尿液成分对草酸钙结石的影响

目的 探讨尿液成分对草酸钙尿结石形成的影响。方珐 应用红外光谱仪对50份尿结石标本进行成分检测；对16例一水草酸钙（COM）与10例二水草酸钙（COD）尿结石患者的24h尿液进行生化检测，并比较两组生化指标。结果 87．5％的c0M结石患者和90％的c0D结石患者24h尿量减少；COM结石患者尿钙（4．94±2．11）mmol／24h，COD结石患者尿钙（9．43±3．78）mmol／24h；差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；COM结石患者尿磷（20．50±8．76）mmol／24h，COD结石患者尿磷（28．38±10．21）mmol／24h，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；87．5％的COM结石患者尿枸橼酸低于正常水平。结论 COD结石患者尿钙、尿磷高于COM结石患者，表明COD结石的形成与高钙尿和高磷尿有关；COM结石的形成可能与低尿枸橼酸有关。     

尿钙水平对草酸钙结石患者尿液MCP-1和MDA生成的影响

目的：探讨尿钙水平在结石形成过程中的作用。方法：选择草酸钙结石住院患者110例,按尿钙水平分为两组,24小时尿钙≥240mg／d的35例纳入高尿钙结石组,24小时尿钙％240mg／d的75例纳入低尿钙结石组;同时随机挑选30例无泌尿系结石的健康者作对照组。收集三组尿液,分别运用ELLISA和TBA法检测尿液中细胞因子MCP—1、TGF—β和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的含量。结果：MCPl在高尿钙组、低钙尿组和健康对照组问的含量分别为36．7（23．71,50．22）pg／ml、29．22（20．40,40．29）pg／ml、26．98（13．59,38．60）pg／ml;与其他两组比较,高尿钙组尿液中MCP1生成增多（P〈0．05）。TGF-β在三组间含量无差别（P〉0．05）。MDA在高尿钙组、低钙尿组和健康对照组问的含量分别为2．02（1．05,2．95）nmol／ml、1．70（1．00,2．18）nmol／ml、1.19（0．73,1．41）nmol／ml;与健康对照组比较．高尿钙结石组和低尿钙结石组尿中MDA生成增加（P〈0．05）;高尿钙结石组和低尿钙结石组尿巾MDA则无明显差异（P〉0．05）。相关性分析,尿钙水平与尿MCP—1水平存在iESH关关系,r=0．226,P〈0．05;尿钙水平与MDA水平无明显相天关系（P〉0．05）。结论：高尿钙可促进草酸钙结石患者尿液MCP-1生成增多,TGF-β的生成无明显变化。草酸钙结石患者尿液MDA水平升高,提示肾脏氧化应激水平增加,但高尿钙并未影响患者尿MDA的生成水平,提示高尿钙在草酸钙结石患者肾脏氧化应激损伤中不越丰耍的作用．     

广金钱草颗粒对结石患者尿液的影响

目的探讨广金钱草颗粒对结石患者尿液尿酸、尿钙、pH值、尿量、草酸钙结晶的影响。方法 20例结石患者,男12例,女8例,平均年龄37岁(20～55岁)。予广金钱草颗粒30 g,口服,2次/d,于服药前及服药后3 d收集患者晨尿及24 h尿,观察治疗前后患者晨尿pH值、尿酸、尿钙、草酸钙结晶及24 h尿量、尿酸、尿钙的变化。结果晨尿尿酸浓度增加(P<0.05),pH值降低(P<0.05),24 h尿量、尿酸、尿钙及晨尿尿钙、草酸钙结晶无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论单味广金钱草颗粒防治结石,需配合其他药物(如碱化尿液),饮水要昼夜兼顾。     

