内镜鼻胆管引流预防治疗性ERCP术后 胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症疗效分析

目的 探讨鼻胆管引流预防ERCP术后急性胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症的疗效.方法对泰州市人民医院行治疗性ERCP患者110例随机分成引流组和对照组,观察两组术后2h和术后24 h血淀粉酶值,比较高淀粉酶血症和术后急性胰腺炎发生率.结果引流组术后2h、术后24 h血淀粉酶值明显低于对照组(P＜0.01),引流组术后高淀粉酶血症明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),引流组无急性胰腺炎,常规治疗组有6例胰腺炎.结论鼻胆管引流能有效预防ERCP术后急性胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症.     

鼻胆管引流术在预防治疗性ERCP术后并发症的应用

目的探讨内镜下鼻胆管引流术在预防治疗性ERCP并发症的效果。方法分析2004年1月～2010年8月150例ERCP患者临床资料,其中76例于内镜治疗后行鼻胆管引流,74例患者未行鼻胆管引流。结果预防组术后4 h、24h分别有10例(13.2%)和5例(6.6%)发生高淀粉酶血症;对照组ERCP术后4 h、24 h分别有18例(24.3%)和10例(13.5%)发生高淀粉酶血症,ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症发生率,明显低于对照组。预防组1例(1.3%)发生轻症胰腺炎,对照组6例(8.1%)发生胰腺炎(P<0.05),急性胰腺炎发生率低于对照组。结论经内镜鼻胆管引流能够有效地预防ERCP术后急性胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的发生。     

小剂量奥曲肽对ERCP术后胰腺炎的预防作用观察

目的:观察小剂量奥曲肽治疗对ERCP术后胰腺炎的预防作用。方法:选取2014年10月～2017年10月我院收治的146例胰胆管疾病患者为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各73例。对照组术前给予常规治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予小剂量奥曲肽进行干预。观察两组ERCP术后血清淀粉酶水平、胰腺炎发生率及不良反应发生情况。结果:术前,两组血清淀粉酶水平比较无明显差异,P0.05;术后6 h两组血清淀粉酶水平均明显升高,随后逐渐下降,但24 h内仍高于术前,P0.05;观察组术后6 h、24 h血清淀粉酶水平均低于对照组,P0.05;观察组术后胰腺炎发生率低于对照组,P0.05;术后不良反应发生率比较,观察组为1.37%(1/73),对照组为15.07%(11/73),χ~2=44.813,P0.05。结论 :小剂量奥曲肽治疗可使患者血清淀粉酶升高缓慢,有效降低ERCP术后胰腺炎及不良反应发生率,疗效显著。     

生长抑素预防治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的疗效观察

目的:探讨生长抑素(和宁)对治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后高淀粉酶血症及急性胰腺炎的预防作用。方法:行治疗性ERCP患者共164例分为两组,生长抑素组76例,术前30min开始静滴生长抑素(生理盐水1000mL加生长抑素6mg维持24h静滴)。对照组88例,同样在同一时间内静滴不加生长抑素的相同量的液体。分别于术前、术后6h、术后24h测定血清淀粉酶,同时观察胰腺炎的临床表现。结果:生长抑素组术后6h血清淀粉酶水平明显较对照组低,分别为(175.13±140.48)IU/L、(304.81±232.94)IU/L(P<0.01),生长抑素组24h血清淀粉酶水平也明显较对照组低,分别为(113.34±100.12)IU/L、(201.09±180.50)IU/L(P<0.01)。术后6h高淀粉酶血症发生率两组分别为32.9%、48.9%(P<0.05),术后24h高淀粉酶血症发生率两组分别为13.2%、27.3%(P<0.01)。生长抑素组及对照组治疗性ERCP术后胰腺炎发生率分别为1.3%、8.0%(P<0.05)。结论:生长抑素对治疗性ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎有预防作用。     

