体外冲击波碎石术配合气压弹道经尿道前列腺电切术治疗前列腺增生症合并膀胱大结石31例

目的 探讨微创治疗前列腺增生症合并膀胱大结石的疗效.方法 术前体外冲击波碎石术配合气压弹道经尿道前列腺电切术治疗31例前列腺增生症合并膀胱大结石患者,观察疗效.结果 31例患者体外冲击波碎石术碎石成功27例,配合气压弹道碎石经尿道前列腺电切术全部成功.无并发症,无结石残留,术中碎石时间小于25 min.结论 此方法安全可靠,此方法前列腺增生症合并膀胱大结石患者明显缩短了手术时间.     

经尿道同期治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石——附31例报告

目的 总结经尿道气化电切术、经尿道等离子体双极电切术结合弹道碎石治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石的疗效.方法 采用经尿道气化电切术、经尿道等离子体双极电切术结合弹道碎石治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石31例患者。结果 所有患者均1次治疗成功，无膀胱穿孔等并发症，术后随访3个月，排尿功能恢复正常。结论 经尿道气化电切术、经尿道等离子体双极电切术结合弹道碎石治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石是一种安全高效的治疗方法。     

前列腺增生症合并膀胱结石的微创治疗

目的探讨经尿道气压弹道碎石联合前列腺电切术（TURP）治疗良性前列腺增生（BPH）合并膀胱结石的疗效。方法对20例BPH合并膀胱结石患者采用经尿道气压弹道碎石联合TURP治疗。结果20例患者均一次手术成功,无膀胱穿孔、电切综合征、大出血及感染等并发症,术后复查B超、腹部X线立位平片未见膀胱内结石残留,清石率达100%。结论经尿道气压弹道碎石联合TURP治疗BPH合并膀胱结石安全、高效、创伤小、恢复快,是治疗BPH并发膀胱结石的理想方法。     

经尿道前列腺电切术联合肾镜下超声气压弹道碎石清石术治疗良性前列腺增生伴膀胱结石

目的探讨腔内治疗良性前列腺增生（BPH）伴发膀胱结石的有效方法。方法采用经尿道前列腺电切术（TULIP）联合肾镜下超声气压弹道碎石清石术治疗BPH并发膀胱结石60例。结果60例患者均一次手术成功,无膀胱穿孔、TURP综合征及严重感染等并发症发生。术后复查腹部平片,膀胱内均未见结石残留,清石率达100％。结论TURP联合肾镜下超声气压弹道碎石清石术治疗BPH伴发膀胱结石,创伤小、恢复快、安全高效,是治疗BPH伴发膀胱结石的理想方法。     

经尿道气压弹道-超声碎石清石术联合前列腺等离子切除术治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石

目的:探讨经尿道气压弹道-超声碎石清石术联合前列腺等离子切除术(PKRP)治疗前列腺增生(BPH)合并膀胱结石的疗效.方法:采用经尿道气压弹道-超声碎石清石术联合PKRP治疗BPH合并膀胱结石31例.B超测定前列腺体积(55.8±5.6)mL,残余尿量(56.9±6.6)mL,国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS评分)(23.8±1.4)分,生活质量评分(QOL评分)(5.0±0.6)分,最大尿流率(Qmax)(8.5±1.3)mL/s.膀胱结石直径15～40 mm,其中单发结石16例,2枚结石8例.3枚以上7例,结石数量最多为9枚.结果:所有患者一次碎石清石成功,结石清除率100%.碎石清石时间(18±3.4)min,PKRP时间(60±18)min,切除前列腺重量(26.8±3.6)g,术后导尿管留置时间3～8 d.术后6个月随访,IPSS评分(4.6±1.0)分,QOL评分(1.2±0.6)分,Qmax(22.4±4.6)ml/s,B超检查无结石残留,残余尿量(8.6±3.4)mL.结论:经尿道气压弹道-超声碎石清石术联合PKRP治疗BPH合并膀胱结石能最大限度地体现经尿道手术的优点,是一种高效、安全的方法.     