草酸钙结石形成的代谢性变化的研究

目的分析顺德勒流地区草酸钙结石患者的血生化及尿液代谢变化,探讨草酸钙结石形成的代谢性因素,为临床提供诊治的依据。方法对确诊为草酸钙结石的患者进行病例对照研究,并进行尿pH值、24h尿定量分析及血生化检测。结果 （1）85例草酸钙结石患者中出现低尿量者71例,高钠尿症38例,高钙尿症53例,高尿酸尿症15例,低枸橼酸尿症74例,高草酸尿症42例,高磷尿症3例,高pH值尿28例,而28例高pH值尿患者合并低枸橼酸尿症者25例;（2）草酸钙组与对照组的24h尿定量分析结果显示,草酸钙结石组尿量、尿枸橼酸均显著低于对照组（均P〈0.005）,而尿pH值、尿钠、尿钙及尿草酸明显高于对照组（均P〈0.005）,其他指标无显著统计学差异;（3）草酸钙组与对照组血生化指标比较,血钙、血钠浓度明显高于对照组,其他指标无统计学差异（均P〈0.005）。结论低尿量、低枸橼酸尿症、高钠尿症、高钙尿症、高草酸尿症、高血钙及高血钠是顺德勒流地区草酸钙结石形成的重要代谢因素。     

上海市浦东新区泌尿系结石患者与健康体检者结石相关因素的对照研究

目的：探讨泌尿系结石患者与健康体检者结石相关因素。方法：对300例泌尿系结石患者的结石成分进行分析,并结合血生化及24h尿液分析结果,与300例健康体检者进行对照研究。结果：尿石症患者中,草酸钙结石232例（77．3％）,磷酸盐结石50例（16．7％）,感染性结石9例（3％）,尿酸结石9例（3％）。结石患者血清镁、钙、磷及24h尿氯、钙、镁、磷、尿酸显著高于健康体检者（P〈0．05）,而血钾、尿枸橼酸则显著低于健康体检者（P〈0．05）。结论：尿结石与多种代谢异常关系密切,结石成分及代谢评估对泌尿系结石的成因、治疗和预防有重要临床指导意义。     

瘦猪肉餐对草酸钙结石患者尿生化的影响

目的研究瘦猪肉餐对一水草酸钙（calciumoxalate monohydrate,COM）与二水草酸钙（calciumoxalate dehydrate,COD）结石患者尿生化的影响,探讨草酸钙结石形成的机制。方法正常人、COM与COD结石患者各6例,共18例同予以煮瘦猪肉350g食用,收集实验日晨5-7时2h尿为样本,餐后各留3次2h尿标本,测定尿pH值和尿晶体成分浓度;采用SPSS软件对检测结果进行方差分析。结果三组受试者瘦猪肉餐后尿钙、尿酸和尿草酸排泄逐渐增加,而尿量、尿pH值和尿枸橼酸降低;瘦肉餐前后比较,COM与COD结石患者尿pH值、尿枸橼酸、尿钙和尿草酸有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,尿酸排泄有极显著性差异（P〈0.01）;对照组,尿钙、尿酸排泄均有显著性差异（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论大量饮食猪瘦肉可导致尿pH值和尿晶体成分变化,可能是尿结石形成的重要原因之一。     

284例泌尿系结石成分分析与代谢评价

目的 研究结石成分与代谢异常的关系。方法 分析284例泌尿系结石患者的结石成分及其中191例完整血生化及24h尿分析结果。结果 草酸钙结石195例（68．7％），感染性结石41例（14．4％），尿酸结石38例（13．4％），磷酸盐结石6例（2．1％），胱氨酸结石4例（1．4％）。191例有完整血生化及24h尿分析结果患者中代谢异常176例（92．1％），其中高钙尿症27例（14．1％），高尿酸尿症54例（28．3％），高草酸尿症41例（21．5％），高尿磷55例（28．8％），低枸橼酸尿症128例（67．0％），低尿镁症80例（41．9％），24h尿量〈2000ml者65例（34．0％），高胱氨酸尿症4例（2．1％）。94例随访10～58个月，平均22个月。无泌尿系结石复发52例，复发42例，无复发组代谢无异常12例，复发组2例（P〈0．01），无复发组和复发组4种异常者分别为2例和7例（P〈0．01）。结论　结石复发与多种代谢异常关系密切；确定结石成分及患者的代谢评价对泌尿系结石的成因、治疗和预防有重要的临床意义。     