内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术并发急性胰腺炎的预见性护理

目的探讨预防性护理在内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(ERCP)并发急性胰腺炎的应用效果。方法选取在本院行ERCP术的患者220例,随机分为观察组和对照组各110例,对照组给予常规护理干预,观察组在常规护理基础上实施预防性护理干预。比较2组患者急性胰腺炎发生率、高淀粉酶血症发生率和护理满意度。结果观察组急性胰腺炎发生率4. 5%低于对照组的17. 3%(P 0. 05);观察组高淀粉酶血症发生率8. 2%低于对照组的24. 5%(P 0. 05);观察组患者对护理的满意度88. 2%高于对照组的70. 9%(P 0. 05)。结论在ERCP术后实施预见性护理,可减少术后急性胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症的发生,提高患者对护理的满意度。     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎或高淀粉酶血症诊治分析

目的 探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后并发胰腺炎或高淀粉酶血症的诊断与治疗措施.方法 回顾性分析在我院行ERCP进行诊治的胆胰疾病患者共146例,总结术后胰腺炎或高淀粉酶血症的发生情况及有效防治措施.结果 146例ERCP术后共发生高淀粉酶血症95例,发生率为65.07％;发生急性胰腺炎者10例,占6.85％.ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症在术后3h达到高峰,多数在24h内恢复正常;10例胰腺炎患者均经治疗后痊愈.结论 ERCP术后胰腺炎或高淀粉酶血症发生率较高,但通过采取合理有效的防治措施可降低其发生率,防止ERCP术后并发症所引起的致命性的风险,提高安全性.     

诊治性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术151例分析

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术并发症情况。方法回顾分析广州军区广州总医院2008-02-2010-02行ERCP术151例患者,其中诊断性ERCP(诊断组)56例,治疗性ERCP(治疗组)95例。结果治疗组术后并发急性高淀粉酶血症24例(25.2%),急性胰腺炎5例(1.8%),并发急性胆管炎14例(14.7%),总并发症50例(52.6%),明显高于诊断组的5例(8.9%)、1例(1.8%)、2例(3.6%)和10例(17.8%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论治疗性ERCP术后并发症明显高于诊断性ERCP,应做好防治工作。     

生长抑素对ERCP术后胰腺功能的影响

目的探讨生长抑素预防经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的价值。方法 153例行ERCP的患者随机分为两组。对照组75例,给予常规治疗;治疗组78例,在对照组的基础上加用生长抑素治疗。观察术后淀粉酶及腹痛情况。结果治疗组术后6 h及24 h血清淀粉酶分别为(212.15±43.26)U/L、(128.24±35.62)U/L,对照组为(402.27±38.51)U/L、(214.35±41.28)U/L(P<0.01)。治疗组与对照组术后6 h、24 h高淀粉酶血症发生率分别为20.51%、11.54%和38.67%、26.67%(P<0.05);术后胰腺炎发生率分别为3.85%和16.00%(P<0.05)。结论生长抑素能有效预防ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎。     

鼻胆管引流对内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的预防结果

目的:探讨鼻胆管引流用于预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)后高淀粉酶血症和胰腺炎的临床效果。方法:将120例拟行ERCP的患者随机分为对照组和试验组,每组各60例。对照组患者在ERCP后,未给予鼻胆管引流;试验组患者在ERCP后,给予鼻胆管引流。分别在术后3、12、24 h测定2组患者血清淀粉酶水平,比较2组患者高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的发生率。结果:试验组和对照组患者的性别、年龄等差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。试验组高淀粉酶血症发生率为10%,显著低于对照组(26.7%),P0.01;试验组胰腺炎发生率为3.33%,显著低于对照组(11.67%),P0.05。试验组术后3、12、24 h血清淀粉酶水平明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:ERCP术后行鼻胆管引流可有效预防高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎的发生,值得推广。     

胰管支架预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症分析

目的 探讨内镜下胰管支架置入预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的效果.方法 入选90例ERcP或ERCP+内镜下十二指肠乳头切开术(EST)患者.其中50例术后置入胰管支架引流(支架组),与40例非引流患者(对照组)观察比较,观察术后3 h及24 h血清淀粉酶值、高淀粉酶血症和术后急性胰腺炎发生率.结果 支架组患者术后3 h及24 h血清淀粉酶值分别为(198.33±70.15)U/L、(267.54±76.34)U/L,低于对照组的(357.28±101.37)U/L、(439.72±97.13)U/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).高淀粉酶血症发生率分别为8.00%和25.00%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),术后胰腺炎发生率分别为0与10%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 内镜下胰管支架置入能有效预防ERCP后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.