胃镜NBI对Barrett食管黏膜象观察的应用研究

目的 探讨胃镜NBI对Barrett食管黏膜象观察的应用价值.方法 对72例经胃镜诊断为内镜Barrett食管的患者,依次在普通胃镜和胃镜NBI下观察食管黏膜病变轮廓、腺管开口结构并计算图像清晰度评分,在NBI下改变最显著部位靶向活检行病理学检查.结果 在观察病变轮廓方面,NBI与普通胃镜间差异有显著性,NBI比普通胃镜清晰;对于腺管开口结构的观察中,NBI优于普通胃镜.72例中内镜表现类型以岛状型多见,病理类型以胃底型多见,而腺管开口形态不规则的9例均为特殊肠化生型.结论 NBI对Barrett食管病变轮廓、腺管开口结构显示清晰,有助于提高病变的靶向活检准确率,且操作转换简单易行.     

醋酸染色联合内镜智能分光比色技术对检测Barrett食管上皮和Barrett相关性肿瘤的价值

目的探讨醋酸染色联合内镜智能分光比色技术(FICE)技术在Barrett食管(BE)和Barrett相关性肿瘤的作用。方法选择60例经胃镜检查诊断为BE患者,分别采用普通模式、醋酸染色联合FICE模式对病变形态、腺管开口分型及毛细血管形态观察,对病变作出诊断,并与病理组织学诊断相比较。结果醋酸联合FICE对BE腺管开口形态及毛细血管结构清晰度均优于普通放大内镜(P=0.00<0.05);高级别上皮内瘤变和癌的病例中,不规则的黏膜形态在普通模式组和醋酸染色联合FICE组中的阳性率分别是16.7%、100%,不规则血管形态的阳性率分别是16.7%、83.3%;醋酸染色联合FICE对Barrett食管肿瘤性病变诊断符合率为93.3%、敏感性91.6%、特异性93.8%,与普通放大内镜相比在符合率、敏感性上差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论醋酸染色联合FICE可清楚观察BE黏膜病变形态、腺管开口形态及毛细血管结构,对于提高诊断Barrett相关性肿瘤病变的准确性具有良好的临床实用价值。     

内镜窄带成像技术在大肠息肉样病变诊断中的价值

目的将内镜窄带成像技术(NBI)、染色内镜检查结果与病理学检查结果进行对比,探讨NBI在大肠息肉样病变诊断中的价值。方法选择2010年6月～2011年3月行结肠镜检查发现大肠息肉样病变的患者46例。分别采用常规模式、NBI模式及染色方法对病变进行黏膜表面细微腺管开口(pit)形态分型及微血管(CP)形态分型,与病理检查结果进行比较分析。结果在46例患者发现息肉样病变54个。NBI与普通内镜对病变轮廓、pit及CP图像清晰度比较差异均有显著性(P0.01),NBI明显优于普通内镜。NBI与染色内镜对病变轮廓与CP的显示差异均有显著性(P0.01),NBI优于染色内镜;两者在病变表面pit的观察方面差异无显著性(P0.05)。NBI内镜下pit分型对大肠肿瘤性病变诊断的准确率、敏感性、特异性分别为90.7%、90.9%和90.0%,CP分型对大肠肿瘤性病变诊断的准确率、敏感性、特异性分别为92.6%、95.3%和81.8%。结论 NBI内镜能更为清晰地显示大肠息肉样病变轮廓、腺管开口及微血管形态;能较好地区分大肠肿瘤与非肿瘤性病变;操作转换简单易行。     