儿童紫癜性肾炎血清、尿液巨噬细胞移动抑制因子水平及临床意义

目的：探讨过敏性紫癜肾炎（HSPN）患儿血、尿巨噬细胞移动抑制因子（MIF）的水平及临床意义。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法检测33例HSPN、21例HSP患儿以及20例健康对照组儿童血清和尿液MIF水平，进行比较并分析其与24h尿蛋白（TUP）、尿红细胞的关系。其中11例HSPN患儿进行肾穿刺活检术获得肾组织标本，比较不同病理程度血、尿MIF水平的变化。结果：HSPN组尿液MIF水平显著高于HSP组及对照组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；3组血MIF水平比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。HSPN患儿中尿MIF水平随蛋白尿水平增加而逐渐增加，TUP≥1．0g组显著高于0．15g≤TUP〈1．0g组和TUP≤0．15g组（P均〈0．01）；3组之间血MIF水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。肉眼血尿组尿液MIF水平高于镜下血尿组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），两组血MIF水平比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。HSPN病理Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组的尿MIF水平显著高于I～Ⅱ级组及对照组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），病理I～Ⅱ级组的尿MIF水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）；病理Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组的血MIF水平高于正常对照组（P〈0．05），但与I～Ⅱ级组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：MIF表达上调可能是HSPN肾损害的重要机制之一，尿MIF水平能反映肾病理损伤程度，动态监测其变化可作为判断HSPN病情的一个非侵入性指标。     

枸橼酸氢钾钠与碳酸氢钠治疗三聚氰胺所致尿结石的对比分析

目的：探讨三聚氰胺所致尿路结石的有效治疗方法。方法：将患者分为试验组和对照组,对照组口服碳酸氢钠,每天10mmol／kg,分3次1：3服;试验组口服枸橼酸氢钾钠颗粒（商品名：友来特）2～3mmol,每天3次。测定每次口服药物后第一次尿液的pH值,并以早、中、晚次序记录,观察并记录结石排出情况及24h尿量。结果：试验组尿液pH值明显高于对照组,试验组结石排出明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：枸橼酸氢钾钠颗粒排石效果优于碳酸氢钠,且无明显不良反应。     

尿中基质金属蛋白酶-9及组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1在慢性肾脏病中的临床意义

目的：探讨尿液中基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP -9）和组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1（TIMP -1）水平及其与尿蛋白、肾功能的关系。方法：将69例慢性肾脏病（CKD）分为小量蛋白尿（〈1．0 g/24 h）、中等量蛋白尿（〉1．0 g,〈3．5 g/24 h）、大量蛋白尿组（≥3．5 g/24 h）;20例健康体检者作为对照组者。用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA 法）测定尿液中 MMP -9和 TIMP -1的水平,同时测定血尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）,分析它们之间的关系。结果：（1）CKD 各组尿 MMP -9及 TIMP -1水平均显著高于健康对照组（均 P 〈0．01）,3组间 MMP -9差异无统计学意义（P 〉0．05）;大量蛋白尿组 TIMP -1显著高于中、小蛋白量组（P 〈0．01）,但中、小蛋白尿组之间差异无统计学意义（P 〉0．05）。（2）大、中量蛋白尿组血 BUN、Scr 均显著高于小量蛋白尿组（P 〈0．01）。（3）尿 TIMP -1与尿蛋白（r =0．412,P 〈0．01）及 Scr（r =0．263,P 〈0．05）均呈正相关。尿 MMP -9与尿蛋白、Scr 均无相关性（均 P 〉0．05）。结论：CKD 时肾内促进 ECM 降解和抑制降解酶均增高,但抑制降解作用大于促进降解作用。尿中 TIMP -1明显增高且与尿蛋白量、Scr 均成正相关,故尿中 TIMP -1可以间接反映 ECM 聚积和纤维化。     

The etiology of urolithiasis in udaipur (Western Part of India)

