1,3,5和10年存活率分别为52.27%,34.09%,18.18%,4.55%。结论以支气管袖状成形肺叶切除术为核心的多种切除重建术式能最大限度保护病人肺功能,提高了中央型肺癌的治愈率和远期存活率。     

气管隆突主支气管袖式切除治疗中心型肺癌的临床应用研究

目的:总结32例气管隆突、主支气管切除成形手术治疗中心型肺癌妁经验。方法:主支气管袖状切除对端吻合术16例,全隆凸切除重建1例,左全肺切除部分隆突切除重建1例,右上肺叶切除部分隆空切除重建6例、主支气管楔形袖式切除8例。结果:术后21天死亡1例,系吻合口肉芽肿形成,激光治疗后死于肺动脉破裂出血。术后一年生存率89.28％(25/28),三年生存率60.71％(17/28),五年生存率39.28％(1/28)。结论:气管隆突主支气管切除成形手术提高了中心型肺癌的手术切除率,并取得满意的治疗效果。     

应用自体肺移植技术治疗Ⅲ期肺癌

目的探讨应用下肺静脉移植于上肺静脉残端的方法行双袖状右上、中肺叶联合切除术治疗Ⅲ期肺癌的可行性。方法下肺离体后置于肝素溶液中,１５分钟后将下肺静脉吻合于上叶静脉残端。再行支气管吻合和肺动脉吻合。静脉、支气管、动脉吻合分别耗时１５、１４、１０分钟,肺动脉阻断时间３小时。术后辅助通气６小时。结果术后５天拔胸管,肺膨胀良好,患者下地活动。术后３周螺旋ＣＴ肺血管、气管重建显示重植肺血液灌注和回流良好,支气管通畅。术后随访６个月余,患者生活质量良好并恢复工作。结论当肿瘤累及总支气管或肺动脉的长度过长而不能完成双袖状联合肺叶切除后的吻合时,可以考虑将自体肺移植技术应用于肺癌手术中。     

跨级支气管吻合呼吸道重建术在中央型肺癌手术中的应用

目的 总结广泛型袖式肺叶切除,跨级(段支气管和主支气管吻合)支气管吻合呼吸道重建术的手术技巧和经验. 方法 回顾性分析20例接受跨级支气管吻合呼吸道重建术患者的临床资料. 结果 全组20例患者手术均顺利完成,无术中大出血及手术死亡,无支气管胸膜瘘、吻合口狭窄、呼吸衰竭及肺动脉血栓形成.术后并发肺不张、肺部感染3例,心房纤颤2例,声音嘶哑1例.随访18例,时间1月～6年,l、3、5年生存率分别为83.3％、28.6％和14.3％. 结论 跨级支气管吻合呼吸道重建术能达到与全肺切除相似的切除肿瘤的彻底性,同时最大限度地保存肺功能,扩大了手术适应证,提高了病人的生存质量,是一种有效可行的术式.     

