肾癌肾部分切除术的临床价值及合适的手术切缘的探讨

目的：探讨肾癌肾部分切除术(保留肾单位手术)的临床价值及合适的手术切缘。方法：回顾性分析15例行肾部分切除术的肾癌患者临床资料．其中双侧异时性肾癌且一侧为多发肿瘤2例，单发肿瘤13例。肿瘤直径2～6cm．均为T1期(1997年TNM分期标准)。对15例肾癌患者行肾部分切除术．手术切缘位于肿瘤外1cm。另取肾癌根治性手术标本21例．于体外沿假包膜行肾肿瘤剜除术．并随机切取肿瘤边缘0．3cm、0．5cm及1cm处肾实质及肾蒂处淋巴脂肪组织行病理检查。结果：15冽患者随访12～72个月．平均41个月．未见并发症及残肾内肿瘤复发。21例标本于体外行肿瘤剜除后肉眼下均无肿瘤组织残留，送检组织均无肿瘤细胞浸润。结论：肾部分切除术能安全有效地治疗局限的早期肾癌患者．而手术切缘为肿瘤边缘1cm处较为合适。     

孤立肾及双侧肾细胞癌保肾手术23例分析

目的 探讨保肾手术治疗双侧肾、孤立肾肾癌的经验.方法 回顾性总结6例孤立肾癌和17例双侧肾癌患者的临床资料.23例共54枚肿瘤,肿瘤直径0.6～11.5 cm,平均4.2 cm.7例同时性肾癌中,均行一侧根治性肾切除(RN)及对侧肾部分切或剜除术.10例非同时行肾癌和6例孤立肾肾癌均行肾部分切或肿瘤剜除术.结果 21例...     

肾肿瘤剜除术治疗肾细胞癌、肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤

目的探讨肾肿瘤剜除术治疗肾细胞癌及肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的疗效。方法回顾分析15例在我院进行肾肿瘤剜除术的肾细胞癌及肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者的临床及病理资料。结果全部肾肿瘤均成功剜除，平均热缺血时间为15min，术中肿瘤剜除面平均出血25ml，术后无继发出血，无急性肾小管坏死、慢性肾功能不全及尿瘘等并发症发生。术后平均随访时间为2．5年，均未见肿瘤复发或转移。依据2003AJCC肾癌分期方法，所有肾癌患者均为Tla期，组织学形态为透明细胞癌。病理分级按Fuhrman标准为G1。结论肾肿瘤剜除术对有假性包膜的Tla肾细胞癌和肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤是有效和安全的，术后并发症少，可以最大程度地保留肾脏功能。     

局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术20例分析

目的探讨保留肾单位手术（nephrom-sparing surgery,NSS）治疗局限性肾癌的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析20例行NSS肾癌患者的临床资料,其中双侧肾癌1例,孤立肾肾癌1例,对侧肾有病变或潜在功能损害的肾癌3例,对侧肾正常的肾癌15例。肿瘤直径平均3.9（1.3-7.4）cm。行肿瘤剜除术13例,肾部分切除术4例,肾楔形切除术3例。结果 20例患者手术均成功。术后平均随访29（15-37）个月,1例双侧肾癌患者术后14月出现远处转移死亡,1例术后12个月因局部复发改行根治性肾切除术,2例术后出现暂时性肾功能不全。结论 NSS治疗肾癌安全有效,尤其适用于局限性肾癌患者。     

后腹腔镜保留肾单位术治疗肾肿瘤

目的:探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位术治疗肾肿瘤的手术技巧。方法:采用后腹腔镜技术对9例肾错构瘤和2例局限性肾癌患者分别行肿瘤剜除术和肾楔形切除术。肿瘤直径1.5~3.0cm,平均2.5cm。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院天数和围手术期并发症及手术效果。结果:11例手术均获得成功。平均手术时间110min,平均出血量70ml,平均术后住院时间5天。围手术期无并发症。病理检查2例恶性肿瘤切缘阴性,平均随访10个月无局部复发。结论:后腹腔镜保留肾单位术治疗肾肿瘤安全可行,创伤小,恢复快,能有效切除肿瘤和保留肾功能。     