Summary Fifty-two cases of urinary tract calculus disease were investigated for dietary habits, routine chemical and microscopic urinalysis, bacterial culture, quantitative analysis of 24 h urine sample and qualitative analysis of the stones. 54 out of the 56 stones analysed were of mixed type. Magnesium ammonium phosphate was present in 78.2% stones. Dietary habits revealed principal dependence on cereals, lack of animal proteins, consumption of oxalate rich vegetables and widespread consumption of tea. Urinary tract infection was present in 63.7% of the cases. Significant calcium oxalate crystalluria (2+ to 4+) was present in 34.6% of the cases. Hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria associated with hyperoxaluria-lower excretion of magnesium and citric acid were important urinary risk factors in the local population. These observations strongly suggest the multifactorial etiology of stone disease in this region. Imbalanced nutrition and urinary tract infection were the principal risk factors for urolithiasis in this study.This paper was presented by Dr. A. K. Pendse at the 24th Biennial Congress of the International College of Surgeons at Manila (Philippines)     

Comparison of renal function and metabolic abnormalities of cystine stone patients and calcium oxalate stone patients in China

Purpose

To compare renal function and metabolic abnormalities of cystine stone patients and calcium oxalate stone patients in China.

Methods

Between 2008 and 2011, thirty cystine stone patients were involved in our study, and an equal number of age- and gender pair-matched patients with calcium oxalate stones. Non-stone forming individuals were elected as controls. The evaluation included blood chemistry studies and 24-h urine collection in both groups of patients.

Results

The cystine stone patients had higher mean values of serum blood urea nitrogen, urate and creatinine levels than patients in other two groups. With respect to urine risk factors, cystine stone patients had higher urinary citrate and lower urinary oxalate and creatinine than calcium oxalate stone patients. When compared to non-stone forming individuals, cystine stone patients had higher urinary urate excretion and lower urinary creatinine excretion. Metabolic abnormalities could be demonstrated in 80 % of the cystine stone patients and in 100 % of the calcium oxalate stone patients. We also compared urine risk factors among cystine stone patients with different urine cystine excretion (<1 mmol/24 h, 1–2 mmol/24 h and >2 mmol/24 h). No significant difference was found in urine risk factors among three groups.

Conclusions

This study suggested that cystine stone patients were at greater risk for the loss of renal function than calcium oxalate stone patients, but the risk of the formation of calcium oxalate stones was lower. Our results also indicated that urinary cystine had little or no impact on the excretion of urine chemistries in cystine stone patients.     

上尿路结石复发原因分析及其治疗(附42例报告)

目的:探讨泌尿系结石复发的原因及其处理措施。方法:回顾性分析2005年1月～2010年5月在我院接受治疗的42例上尿路复发结石患者临床资料,并对其尿石成分进行分析,对血、尿理化指标及代谢指标进行检测。结果:术后复发结石成分中,与原发结石成分相同者34例;与原发结石成分不同者8例,其中1例为尿流改道术后(草酸钙结石变为尿酸结石),1例为ESWL术后(草酸钙结石变为尿酸结石),3例为开放取石术后(草酸钙结石变为感染结石及尿酸结石),2例为输尿管碎石取石术后(尿酸结石变为感染结石)。在血、尿理化检测中,糖尿病8例,尿路感染7例,肥胖6例,甲状旁腺机能亢进3例。结论:根据复发性尿路结石的临床特点及诱发因素,采取针对性措施,选择合理的治疗方式,可以提高治疗效果。     

经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石体会（附106例报告）

目的探讨上尿路结石患者行经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术（mPCNL）的疗效及并发症的预防和处理。方法对106例在C-臂机引导下,经皮肾微造瘘．以输尿管镜,气压弹道击碎结石的上尿路结石的患者的临床资料进行回性顾分析。结果平均住院天数13d,106例患者中93例成功I期取净结石（87．7％）。平均尿液转清时间2．5d。肾造瘘管留置时间4—11d,平均7．5d。2例（1．9％）患者术后出现高热,经抗感染、对症治疗后好转。术中无周围脏器损伤,术中均未输血。结论mPCNL治疗上尿路结石具有结石清除率高,损伤小,并发症少的优点．值得临床推广应用。     

