经皮肾镜气压弹道超声碎石术治疗肾结石及护理配合

目的 探讨经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术(PCNL)治疗肾结石的疗效及护理配合经验.方法 56例肾结石患者,B超引导下建立经皮肾穿刺通道,PCNL治疗肾结石.结果 56例患者中40例1期取净结石,5例1周后2期取净结石,11例肾盏内有小块结石残留,经体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗后治愈,无严重手术并发症发生.结论 PC-NL治疗肾结石具有微创损伤,恢复快、并发症少、安全高效、结石清除率高的优点.器械的正确、熟练使用及术中密切的护理配合是手术取得成功的保证.     

超声引导经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术在治疗复杂性肾结石中的应用

目的探讨超声定位引导经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术治疗复杂肾结石的疗效及其安全性。方法 2009年5月至2011年2月,采用超声引导经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术治疗56例复杂肾结石患者,均在B超引导下穿刺并扩张建立F24皮肾通道,应用瑞士EMS三代气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统在肾镜下进行碎石清石,术中B超检查示有残留结石的患者,则在B超引导下进入结石位置肾盏进行碎石清石。结果手术的时间为40～160 min,平均手术时间为(68.2士4.7)min;术中失血量为20～800 ml,平均失血量为(70.3±3.5)ml。45例患者一期经皮肾镜碎石(PCNL)取净所有结石,一期净石率为80.3%;11例患者接受二期碎石,总净石率94.6%(53/56)。结论超声引导下经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术是治疗复杂肾结石的有效安全的方法,术中B超检查有助于检出和清除残留结石。     

超声引导经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗复杂肾结石

目的 评价超声引导经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统治疗复杂肾结石的临床疗效和安全性.方法 2007年6月～2007年12月采用经皮肾穿刺造瘘,气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统治疗68例复杂肾结石,对结石清除率和并发症等进行统计分析.结果 72例侧结石,Ⅰ期取石64例(88.9%),Ⅱ期取石8例(11.1%).平均手术时间82min;平均碎石、取石时问50min,Ⅰ期取净结石者术后住院6～10 d,平均7.4 d;60例侧结石取净,总结石取净率83.3%;术后发热、感染6例;1例术中出血较多,术后输血400 mL;无其他严重并发症.4例肾盏内残留结石于术后1个月行体外冲击波碎石1、2次,均顺利排出体外.结论 标准通道经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统.将经皮肾镜的微创与高效率的碎石清石联为一体,术中出血及并发症少,结石清除率高,可重复取石,是治疗复杂肾结石的理想方法 .     

经皮肾镜肾结石气压弹道超声碎石术的手术配合

目的探讨经皮肾镜下肾结石气压弹道超声碎石术手术配合及护理.方法对52例经皮肾穿刺置入造瘘通道患者,采用经皮肾镜气压弹道超声碎石治疗肾结石.结果结石1次碎石取净49例,5d后2次碎石取净2例,结石残留率5.8%,术中及术后无并发症发生.结论充分做好术前准备,术中熟练应用和密切配合是手术成功的关键.     

经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术的护理

目的探讨经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术的护理。方法对202例泌尿系结石患者采用经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗,分别于术前、术中进行护理干预。结果 202例肾结石,单侧结石清除时间35～115min,平均45min。结石粉碎率100.0%,结石取净率89.8%（53/59）。平均失血量为（76±33）mL。术后5～7d拔除肾造瘘管,拔除肾造瘘管3d后拔除导尿管,术后1个月左右拔除双J管。术后住院5～14d,平均8d。194例一期完成（92.6%）;4例有结石残留;3例行二期经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）;1例因结石巨大（直径约8.5cm）,行二期PCNL共2次取石和体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）辅助碎石。结论对经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石患者,加强术前及术后护理,能减少并发症的发生,促进患者早日康复。     

经皮肾镜治疗肾结石102例临床报告

目的 探讨B超引导下经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石的方法、疗效和安全性.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月～2008年12月B超引导下经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石102例患者的临床资料.结果 102例患者手术时间45～110min,平均90min,1次结石清除90例,占88.2%,经再次碎石、清石或体外碎石后,98例次治愈,占96.1%.术后并发症:发热39例,血尿96例,无术后严重出血需要栓塞治疗的患者,未发生周围脏器损伤、肾穿孔、尿瘘等并发症.结论 采用经皮肾镜下超声联合气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石清除率高,并发症少,充分体现出其高效、安全的特点,值得临床推广应用.     

B超引导标准通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术的临床价值

152例肾结石患者均在B超引导下进行标准通道经皮肾镜超声联合气压弹道碎石清石术。结果152例均成功建立F24皮肾通道并进行Ⅰ期碎石,平均手术时间85min,平均取石时间55min。137例取石干净,净石率90.1%;有结石残留的15例中,11例辅行体外冲击波碎石术,4例口服排石药物,并最终治愈。所有患者于术中、术后均未出现大出血、肠道损伤、气胸等严重并发症。B超引导穿刺的标准通道经皮肾镜超声气压弹道碎石清石术治疗肾结石高效、安全,值得临床推广。     

经皮肾镜肾结石气压弹道超声碎石术的手术配合

目的:探讨经皮肾镜下肾结石气压弹道超声碎石术手术配合及护理。方法:对52例经皮肾穿刺置入造瘘通道患者,采用经皮肾镜气压弹道超声碎石治疗肾结石。结果:结石1次碎石取净49例,5d后2次碎石取净2例,结石残留率5.8%,术中及术后无并发症发生。结论:充分做好术前准备,术中熟练应用和密切配合是手术成功的关键。     

微创手术治疗小儿上尿路结石144例分析

目的 探讨微创手术治疗小儿上尿路结石的疗效,提高手术的成功率,降低并发症.方法 回顾性分析144例小儿上尿路结石的临床资料,经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗108例,经输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术(URL)治疗36例.结果 PCNL:术后出血4例,结石残存6例,再次行体外冲击波碎石排出;URL:术后出血2例,泌尿系感染1例,输尿管轻度狭窄1例,均保守治疗治愈.结论 微创手术治疗小儿上尿路结石具有操作简单、创伤小、安全、并发症少、碎石确切、结石清除率高的特点.     

经皮肾镜气压弹道超声碎石术的护理配合

经皮肾镜气压弹道超声碎石术(以下简称超声碎石)是我院近年开展的微创手术,与经皮肾输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术相比,具有高效、结石清除率高等优点,是治疗肾复杂结石的重要方法.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.