后腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术（附17例报告）

目的：探讨后腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术的临床价值。方法：采用后腹腔镜技术对17例肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）患者实施离断式肾盂成形术。结果：17例手术全部成功,手术时间95-165 min,平均130 min,术中出血20-90 mL,平均50 mL。术后15例随访3-16个月,IVU检查吻合口无狭窄,患肾积水减轻或消失,腰部疼痛消失。结论：后腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术创伤小、安全、有效,是肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）新的治疗选择,可替代传统的开放手术。     

后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻——附25例报告

目的:评价后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的临床疗效.方法:采用后腹腔离断性肾盂成形手术治疗25例肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻患儿.结果:25例手术均获成功,手术时间130～150 min,中位时间135 min,术中出血量15～40 mL,平均20 mL,住院时间5～8日,平均6日.术后3个月复查B超,肾积水有不同程度减轻,术后半年,静脉肾盂造影检查肾盂输尿管吻合口均未见梗阻、狭窄.结论:后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄具有微创、安全、有效、术后恢复快等优点.     

后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术(附19例报告)

目的 评价后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)的临床疗效及其可行性.方法 采用后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术对19例诊断为动力性梗阻的肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)狭窄患者(不包括因外在纤维索及异位血管压迫所致者)进行治疗.结果 19例手术均获成功,无1例中转改开放手术,平均手术时间165 min( 125～245 min);出血量78 mL(55～165 mL),均无输血.术后平均住院时间7.5d.2例出现尿漏,分别于术后11、12d消失.术后随访6～36个月(平均26个月),IVP检查UPJ吻合口未见狭窄,手术侧肾盂积水明显减轻或基本消失(中度积水3例、轻度积水5例、肾积水消失11例).结论 后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术具有术中创伤小、术后恢复快、疼痛减轻的优点,效果优于开放手术,是既安全又有效的微创手术方法.     

后腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术11例

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)的技术要点和临床价值.方法 回顾性分析后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术治疗UPJO 11例患者的临床资料及疗效.结果 手术均获成功,手术时间120～175min,平均150 min,术中出血量40～100mL,平均55 mL;术后8～11 d出院,平均住院时间9.3d.术后1个月拔除内支架管,随访3～6个月静脉肾盂造影提示造影剂通过良好,肾积水均得到明显改善.结论 后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术是治疗UPJO的一种安全有效的手术方法,其损伤小、恢复快、住院时间短、效果佳,值得推广.     

腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻

目的 评价腹腔镜下离断式肾盂输尿管成形术治疗肾盏输尿管连接处梗阻的临床疗效及其可行性.方法 采用腹腔镜下离断式肾盂输尿管成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻29例,其中采用经腹路径6例,腹腔后路径23例.结果 29例患者手术全部成功,手术时间70～130 min,平均110 min;术中出血量50～100 ml,平均80 ml;无严重并发症发生;术后住院6～11 d,平均7.6 d.29例随访3～15个月,平均6个月,肾积水均有不同程度好转,静脉尿路造影无吻合口狭窄.结论 腹腔镜下离断式肾孟输尿管成形术治疗肾孟输尿管连接处梗阻有效、可行,可以替代开放手术.     

腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术+肾脏折叠术治疗巨大肾积水的临床研究

目的探讨腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术+肾脏折叠术治疗巨大肾积水的方法、适应症及临床疗效。方法采用腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术+肾脏折叠术治疗巨大肾积水29例患者,其中左侧18例,右侧11例。29例均为肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄所致巨大肾积水,其中2例合并肾盂及输尿管上端结石、1例合并输尿管末端狭窄,5例为外院肾盂成形术后积水复发。结果 29例手术均获得成功。手术时间130～200min,平均150min;术中出血50～160ml,平均90ml;术后住院7～15d,平均9d。术后5个月及12个月复查提示患侧肾脏形态及功能较术前明显恢复。结论肾脏功能严重受损的巨大肾积水患者,手术切除患肾不是惟一的选择;解除病因的同时行腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术+肾脏折叠术,对于患肾形态功能恢复以及人文医学等层面均有积极的意义。     

腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻22例围术期护理

目的:探讨腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻患者围术期护理方法.方法:对22例肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻患者行腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术,并给予精心围术期护理.结果:本组患者手术成功率为100%,术后发生切口漏尿3例,穿刺孔出血1例,腹膜后出血1例,酸中毒2例,皮下气肿合并阴囊气肿1例,经积极处理后均痊愈.术后随访3～6个月,患者病情均有所改善,未出现术后输尿管再狭窄及其他并发症.结论:加强围术期护理可提高腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的治疗效果.     

腹腔镜肾盂成形术中联合输尿管镜取石术

目的 评价腹腔镜肾盂成形术中联合输尿管镜取石术的可行性及临床价值。方法 采用经腹途径施行腹腔镜离断式肾盂成形术联合输尿管镜取石术治疗输尿管肾盂连接部梗阻（UPJO）合并肾盏结石9例。男7例,女2例。重度积水6例,中度积水3例,上盏结石3例,中盏结石4例,下盏结石2例。结果 9例手术均获成功。手术时间120～200 min,平均140 min;出血量40～150 mL,平均70 mL。术后住院时间7～10 d,平均8.2 d。术后无漏尿,无结石残留。随访6～12个月,UPJ吻合口无狭窄,肾积水减轻,其中,中度积水2例,轻度5例,肾积水消失2例。肾功能均有明显改善。结论 经腹途径施行腹腔镜肾盂成形术中联合输尿管镜取石术疗效确切,有一定临床应用价值。     

后腹腔镜下离断肾盂成形术8例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜下离断肾盂成形术的临床效果。方法采用后腹腔径路对8例确诊为肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)的患者行腹腔镜下离断肾盂成形术。结果8例手术均获成功,手术时间110~165 min,平均130 min;出血量30~90 ml,平均55 ml。术后住院7~15 d,平均10 d。术后有2例患者出现暂时性漏尿。术后随访3~6个月,肾积水较术前均有所好转,无再手术病例。结论后腹腔镜下离断肾盂成形术是治疗UPJO有效、安全、微创的治疗方法。     

小儿先天性肾积水30例的手术治疗

目的:探讨小儿先天性肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄所致肾积水的手术治疗方法.方法:对25例轻、中度肾积水,肾功能未见明显损害者行离断性肾盂成形术;对3例重度肾积水伴肾功能损害者,先行肾造瘘术3个月后再行离断性肾盂成形术;对2例重度肾积水、广泛肾实质菲薄,术前检查提示无肾功能者行肾切除术.结果:行离断性肾盂成形术的25例及先行肾造瘘术3个月后再行离断性肾盂成形术的3例手术均成功;行肾切除术的2例术后恢复良好.结论:先天性肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄致肾积水患儿可根据肾积水及肾功能情况分别选用离断性肾盂成形术、先行肾造瘘术再行离断性肾盂成形术、肾切除术治疗.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.