托吡酯与卡马西平治疗脑梗死后继发癫（癎）患者的疗效比较

目的 比较托吡酯与卡马西平治疗脑梗死后继发癫（癎）的临床疗效.方法 选取2011-05-2013-05我院收治的72例脑梗死后继发癫（癎）患者,采用随机对照方法分为观察组和对照组各36例.对照组在常规治疗基础上应用卡马西平,观察组在常规治疗基础上应用托吡酯,比较2组临床疗效、癫（癎）发作次数及不良反应.结果 观察组总有效率91.7%,对照组为80.6%,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组3个月和6个月内癫（癎）发作次数均显著少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 托吡酯治疗脑梗死后继发癫（癎）的临床疗效明显优于卡马西平,可有效降低癫（癎）的发作次数,且不良反应少,值得临床应用和推广.     

幕上海绵状血管瘤所致癫癎的手术预后及其相关影响因素分析

目的探讨颅内海绵状血管瘤（CCA）所致癫癎的手术效果及其相关影响因素。方法回顾性分析49例CCA所致癫癎病人的手术效果。并分析年龄、性别、病灶位置、病灶大小、病程、癫癎发作类型与手术预后的相关性。结果术后随访1~4年,EngelI级39例（79．6％）,EngelII～Ⅳ级10例（20．4％）。统计学分析显示：病灶〈1．5cm、病程≤1年及部分性癫癎发作的病人手术预后较好（P〈0．05）,而年龄、性别、病灶位置与手术预后没有明显的相关性（P〉O．05）。结论CCA所致癫癎的手术效果理想,病灶大小、病程和癫癎发作类型与手术预后相关。     

急性脑血管病并发癫（癎）的临床研究

目的 研究急性脑血管病并发癫（癎）的发病机制、疾病特征、治疗与预后.方法 选取2008-01-2011-12我院862例急性脑血管病患者,其中并发癫（癎）患者73例,给予正规原发疾病的治疗以及相应抗癫（癎）治疗,比较分析急性脑血管病并发癫（癎）的发病率、发作类型、发作时间、病死率等.结果 急性脑血管病并发癫（癎）的发病率为8.47%,其中脑梗死占8.03%（37/461）,脑出血占9.87 %（22/223）,蛛网膜下腔出血占9.86%（14/142）;单纯部分性发作病例比例最高（P〈0.05）;急性脑血管病并发癫（癎）患者中早期发作型癫（癎）比例较高;脑出血和蛛网膜下腔出血的患者更易并发早期发作型癫（癎）（P〈0.05）,而脑梗死的患者更容易并发迟发型癫（癎）（P〈0.05）;急性脑血管病并发癫（癎）患者总病死率为36.99%,明显高于未并发癫（癎）患者（P〈0.05）.结论 急性脑血管病并发癫（癎）的发病率为8.47%,以早期发作型癫（癎）比例较高,且病死率较高.     

颅骨修补术后继发性癫癎的原因分析

目的探讨颅骨修补术后继发性癫癎的原因。方法回顾分析颅骨修补术前无癫癎而术后继发癫癎的31例病人的临床资料，分析疾病的特点及癫癎发作情况。结果随访1～5年，癫癎大发作3例，小发作17例，局限性发作11例。经规范性服药3年后停药22例（2例仍有局限性发作），仍继续规范服药9例。结论术后继发癫癎可能与病人术前骨窗处情况、修补材料类型等因素有关。围手术期的规范性预防用药，手术中的正确处理等可以降低颅骨修补术后癫癎的发生率。     

耐药性癫癎患者的载脂蛋白E（ApoE）基因多态性分析

目的 研究耐药性癫痫患者的载脂蛋白E基因多态性，并探究影响耐药性癫癎形成机制的遗传因素。方法 取耐药性癫癎患者肘静脉血，用PCR-RFLP技术检测ApoE基因多态性，并与非耐药性癫癎和正常对照组进行比较分析。结果 耐药性癫癎组中ε4等位基因的频率为（16．9），明显高于非耐药性癫癎组（8．2）和正常对照组，其差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），而ε2，ε3等位基因的频率三组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；病例组与正常对照组ApoE基因多态性有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论 ApoEε4等位基因可增加耐药性癫癎发生的危险性。     