窄带成像结合放大内镜对110例结肠息肉的观察分析

目的运用窄带成像(NBI)结合放大内镜对结肠息肉进行观察分析,比较其在腺管开口形态及病理学类型的差异。方法肠息肉患者110例,共留取147个病理组织学活检样本,利用NBI结合放大内镜技术观察结肠息肉腺管开口类型、微血管形态与肿瘤性息肉的关系,并与病理组织学比较,分析肿瘤性息肉的诊断符合率、敏感性及特异性。结果肿瘤性息肉的腺管分型多为Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型。对肿瘤性息肉的诊断符合率、敏感性及特异性(91.16%、88.37%、95.08%)均高于普通肠镜(80.27%、79.07%、81.97%),且NBI放大内镜诊断上皮内瘤变及早癌的准确率也明显高于普通内镜,差异均有统计学意义。结论 NBI结合放大内镜能更清楚地观察到息肉表面的腺管开口及表面微血管形态,有利于结肠息肉样肿瘤性病变的诊断。     

窄带成像技术诊断Barrett食管的临床应用价值

目的:通过对Barrett食管(BE)在窄带内镜下的图像特征与组织学的一致性进行比较,探讨窄带成像技术(NBI)诊断BE的临床应用价值.方法:对76例临床拟诊BE的患者进行NBI检查,根据黏膜和血管的形态行NBI图像分类,并与组织病理学进行比较.结果:在NBI模式下,对BE诊断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值分别为74.2%、78.6%和93.9%,明显高于常规内镜.与组织学比较,无肠化生的BE,NBI下黏膜形态多表现为A型,高级别黏膜内瘤变(HGD)的黏膜形态全表现为D型,而肠化生(SIM)和低级别黏膜内瘤变(LGD)两者的黏膜形态多表现为C型.结论:NBI可明显提高对BE诊断的准确率,且与组织学有较好的一致性.     

早期胃癌52例内镜诊治分析

目的探讨早期胃癌内镜诊断方法的有效性及临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析52例早期胃癌内镜下表现及窄带成像技术(NBI)、靛胭脂染色后病变及周边组织表现特征,对放大模式下病变黏膜微细形态分型并观察微血管形态,于病变处取活检行组织病理学检查,部分经超声内镜检查后行大片黏膜切除术,并将整块标本再送病理检查,结合病理结果评价内镜下早期胃癌各种诊断方法的可靠性。结果 52例早期胃癌胃镜下表现各不相同,其中Ⅰ型16例,Ⅱa型14例、Ⅱb型5例、Ⅱc型10例,Ⅲ型7例;65.4%位于胃窦部(34/52)、15.4%位于胃角(8/52)、11.5%位于窦体交界(6/52)、7.7%位于贲门及贲门下(4/52)。靛胭脂及NBI染色在放大模式下根据腺管开口形态诊断早期胃癌符合率分别为88.46%(46/52)、71.15%(37/52),两者比较差异有显著性,P<0.05;而病变黏膜微血管形态NBI染色明显优于靛胭脂。结论内镜不同诊断方法联合应用可提高早期胃癌诊断率,指导内镜活检的准确性,在临床有较大的应用价值。     

窄带成像内镜对胃良恶性溃疡的诊断价值研究

目的 观察研究窄带成像技术(NBI)对内镜下胃良、恶性溃疡的鉴别诊断价值.方法 对58例常规胃镜检查发现胃溃疡的患者依次采用常规模式、NBI模式及靛胭脂染色放大方法进行观察,重点观察溃疡周边黏膜的胃小凹及微血管,评价各捡查方法图像的清晰度,于改变最显著部位活检行病理学检查.结果 58例胃溃疡患者中,良性溃疡37例,恶性溃疡21例.在观察溃疡轮廓方面,NBI与染色内镜或普通内镜之间差异有显著性,NBI最清晰;对于溃疡周边黏膜胃小凹的形态观察,NBI或染色内镜均优于普通内镜;在对溃疡周边黏膜微血管的观察中,NBI具有绝对优势.YBI模式下,胃小凹形态分为6种类型,恶性溃疡周边黏膜胃小凹多为Ⅵ型,此型与胃癌病理学诊断符合率达94.8%,敏感性90.5%、特异性97.3%.NBI放大内镜下86.5%(32/37)的良性溃疡周边黏膜微血管走形规则,85.7%(18/21)的恶性胃溃疡周边黏膜可观察到不规则走形的微血管.结论 NBI,电子染色,操作简便,对胃溃疡轮廓显示清晰,放大后更可清晰观察到溃疡周边黏膜的胃小凹及微血管形态,有助于提高胃癌的靶向活检准确率,时提高早期胃癌的检出率具有潜在的重要意义.     