Evaluations of bronchoplasty and pulmonary artery reconstruction for bronchogenic carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the surgical results of bronchovascular reconstruction and the prognostic factors for lung cancer. METHODS: From 1976 to 1995, 78 patients with a mean age of 55.1 years (range 26-69 years) underwent bronchoplasty for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) including pulmonary artery (PA) reconstruction in 21 patients. There were 47 right upper lobectomies (60.3%), 24 left upper lobectomies (30.8%), and seven other atypical types of operations (8.9%). The bronchoplasty was a full sleeve in 71 patients, and a bronchial wedge resection in seven. Thirteen PA tangential resections and eight PA sleeve resections were performed. Tissue diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma in 56 patients, adenocarcinoma in six, adenosquamous carcinoma in ten, neuroendocrine carcinoma in two and others in four. No patient had a microscopically positive bronchial resection margin. The follow up is complete for all patients. Seventy-five patients were statistically analyzed using STATA software. The survival rate was calculated with life table method. Comparisons of the difference of survival rates between groups were made according to the log-rank test. RESULTS: The operative mortality rate (30 days) was 3.8% (3/78). The prolonged atelectasis necessitating repeated bronchoscopy was the most common major complication which occurred in 12 patients (16%). Tumor recurrence around the anastomotic site confirmed by bronchoscopic biopsy was observed in four patients. The overall survival at 5 and 10 years was 48.9 and 38.8%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year survival for patients with stage I disease were 66.1 and 57.5%, and for patients with stage II were 62.8 and 44.2%, respectively. The 3- and 5-year survivals for patients with stage III were 11.1 and 0%, respectively (P = 0.0000). The 5-year survival rates for those with N0 tumor (n = 36) were 63.3%, 53.6% for those with N1 (n = 26), and with no survivors for N2 (n = 13), respectively (P = 0.0000). The 5- and 10- year survival rates with bronchoplasty (n = 54) were 55.0 and 47.8%, and 33.3 and 16.7% with bronchovascular reconstruction (n = 21), respectively (P = 0.0033). Multivariate analysis showed that long-term results were influenced chiefly by nodal stage among five factors of pT, pN, bronchoplasty with or without PA reconstruction, cell types, and postoperative adjuvants (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Any type of lobectomy with bronchial reconstruction is an adequate cancer operation for both compromised and uncompromised patients especially in patients with stages I and II lung cancer with reasonably good results. Sleeve lobectomy with PA reconstruction may finally be indicated in patients considered compromised because of cardiac or respiratory impairment contraindicating pneumonectomy.     

Bronchial and bronchovascular sleeve resection for treatment of central lung tumors

BACKGROUND: To improve postoperative pulmonary reserve, we have employed parenchyma-sparing resections for central lung tumors irrespective of pulmonary function. The results of lobectomy, pneumonectomy, and sleeve resection were analyzed retrospectively. METHODS: From October 1995 to June 1999, 422 typical lung resections were performed for lung cancer. Of these, 301 were lobectomies (group I), 81 were sleeve resections (group II), and 40 were pneumonectomies (group III). RESULTS: Operative mortality was 2% in group I, 1.2% in group II, and 7.5% in group III (group I and II vs. group III, p<0.03). Mean time of intubation was 1.0+/-4.1 days in group I, 0.9+/-1.3 days in group II, and 3.6+/-11.2 days in group III (groups I and II vs. group III, p<0.01). The incidence of bronchial complications was 1.3% in group I, none in group II, and 7.5% in group III (group I and II vs group III, p<0.001). After 2 years, survival was 64% in group I, 61.9% in group II, and 56.1% in group III (p = NS). Freedom from local disease recurrence was 92.1% in group I, 95.7% in group II, and 90.9% in group III after 2 years (p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Sleeve resection is a useful surgical option for the treatment of central lung tumors, thus avoiding pneumonectomy with its associated risks. Morbidity, early mortality, long-term survival, and recurrence of disease after sleeve resection are similar to those seen after lobectomy.     

Lobectomy with tangential pulmonary artery resection without regard to pulmonary function

BACKGROUND: Non-small cell carcinoma of the lung invading the pulmonary artery (PA) has traditionally been treated by pneumonectomy. Although PA resection and reconstruction (PAR) has begun to gain acceptance, previous series of PAR by the simplest technique of tangential excision and primary repair have been unfavorable. We have maintained a policy of performing PAR preferentially whenever anatomically feasible, and usually this has been possible by tangential excision and primary repair. This study sought to determine if this approach is sound. METHODS: Retrospective clinical and pathologic review. RESULTS: Thirty-three PARs were performed from 1992 to 1999. The patients, followed 6 to 65 months (mean 25), were aged 36 to 80 years (mean 61), and their tumors were pathologic stage IB (n = 7), IIB (n = 13), IIIA (n = 9), and IIIB (n = 4). The mean preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 70% predicted. The procedures included 14 bronchial sleeve lobectomies with PAR and 19 simple lobectomies with PAR. The PARs were performed without heparinization and included 19 tangential excisions with primary closure, 11 larger tangential excisions with pericardial patch closure, and 3 sleeve resections. There were no operative deaths and 2 (6.1%) early major complications, all unrelated to the PAR. Thirteen patients (39%) had early minor complications. Four-year Kaplan-Meier survival was 48.3% for stages I/II and 45% for stage III. Ipsilateral, central, intrathoracic recurrence occurred in 3 patients (9.1%). CONCLUSIONS: These data are not dramatically different from those reported for standard resections. Although the numbers are small, the results suggest that lobectomy with PAR by tangential excision is an acceptable alternative to pneumonectomy whenever anatomically possible.     