戊四氮点燃癫癎大鼠海马5-羟色胺能神经递质的动态研究

目的：观察戊四氮（PTZ）点燃癫癎形成过程中大鼠海马5-羟色胺（5-HT）能神经递质的变化。方法：用PTZ制作癫癎大鼠模型,将造模成功大鼠分为戊四氮急性发作组（PTZ 1组）和戊四氮慢性点燃组（PTZ 2组）,同时设立对照组（腹腔注射生理盐水）。在体微透析取样,观察大鼠行为、脑电图（EEG）和海马5-HT能神经递质的变化。结果：PTZ 1组癫癎发作时EEG自发放电逐级加重;癫癎发作时海马5-HT水平与对照组、发作前和发作后比较显著升高（P〈0.05）;海马5-羟吲哚乙酸（5-HIAA）水平差异无统计学意义;5-HT转化率（5-HIAA/5-HT）降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。PTZ 2组点燃后大鼠出现自发癫癎发作,EEG在发作间期出现自发放电;5-HT和5-HIAA水平在点燃期、维持点燃期、对照组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：大鼠癫癎发作时海马5-HT水平显著升高,发作后恢复正常;在癫癎形成过程中,早期5-HT水平一过性升高、PTZ点燃后和发作间期海马5-HT水平逐渐降低。     

急性脑卒中后早期癫癎发作与迟发性癫癎的关系(论著摘要)

脑卒中是老年人癫癎发作中最常见的原因之一。一般认为，卒中后两周内出现的癫癎发作称为卒中后早期癫癎发作，两周后出现者则称迟发性癫癎。二者之间的关系尚有争论，作者对此进行了前瞻性研究。１　资料和方法　（１）观察组：１９９３年２月～１９９４年１０月间收治并经ＣＴ证实脑卒中者６５８例，从中检出卒中后早期癫癎发作者６４例（男３８例，女２６例），年龄５６～８０岁，平均（６２．４５±５．６０）岁。既往无癫癎病史。其中皮层梗死３８例，基底节区梗死６例，脑叶出血或广泛性出血１６例，基底节区出血４例。３２例为单纯部…     

急性脑血管病继发性癫癎86例分析

目的研究急性脑血管病(CVD)继发癫癎的发生率、发生时间、发作类型与病灶部位的关系、治疗措施以及预后.方法选择急性脑血管病经头部CT或(和)MRI(或)和腰椎穿刺确诊.结果本组急性脑血管病1271例,发生率为6.8%(86/1271),其中脑出血9.2%(28/305),脑梗死6.0%(54/896),蛛网膜下腔出血5.7%(4/70).早发癫癎(2周内)发作80.2%(69/86),迟发癫癎(2周后发生)19.8%(17/86).在脑血管病急性期继发癫癎的多不需长期抗癫癎治疗,而在恢复期和后遗症期继发癫癎的多需长期抗癫癎治疗.CVD继发癫癎的死亡率明显增高(33.7%).结论急性脑血管病继发癫癎的发生率6.8%.80.2%在2周内发生.脑出血继发癫癎多表现为大发作,脑梗死多表现为部分发作.脑血管病继发癫癎的死亡率明显增高.     

脑卒中继发癫（癎）的临床特征及危险因素分析

目的 探讨脑卒中继发癫（癎）的临床特点及发生癫（癎）的影响因素,为临床防治提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2010-06-2012-06本院收治的76例（病例组）脑卒中后继发癫（癎）的患者资料,同时随机抽取神经内科住院的76例（对照组）未继发癫（癎）的脑卒中患者资料,分析脑卒中后癫（癎）的临床特点和相关危险因素.结果 脑卒中继发癫（癎）发生率7.7%（76/986）,其中缺血性脑卒中82.9%,出血脑卒中17.1%;早发性癫（癎）25.0%,迟发性癫（癎）75.0%;皮质病灶继发癫（（癎））69.7%,皮质下病灶继发癫（（癎））30.3%.单因素分析显示,2组患者脑卒中类型、病灶部位与受累半球侧别等因素比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;多因素分析显示,出血性脑卒中和皮质病灶差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 脑卒中继发癫（癎）以迟发性癫（癎）多见.出血性脑卒中和皮质病灶是脑卒中继发癫（癎）的独立危险因素.     