大肠黏膜病变腺管开口类型及其与微血管密度的关系

目的 探讨染色放大内镜下大肠黏膜腺管开口类型及其与微血管密度（MVD）的相关性,为进一步研究大肠癌发生发展提供理论依据.方法 对普通电子结肠镜检查发现的176例结肠黏膜外观异常的患者及15例结肠黏膜外观正常的病例,应用染色放大内镜,结合化学染色,对大肠黏膜腺管开口行Kudos分型,病变黏膜随后行黏膜活检或黏膜切除、常规病理检查及免疫组化测量其MVD;分析黏膜腺管开口类型与MVD的关系.结果 176例大肠黏膜病变中,染色放大内镜发现腺管开口形态为Ⅰ型27例、Ⅱ型35例、ⅢL型54例、Ⅳ型49例和Ⅴ型11例;病理诊断黏膜炎性病变28例,增生性息肉36例,管状腺瘤53例,绒毛状腺瘤48例及大肠癌11例;15例正常黏膜腺管开口均为Ⅰ型,炎性病变腺管开口以Ⅰ型为主,增生性息肉腺管开口以Ⅱ型为主,管状腺瘤和绒毛状腺瘤的腺管开口分别以ⅢL型和Ⅳ型为主,11例大肠癌则均表现为Ⅴ型腺管开口,黏膜腺管开口类型与大肠癌变之间具有相关性（rp=0.964,P〈0.001）,且大肠黏膜病变腺管分级与MVD值也呈正相关,分级越高,MVD值也越高（rp=0.943,P〈0.001）.Ⅴ型腺管开口MVD值显著高于其他类型开口（P〈0.05）;当MVD值≥30时,有助于大肠癌的诊断.结论 大肠黏膜腺管开口类型与组织病理学改变及MVD均有明显相关性,MVD越高癌变可能性越大,腺管开口形态联合MVD,有助于大肠癌的早期诊断.     

胃食管反流病食管乳头内毛细血管环的形态学研究

目的 探讨胃食管反流病(GERD)患者食管下段乳头内毛细血管环(IPCL)形态模式在GERD诊断中的应用价值.方法 对非糜烂性食管炎(NERD)患者20例、糜烂性食管炎(EE)患者20例和10名健康志愿者在白光和NBI模式下观察食管下段黏膜,再应用NBI模式放大内镜观察食管下段黏膜IPCL形态并进行分型.结果 NERD组患者24 h食管pH监测阳性率为55%,EE组为95%,NERD组显著低于EE组,健康对照组均为阴性;放大内镜NBI模式下健康对照组食管PCL呈茶色规律排列的卷发状、小螺旋状.NERD组85%及EE组100%食管IPCL形态为Ⅱ型,但仍排列规律,与健康对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 食管ICPL形态特异性改变有助于GERD的内镜诊断.     

非糜烂性反流病食管乳头内毛细血管环形态的观察与护理

对40例非糜烂性反流病(NERD)患者和40名健康志愿者行24 h食管pH监测,采用放大内镜窄波成像(NBI)模式观察食管下段黏膜食管乳头内毛细血管环(IPCL)形态并进行分型.结果 80例受检者顺利完成内镜检查.NERD 组患者24 h 食管pH 监测阳性率为55%,健康对照组均为阴性.放大内镜NBI 模式下,NERD 组食管IPCL形态改变与健康对照组比较有显著性差异(P< 0.01).认为食管IPCL形态特异性改变有助于NERD 的内镜诊断.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.