TUVP配合气压弹道碎石术治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石(附5例报告)

目的 :探讨经尿道前列腺汽化电切术 (TUVP)配合气压弹道碎石术治疗良性前列腺增生 (BPH)并膀胱结石的疗效。方法 :采用TUVP结合气压弹道碎石术治疗BPH并膀胱结石 5例 ,结果均一次治疗成功 ,无膀胱穿孔 ,术后大出血等并发症 ,术后 1个月复查最大尿流率平均 >1 6 .2ml/s。结论 :TUVP结合气压弹道碎石术是治疗BPH并膀胱结石一种安全、有效的方法     

采用经尿道等离子体双极电切术同期治疗良性前列腺增生症合并膀胱肿瘤

目的:探讨经尿道等离子体双极电切术同期治疗膀胱肿瘤合并良性前列腺增生的可行性。方法:23例良性前列腺增生合并膀胱肿瘤患者,行同期经尿道前列腺及膀胱肿瘤等离子体双极电切术并随访观察疗效。结果:术后均未发生经尿道电切综合征,术后3个月患者国际前列腺症状评分由术前的23.6±7.2下降至5.1±0.9,最大尿流率由术前的(5.6±3.4)mL/s提高至(20.2±3.8)mL/s,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。随访5～52个月,3例术后膀胱肿瘤复发,复发部位均不在后尿道、前列腺窝。结论:膀胱肿瘤合并前列腺增生患者采用经尿道等离子体双极电切术同期手术治疗安全、可靠,免除了患者二次手术的痛苦。     

高龄前列腺增生患者合并膀胱结石同期处理的治疗评价

目的评价前列腺增生合并膀胱结石同期处理的治疗方法。方法56例患者分为两组,开放手术组采用经耻骨上膀胱小切口取膀胱结石,再行经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)。气压弹道碎石组先经尿道气压弹道碎石,再行TURP。结果开放手术组患者均一次取石成功,取石时间9～20min,无膀胱出血、膀胱切口渗尿、切口感染等并发症,未出现TURP综合征。术后膀胱冲洗液1、2d转清,造瘘管在5d内拔除,尿管8d内拔除。气压弹道碎石组:改为耻骨上膀胱切开取石术1例,其余患者均一次治疗成功。除碎石时膀胱黏膜有散在充血、水肿外,无1例膀胱穿孔,手术历时50～90min,其中碎石时间10～30min,前列腺手术时间一般控制在60min以内,未发生TURP综合征,未行膀胱造瘘。术后尿液转清时间2、3d,所有患者均于术后48h停止膀胱冲洗,术后5～7d拔除尿管。术中发生尿道损伤率为6.7%,无膀胱损伤穿孔,术后随访3～28个月尿道狭窄发生率为3.3%,采用尿道扩张后治愈。结论开放手术联合TURP、气压弹道碎石联合TURP均可对前列腺增生合并膀胱结石进行同期处理,均为安全有效的方法。     

同期腔内治疗前列腺增生并膀胱结石的临床观察

目的探讨同期腔内治疗前列腺增生（BPH）并膀胱结石的临床疗效。方法2005年6月至2009年7月期间,对32例前列腺增生并发膀胱结石患者采用经尿道膀胱结石气压弹道碎石治疗同时进行经尿道前列腺电切（TURP）术,术后观察其治疗效果。结果32例手术均顺利完成。术中无膀胱穿孔及大出血,术中、术后无电切综合征发生,无结石残留,手术时间50～90min（其中TURP时间30～60min）,术后患者恢复好,未见结石复发及尿失禁和尿道狭窄等并发症。结论同期采用气压弹道碎石和经尿道前列腺电切术是治疗前列腺增生并膀胱结石的一种高效、安全的手术方法。明显缩短了手术时间,减少了并发症。     

经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切联合气压弹道/超声碎石术治疗良性前列腺增生症合并膀胱结石86例效果观察

目的评价经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切(TUPKRP)联合气压弹道/超声碎石术治疗良性前列腺增生症(BPH)合并膀胱结石的临床效果。方法2007年3月至2009年4月,采用TUPKRP联合气压弹道/超声碎石术治疗BPH合并膀胱结石患者86例。结果86例均手术成功,膀胱结石均一次性清除;手术时间45～150min,平均89min,其中膀胱结石清除时间为11～48min,平均29min;术中无膀胱破裂、严重失血、电切综合征等严重并发症发生;术后4～5天拔除导尿管,其中79例排尿通畅,最大尿流率(Qmax)15ml/s;7例排尿不畅,Qmax6ml/s,给予膀胱造瘘、药物治疗和膀胱训练2～3个月后排尿通畅。结论TUPKRP联合气压弹道/超声碎石术治疗BPH合并膀胱结石安全有效,手术操作简单,术后并发症少,可避免开放手术所致的伤口感染,是治疗BPH合并膀胱结石的理想方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.