癫癎患者药物规范化治疗预后的前瞻性研究

目的探讨抗癫癎药物规范化治疗2年以上癫癎患者的预后及影响预后的危险因素。方法根据临床病史及脑电图确诊为癫癎,按照发作类型规范化药物治疗、定期随诊2年以上,630例癫癎患者中符合研究条件者108例。比较基线期3个月与规范化治疗2年后3个月平均每月癫癎发作频率。分析起病年龄、性别、规范化治疗前病程、病因、发作类型、发作类型种数、脑电图有无癫痫波、单药或联合用药8种因素与预后的关系。结果单因素分析中性别、发病年龄、病因分型、有无癫癎波与预后差异无统计学意义;规范化治疗前病程、发作类型、发作类型种数、单药／联合用药的预后有显著性差异（P〈0．01）;规范治疗前病程与预后呈简单线性关系;多因素：二元Logistic回归进一步分析得出需多药治疗是预后不佳的重要预测因子。结论癫癎患者药物规范化治疗2年后有效率达到78．7％（P=0．001,OR=6．729）;越早规范化治疗预后越好;需多药治疗是预后不佳的重要预测因子。     

热性惊厥史与青少年癫痫病因关系临床分析

目的 分析有热性惊厥史的青少年癫痫患者临床特点和治疗情况,探讨热性惊厥史与青少年癫痫之间的关系。方法 对发病年龄〈18岁的青少年癫痫患者的病因进行回顾分析,总结单纯性和复杂性热性惊厥患者癫痫发作特点、辅助检查和服药情况。结果 符合癫痫诊断标准的4595例患者中发病年龄〈18岁者2699例占58.74%,其中原发性癫痫1573例占58.28%、继发性癫痫1126例占41.72%。青少年继发性癫痫以热性惊厥（297例占26.38%）为主要病因,其中单纯性热性惊厥200例、复杂性热性惊厥97例,均以部分性发作为主（χ^2=4.933,P=0.026）。有热性惊厥史患者神经影像学（χ^2=38.083,P=0.000）和神经电生理学（χ^2=4.469,P=0.035）异常检出率明显增加;其中服药率约为66.67%（198/297）,服用传统抗癫痫药物者占70.20%（139/198）。结论 青少年继发性癫痫病因较为复杂,以热性惊厥为主要病因。无论单纯性或复杂性热性惊厥均以部分性发作常见,仍以传统抗癫痫药物为主,约1/3患者未服药或未正规服药。     

Uncoupling of EEG-clinical neonatal seizures after antiepileptic drug use

A prospective study of the efficacy of seizure cessation by phenobarbital versus phenytoin administration utilized both clinical and electroencephalographic expressions of seizure behaviors. The phenomenon of uncoupling was defined as the persistence of electrographic seizures despite the suppression of >or=50% clinical seizures after either one or both antiepileptic drugs use. Fifty-nine neonates (25 to 43 weeks estimated gestational age) with electrically-confirmed seizures were assigned to either of two drugs and continuously monitored over a 24-hour period. Nine of the fifty-nine patients had only electrographic seizure expression both before and after drug administration. Of the remaining 50 patients who had both electrical and clinical seizure expression before treatment, 24 infants responded to the first choice of an antiepileptic drug with no further seizures. Fifteen of the remaining 26 infants (58%) with persistent seizures after treatment had uncoupling of electrical and clinical expressions of seizures; no difference in the uncoupling effect was noted for neonates who were treated with either antiepileptic drug or based on prematurity or gender. Serial electroencephalographic monitoring helps document continued electrographic seizure expression after antiepileptic drug use, following complete or partial suppression of clinical seizure behaviors.     

女性癫痫患者血清性激素水平的调查研究

目的了解癫痫发作频率、抗癫痫单药/联合用药治疗及围经期癫痫对女性癫痫患者性激素水平的影响。方法测定入组的87例女性癫痫患者血清泌乳素、雌激素、孕激素、睾酮水平,根据发作频率、单药/联合用药治疗及是否围经期癫痫分组,并比较不同组间性激素的变化。结果高发作频率组泌乳素升高率及发病年龄明显高于低发作频率组和无癫痫发作组;其孕激素下降率高于低发作频率组(P均0.05)。联合用药治疗组睾酮升高率明显高于单药治疗组(P0.05)。围经期癫痫组泌乳素升高率、孕激素下降率及雌/孕比值明显高于非围经期癫痫组(P均0.05)。结论泌乳素升高与近期癫痫发作有关;孕激素下降与癫痫发作严重性有关;抗癫痫药物影响性激素水平,尤以联合应用丙戊酸钠对睾酮作用显著。孕激素、雌/孕比与围经期癫痫密切相关,孕激素补充疗法可能是治疗围经期癫痫的一条有效途径。     