The pathogenesis of calyceal diverticular calculi

Controversy exists over whether metabolic factors or urinary stasis predominate in the pathogenesis of calyceal diverticular calculi. We performed a study to better define the effects urinary stasis and metabolic abnormalities have in the pathogenesis of calyceal diverticular stones. Twenty-nine patients who underwent percutaneous treatment of calyceal diverticular calculi were studied. All patients underwent 24 h urine collection to evaluate metabolic risk factors. In three patients, urine was sampled directly from the diverticulum for metabolic studies. The urinary stone risk parameters of the patients with calyceal diverticular stones (Tic SF) were similar to those of a well-characterized cohort of calcium oxalate stone formers (CaOx SF). When compared to a group of normal people, the Tic SF and CaOx SF were significantly more hypercalciuric and their urine was significantly more supersaturated with calcium oxalate. Urine aspirated directly from the diverticulum had the lowest SSCaOx when compared to ipsilateral and contralateral renal pelves. The urinary risk profiles of patients with diverticular calculi are similar to those of CaOx SF, suggesting a metabolic etiology of diverticular stones. However, the SS CaOx of urine aspirated directly from the diverticula is significantly lower than that of the renal pelves; these data support the hypothesis that urinary stasis significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of calyceal diverticular calculi. Taken together, it seems likely that calyceal diverticular calculi arise from a combination of metabolic abnormalities and urinary stasis.     

Metabolic factors in the causation of urinary tract stones in patients with enterocystoplasties

Stones are a common complication of the storage of urine in intestinal reservoirs. Previous studies have identified predisposing physical characteristics in the reservoirs. Biochemical and dietary factors have been little investigated. Fifteen patients (6 males and 9 females) who had undergone various enterocystoplasty operations and who had subsequently formed either upper or lower urinary tract stones were investigated. The programme has been previously described and included stone, blood and urine analysis and dietary review. Comparison was made with 15 age- and sex-matched idiopathic stone formers with normal bladders. Stones were infective in origin in 86% of cases, and 14% were sterile. Metabolic screen showed that 80% of enterocystoplasty patients had risk factors for at least three different types of stone. All patients had raised pH (mean 6.93) and hypocitraturia. Five had a raised alkaline phosphatase. Raised serum and urinary calcium, hyperoxaluria and hyperuricosuria were found in 33% of patients. Five had a 24-h urine volume below 1.6 l/day. All patients had a high risk index (P _SF) for phosphatic stones and 12 also for calcium oxalate stones. Compared to age-and sex-matched idiopathic stone-formers, the urine had a higher pH, sodium and protein excretion and a lower calcium and citrate excretion. Although the patients were already selected as stone-formers, the data show that metabolic and dietary factors are present. They may be as important in the aetiology of the stones, as the already recognised factors of infection and poor reservoir drainage. Investigation should include such factors, the presence of which may be taken into account in a prophylactic regime.     

A clinical study of urolithiasis in Shizuoka City Hospital--stone analysis and 24-hour urine calcium and uric acid levels

Stone analysis was performed for 216 urinary calculi which were obtained from 205 patients in our hospital from January, 1980 to June, 1984. The results revealed 161 calcium stones, 21 uric acid stones, 19 struvite stones, 2 cystine stones and 13 others. Sixty one of the 205 patients (male 44, female 17) and 19 controls (male 11, female 8) were investigated for 24-hour urine calcium and uric acid. Forty seven of the patients had calcium stones, 7 of the patients had uric acid stones and 7 of the patients had struvite stones. The mean 24-hour urine calcium level was 146.8 +/- 76.5 mg/day for the male controls and 139.1 +/- 69.9 mg/day for the female controls. The mean 24-hour urine uric acid level was 528.1 +/- 132.6 mg/day for the male controls and 362.0 +/- 135.2 mg/day for the female controls. The mean 24-hour urine calcium level for the male calcium-stone group was 214.6 +/- 96.8 mg/day, and it was significantly higher than that for the male controls (p less than 0.05). The 24-hour urine analysis revealed abnormalities in 17 urolithiasis patients (27.9%) including hypercalciuria in 11 patients (18.0%) and hyperuricosuria in 9 patients (14.1%).