Combined tracheal sleeve and superior vena cava resections for non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: Combined superior vena cava and tracheal sleeve resections are occasionally indicated in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. However, more effective induction therapy may potentially expand the benefit of locally extended resections. METHODS: From January 1998 to December 1999, 6 consecutive patients had combined tracheal sleeve and superior vena cava resections for non-small cell lung cancer after induction treatment. Surgical approach was muscle-sparing lateral thoracotomy in 4 patients and hemiclam-shell approach in 2 patients. There were four tracheal sleeve pneumonectomies, one tracheal sleeve bilobectomy, and one tracheal sleeve lobectomy. Three patients (50%) had complete superior vena cava resection with graft replacement, whereas the other patients had partial superior vena cava resection using vascular staplers. RESULTS: There were no perioperative complications. Three patients (50%) had major postoperative complications, but there were no postoperative deaths. Four patients are still alive, 2 without evidence of disease. The median survival was 14.5 months (range, 3 to 17 months). CONCLUSIONS: These combined resections are technically feasible with no postoperative mortality but high morbidity (50%). This aggressive surgery may be useful in highly selected patients where adequate local control can achieve long-term survival.     

A case-matched study of anatomical segmentectomy versus lobectomy for stage I lung cancer in high-risk patients.

OBJECTIVE: Sublobar resections may offer a method of increasing resection rates in patients with lung cancer and poor lung function, but are thought to increase recurrence and therefore compromise survival for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To test this hypothesis we have compared the long-term outcome from lobectomy and anatomical segmentectomy in high-risk cases as defined by predicted postoperative FEV1 (ppoFEV1) less than 40%. METHODS: Over a 7-year period 55 patients (27% of all resections for stage I NSCLC) with ppoFEV1<40% underwent resection of stage I NSCLC. The 17 patients who underwent anatomical segmentectomy were individually matched to 17 patients operated by lobectomy on the bases of gender, age, use of VATS, tumour location and respiratory function. We compared their perioperative course, tumour recurrence and survival. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in hospital mortality (one case in each group), complications or hospital stay. Overall 5-year survival was 69%. There were no differences in recurrence rates (18% in both groups) or survival (64% after lobectomy and 70% after segmentectomy). There was preservation of pulmonary function after segmentectomy (median gain of 12%) compared to lobectomy (median loss of 12%) (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical segmentectomy allowed for surgical resection in patients with stage I NSCLC and impaired respiratory reserve without compromising oncological results but with preservation in respiratory function.     

微创外科技术在中央型肺癌治疗中的应用

微创手术有助于减少手术创伤和疼痛,帮助患者康复,改善生活质量。包括胸腔镜和机器人在内的微创肺切除术目前主要用于早期周围型肺癌的外科治疗,中央型肺癌由于肿瘤位置、淋巴结转移和治疗模式等原因,手术难度较大、技术要求较高,尤其是袖状切除术和全肺切除术,大多需要开胸手术切除。随着微创手术技术的不断进步,近年来临床上开始尝试将其应用于中央型肺癌的外科治疗,其可行性和安全性已得到初步结果证明,代表了微创胸肺癌外科的发展方向。但仍需要更多研究结果证实其功能优越性和肿瘤学效果,让更多肺癌患者从外科技术的进步中获益。