Increased secondary generalization of partial seizures after temporal lobectomy

OBJECTIVE: This study tests the primary hypothesis that secondary generalization of partial seizures is more likely after anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) than before ATL, and the secondary hypothesis that antiepileptic drug withdrawal accounts for increased generalization of seizures postoperatively. BACKGROUND: The authors observed that some patients had generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures after but not before ATL, by using a new classification of outcome that compares preoperative and postoperative seizure frequencies by seizure type. METHODS: Twenty patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy had postoperative GTC seizures or nongeneralizing complex partial (CP) seizures in a consecutive ATL series. All had reduced seizure frequency postoperatively and more than 2 years of follow-up on antiepileptic drugs. The authors calculated a generalization fraction, as (number of GTC seizures)/(number of CP and GTC seizures), for 2 years before and 2 years after surgery. RESULTS: Postoperative generalization fractions were greater than preoperative generalization fractions (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p < 0.01). Most postoperative GTC seizures were not associated with antiepileptic drug withdrawal, and postoperative GTC seizures were not more associated with drug withdrawal than were postoperative CP seizures. Patients with more than two GTC seizures per year preoperatively were more likely than other patients to have postoperative GTC seizures. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with reduced seizure frequency after ATL have a greater tendency for partial seizures to secondarily generalize postoperatively. This phenomenon is not explained by antiepileptic drug withdrawal.     

以癫癎为首发症状的低级别星形细胞瘤病人术后癫癎预后分析

目的探讨影响以癫癎为首发症状的低级别星形细胞瘤癫癎预后的因素。方法回顾性分析以癫癎为首发症状的低级别星形细胞瘤病例,经手术切除肿瘤1年后的癫癎症状改善情况,本组研究数据应用SPSS17．0统计软件进行卡方检验和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果术后癫癎预后为改良Engel I级102例（67．5％）,Ⅱ级以上49例（32．5％）。卡方检验显示：术前病人有语言障碍（P=0．038）、术前肿瘤累及岛叶（P=0．010）、肿瘤未全切除（P=0．001）对术后癫癎预后差异有统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析：术前病人有语言障碍（P=0．022）、术前肿瘤累及岛叶（P=0．007）及肿瘤未全切除（P=0．002）均为影响术后癫癎发作的独立危险因素。结论术前病人有语言障碍、术前肿瘤累及岛叶及肿瘤未全切除是影响以癫癎为首发症状的低级别星形细胞瘤病人术后癫癎预后的独立危险因素。     

Early-onset occipital idiopathic epilepsy: a syndrome to be treated?

The purpose of this study was to evaluate prognostic factors in early-onset childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms. We studied retrospectively a population of 46 patients, which was divided into three groups according to seizure frequency group 1, patients experiencing a single seizure (3396); group 2, patients experiencing two to six seizures (48%); and group 3, patients experiencing more than six seizures (20%). The mean follow-up period was about 5 years in the three groups. At the end of the first 6 months of this retrospective follow-up, the average number of seizures was higher in group 3 (2.9 seizures) than in groups 2 and 1 (1.8 and 1 seizure, respectively). We suggest that low seizure frequency in the first 6 months of follow-up could have prognostic value. We propose that the introduction of anti-epilepsy drugs be delayed for 6 months following epilepsy onset and be subsequently limited to patients with frequent seizure recurrence.     

Management of seizures in critically ill patients

For many neurologists, seizures in critically ill patients represent a difficult problem. Etiology can be elusive because of the complexity of the environment, and treatment decisions can be compromised by the paucity of evidence-based guidelines. Emerging data support a higher than previously thought incidence of nonconvulsive epileptic activity in this patient population, which is another important consideration. Although a seizure in the intensive care unit should be treated aggressively, prophylactic antiepileptic drug administration is dependent on the specific etiology, time of onset, and ensuing complications. After ischemic stroke, prophylactic treatment is not generally recommended, and after intracerebral hemorrhage treatment is recommended only after a few weeks. After subarachnoid hemorrhage, prophylactic treatment beyond discharge is also not recommended. Although there is no reason to believe that late seizures after severe head trauma cannot be prevented with prophylactic treatment, such an approach may be useful during the first week after the injury. Physicians, however, have to individualize the treatment to the critical patient after stroke or trauma based on the presence of additional factors that increase the risk for seizures, including structural cortical injuries and medications used in critical illness with epileptogenic potential. A general therapeutic scheme for seizures in the intensive care unit and the role newer antiepileptic drugs can play are also presented in this review.     

抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的：比较非经典抗精神病药奎硫平、奥氮平、氯氮平与经典抗精神病药氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：对160例住院精神分裂症患者随机开放分配接受奎硫平、奥氮平、氯氮平和氯丙嗪药物治疗。12周的急性期治疗后,获得临床稳定期的患者[阳性与阴性量表（PANSS）总分≤60或减分率／〉50％]进入固定剂量的24周治疗。分别在基线、治疗12周和24周进行威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、言语流畅性测验、霍普金斯词语学习测验（HVLT-R）、持续操作功能测验（CPT）、韦克斯勒记忆测定（WMS）、韦克斯勒智能测定（WAIS）、连线试验测定、手指叩击试验测定。结果：奎硫平组、奥氮平组、氯氮平组治疗12周和24周后认知功能均有不同程度的改善（P均〈0．05）,明显优于氯丙嗪,而氯丙嗪组无显著改善。治疗12周后奎硫平组在改善执行功能、言语流畅性和警觉性显著优于奥氮平组和氯氮平组（P〈0．05）。奥氮平组在数字特征和连线测定上明显优于氯氮平组（P〈0．05）。3种非经典抗精神病药在认知功能总分的改善与PANSS总分、阴性症状分的改善有显著相关性（r=-0．32,P〈0．05）。结论：3种非经典抗精神病药奎硫平、奥氮平、氯氮平可不同程度改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能。     

Antiepileptic treatment in patients with early postischemic stroke seizures: a retrospective study.

Early seizures caused by stroke are a common cause of epilepsy in adults. The protocol for treatment in such a case is not clear. Patients were studied retrospectively after early poststroke seizures. Two groups of patients were compared: one treated group included 35 patients who continued therapy for 2 years; the second group of 23 patients were untreated following a first attack, receiving anticonvulsive therapy only after a second seizure. The data of 61 patients (35 treated and 26 untreated) were analyzed. In the treated group, 24 patients were on treatment with carbamazepine, 9 with valproic acid and 2 with phenytoin. Seizure-free rate after 2 years was 85% in group I and 61% in group II (p = 0.042). Comparing the seizure rate and the event-free period (number/follow-up at risk) during the 2 years of no anticonvulsive therapy, both groups experienced about the same seizure rate (4.8 vs. 6.2%, p = 0.605) and similar seizure-free curve survival analysis (p = 0.85). We conclude that treatment of seizures immediately after the first attack after cerebral infarctions decreases the risk of recurrent seizure during the first 2 years of antiepileptic treatment. This subgroup of patients receiving antiepileptic medication immediately after the first poststroke seizure continues to be at the same rate of risk after treatment was stopped as the untreated group during the first 2 years. Antiepileptic therapy is an option in the medical management of poststroke seizure patients, but has no influence on the development of recurrent seizures after discontinuing medication.     

硫酸镁联合促肾上腺皮质激素治疗婴儿痉挛症开放性临床研究

研究背景婴儿痉挛症是一种以痉挛发作、脑电图高度失律和精神运动发育迟滞为特征的难治性癫癇,抗癫癇药物治疗效果欠佳。促肾上腺皮质激素作为一线治疗药物存在感染和高血压等不良反应,本研究旨在通过开放性临床试验评价硫酸镁联合促肾上腺皮质激素治疗婴儿痉挛症的疗效和耐受性。方法共计55例婴儿痉挛症患儿接受统一标准的硫酸镁联合促肾上腺皮质激素治疗,比较治疗前后痉挛发作频率和脑电图改变,治疗过程中通过监测患儿生命体征、实验室指标和药物不良事件评价药物耐受性。结果治疗2周后痉挛发作控制有效率为78.18%（43/55）、脑电图改善率为55.77%（29/52）,其中无发作25例（45.45%）、脑电图恢复正常6例（11.54%）。不同发病年龄[≤4个月和〉4个月（χ2=0.595,P=0.441）]、病程[≤2个月和〉2个月（Fisher确切概率法：P=0.735）]和病因学[特发性或隐源性和症状性婴儿痉挛症（Fisher确切概率法：P=1.000）]对痉挛发作控制有效率,以及不同发病年龄（χ2=1.325,P=0.250）、病程（χ2=2.668,P=0.102）和病因学（χ2=2.215,P=0.145）对脑电图改善率之差异均无统计学意义;治疗期间无一例患儿发生高血压等不良事件。29例患儿经长期随访（治疗后1、3和12个月）无痉挛发作患儿比例基本维持不变（χ2=0.945,P=0.815）。结论硫酸镁联合促肾上腺皮质激素方案治疗婴儿痉挛症疗效肯定且耐受性良好。