后腹腔镜切开取石治疗肾盂输尿管上段结石并重度肾积水

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石治疗肾盂输尿管上段结石并重度肾积水的可行性及手术方法。方法对21例病例采用后腹腔镜治疗,其中肾盂结石3例,输尿管上段结石18例,1例肾盂、2例输尿管结石移位至主动脉或腔静脉的前方或内侧,所有病例合并重度积水,其中5例为巨大肾积水,3例肾积脓。结果所有21例结石均经后腹腔镜完成。手术时间60～220min,平均100min,出血10～100mL,平均30mL。1例肾积脓者术后切口感染,7例术后漏尿1～7d,腹膜后引流管术后4～8d拔除。术后2～6个月随访,肾积水均不同程度好转,肾盂输尿管未见狭窄。结论对于长期梗阻导致重度或巨大肾积水和(或)合并肾积脓的肾外型肾盂结石及输尿管上段结石,后腹腔镜切开取石治疗是安全可行而有效的方法,可代替开放手术。     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术79例临床分析

目的 探讨后腹腔镜榆尿管切开取石术的技术要点及临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析后腹腔镜榆尿管切开取石术79例.结果 2例术中改开放手术,余77例取石成功;手术时间65～150min,(平均90min),术中出血量30～60 mL,(平均40 mL).术后无漏尿发生.58例获随访2～36个月,B超及IVU检查证实患者肾盂积水及肾功能好转,所有病例无输尿管切开处狭窄,结石无复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术效果确切,损伤小,患者术后恢复快,可部分取代传统的开放性输尿管切开取石术.     

后腹腔镜技术治疗巨大肾积水

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在治疗巨大肾积水中的临床价值。方法该组29例,其中肾盂结石5例,先天性肾盂输尿管交界处狭窄4例,输尿管上段结石11例,输尿管中段结石3例,输尿管上段狭窄2例,中下段狭窄3例,输尿管中段结石并肾盂癌1例。均行后腹腔镜手术,肾切除术18例,肾输尿管全切术1例,离断性肾盂成形术3例,输尿管上段狭窄段切除再吻合1例,肾盂切开取石术1例,输尿管切开取石术4例,输尿管上段切开取石加肾折叠术1例。结果29例手术均成功,手术时间30～245min,术中出血20～600mL。行肾切除者术后2～4d拔除切口引流管,保留肾者术后4～8d无漏尿后拔除引流管,1个月后取出双J管。住院时间7～12d,平均9.2d。随访6～41个月,无严重并发症,保留肾者肾积水均明显减轻,患肾功能均好转。结论后腹腔镜技术治疗巨大肾积水安全,微创,恢复快,可根据不同病情选择手术方式,一般可取代开放手术。     

后腹腔镜肾盂切开取石术治疗肾盂结石的临床体会

目的 探讨后腹腔镜肾盂切开取石术治疗肾盂结石的临床体会.方法 回顾性分析后腹腔镜肾盂切开取石术60例.结果 59例取石成功,1例术中改开放手术;手术时间60～160 min,平均(88±12)min,术中出血量80～200 mL,平均(108±25)mL,术后无漏尿发生,术后复查B超提示肾盂结石已清除.结论 后腹腔镜肾盂切开取石术效果确切,损伤小,出血少,结石清除极高,患者术后恢复快,适合肾外形肾盂、肾积水不明显、既往无腹腔镜手术史及结石大的肾盂结石,可部分取代经皮肾镜取石术及传统的开放性肾盂切开取石术.     

经皮肾输尿管镜和后腹腔镜治疗输尿管上段结石的临床体会

目的 探讨经皮肾输尿管镜取石和后腹腔镜榆尿管上段切开取石技术要点和临床价值.方法 回顾分析243例输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料,其中经皮肾榆尿管镜取石(m-PCNL)145例,后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石(RLU)98例.结果 m-PCNL组1次成功取石132例,一次性净石率为91.03%(132/145).手术时间60～180 min,平均(85±15)min.术中出血量约80～300 mL,平均(102±23)mL.12例有碎石残留需ESWL治疗.RLU组1次成功取石92例,一次性净石率为93.88%(92/98).手术时间50～120 min,平均(65±16)min.术中出血量约45～120 mL,平均(60±15)mL.术后3例出现漏尿,经留置尿管及肾周引流管后治愈.结论 m-PCNL和RLU均是治疗输尿管上段结石安全有效的手术方法 .m-PCNL创伤小,结石取净率高,适用于较大、质硬、靠近肾孟的输尿管结石和既往有腹膜后手术史的患者.RLU取石效果确切,损伤小,术后并发症少,恢复快,适合结石大、离肾孟较远、肾积水不明显的输尿管上段结石,可部分替代传统的开放性输尿管上段切开取石术.     

后腹腔镜术治疗输尿管结石10例

目的 探讨后腹腔镜榆尿管切开取石术的适应证选择及手术技巧.方法 回顾性分析10例后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的临床资料.男7例,女3例;输尿管上段结石9例,中段结石1例.结果 10例患者取石均成功,手术时间90～120n血,平均95min,术中出血量30～50mL,平均45mL.术后有9例漏尿1～3d,全部患者术后3～5d拔除后腹膜腔引流管,术后住院3～5 d.随访4～19个月,所有患者肾输尿管积水明显好转,无结石复发和输尿管切开缝合处狭窄.结论 后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术作为ESWL或URL治疗输尿管结石失败的补救措施,可部分取代传统的开放性手术.     

后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术21例

目的:探讨后腹腔镜下肾盂输尿管切开取石术的方法。方法:回顾分析后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术21例患者的临床资料,其中肾盂结石3例,输尿管上段结石16例,输尿管中段结石2例;右侧13例,左侧8例;均在全身麻醉下手术,术中留置双J管并缝合切口。结果:20例取石成功,1例肾盂结石中转开放。手术时间55~190 min,平均85 min;术中失血20~55 mL,平均37 mL;术后次日可下床活动,1~2 d肛门排气,2~3 d拔除腹膜后引流管,5~7 d拔导尿管,无尿漏发生,术后住院时间6~7 d,3~4周后经膀胱镜拔除双J管。随访3~18个月,B超显示肾积水明显好转或消失。结论:后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术是治疗肾盂及输尿管中上段结石安全有效的微创手术方式,术后恢复快。     

后腹腔镜技术治疗输尿管结石的临床价值

目的 探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析45例后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的临床资料.结果 45例患者取石均成功,手术时间40～70 min,平均45 min,术中出血量20～40mL,平均25 mL.术后有7例漏尿1～3 d,全部患者术后3～5 d拔除后腹膜腔引流管,术后住院时间3～5 d.随访2～12个月,所有患者肾榆尿管积水明显好转,无结石复发和输尿管切开缝合处狭窄.结论 后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术作为体外冲击波碎石术或输尿管气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石失败的补救措施,可部分取代传统的开放性手术.     

腹腔镜肾盂成形术中联合输尿管镜取石术

目的 评价腹腔镜肾盂成形术中联合输尿管镜取石术的可行性及临床价值。方法 采用经腹途径施行腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术联合输尿管镜取石术治疗输尿管肾盂连接部梗阻（UPJO）合并肾盏结石9例。男7例,女2例。重度积水6例,中度积水3例,上盏结石3例,中盏结石4例,下盏结石2例。结果 9例手术均获成功。手术时间120～200 min,平均140 min;出血量40～150 mL,平均70 mL。术后住院时间7～10 d,平均8.2 d。术后无漏尿,无结石残留。随访6～12个月,UPJ吻合口无狭窄,肾积水减轻,其中,中度积水2例,轻度5例,肾积水消失2例。肾功能均有明显改善。结论 经腹途径施行腹腔镜肾盂成形术中联合输尿管镜取石术疗效确切,有一定临床应用价值。     

后腹腔镜治疗输尿管中上段结石32例报告

目的 总结后腹腔镜输尿管中上段切开取石术的经验.方法 对行后腹腔镜下输尿管中上段切开取石术的32例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 手术均取得成功,手术时间70-180min,失血量20-100mL.术后随访3-12个月,患者肾、输尿管积水消失或好转,无漏尿、结石残留、榆尿管狭窄等并发症.结论 后腹腔镜输尿管中上段切开取石术具创伤小、恢复快、具有可操作性等优点,值得推广.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.