T1期肾癌肾部分切除术20例报告

目的总结肾部分切除术治疗T1期肾癌的手术方式和临床疗效。方法回顾性分析20例行肾部分切除术的T1期肾癌患者的临床资料,男11例,女9例,平均年龄44岁。20例中双侧肾癌1例,孤立肾肾癌2例,对侧肾有病变或有潜在功能受损的肾癌6例,对侧肾功能正常的肾癌11例。肿瘤平均直径3.8cm。开放手术行肾部分切除术14例,后腹腔镜肾部分切除术6例,其中行选择性肾段动脉阻断的肾部分切除术2例。结果手术均顺利完成,平均出血80ml,平均手术时间160min。平均肾动脉及肾段动脉阻断时间28min。术后病理均为肾透明细胞癌。18例患者获访3～36个月,平均18个月,无外科并发症,无肿瘤局部复发及远处转移。术后出现暂时性肾功能不全2例,肾萎缩1例。结论肾部分切除术治疗早期肾癌安全有效,后腹腔镜肾部分切除术与开放手术比较,除术中出血稍多和手术时间稍长外,肿瘤的控制和并发症无显著差异。后腹腔镜选择性肾段动脉阻断的肾部分切除术在肾功能保留方面有一定优势。     

小肾癌的保留肾单位手术治疗

目的 探讨保留肾单位的肾部分切除手术治疗小肾癌的安全性和合理性。方法 对48例小肾癌患者行保留肾单位的肾部分切除术。男29例，女19例。平均年龄42岁（24～61岁）。平均肿瘤直径2．4cm（1．0～4．0cm）。病理分期T1N0M047例，双侧肾癌1例。评估肾蒂阻断时间、术后并发症及局部复发情况。结果 48例手术均顺利完成，肾蒂阻断时间平均18min（12～26min）。术后出血3例、漏尿1例。平均随访21个月，1例术后6个月局部复发行根治性手术，1例出现远处转移而死亡，余未见复发或远处转移。结论 保留肾单位的肾部分切除治疗小肾癌安全有效，手术指征可扩展至对侧肾脏正常的患者。     

腹腔镜肾肿瘤剜除术治疗T1b期肾癌32例报告

目的目的评价腹腔镜肾肿瘤剜除术治疗T1b期肾癌的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析2007年3月至2012年3月32例临床分期为T1bN0M0期肾癌并行腹腔镜剜除治疗的患者的临床资料,其中男20例、女12例,平均年龄(53.8±5.2)岁,肿瘤平均直径(5.2±1.4)cm,术前检查均未发现远处转移。32例患者中8例行经腹腹腔镜肾癌剜除术,24例行后腹腔镜肾癌剜除术,出院后行CT随访并定期复查血肌酐并计算肾小球滤过率。结果所有患者手术均顺利完成,无中转开放,围手术期无严重并发症。平均手术时间(154.0±22.4)min,术中平均热缺血时间(25.4±5.2)min,术中平均出血量(230.6±18.6)mL,术后平均住院时间(8.1±1.6)d。术后总共6例(18.7%)出现并发症,其中术后短暂血肌酐升高2例,不全性肠梗阻1例(Clavien分级Ⅰ级),术后输血1例(Clavien分级Ⅱ级),术后尿漏2例(Clavien分级Ⅲ级)。无1例患者出现肿瘤切缘阳性,术后平均随访(28.4±8.2)个月,1例患者出现局部复发、复发率3%,余未见复发及转移。术后随访平均eGFR为(69.8±11.9)mL/min,较术前差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜肾肿瘤剜除术治疗T1b期肾癌安全、有效,术后对肾功能影响较小,短期随访效果满意。     

后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术治疗早期肾癌

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术治疗早期肾癌的可行性及安全性.方法 肾癌患者65例.男45例,女20例.平均年龄52岁.临床分期均为T_1N_0M_0.肿瘤直径1.8～4.0 cm,单发.行后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术.术中用bulldog血管夹阻断肾动脉,距肿瘤边缘0.5～1.0 cm处完整切除肿瘤.结果 中转开放手术3例,改为根治性肾切除术1例.手术时间平均120(70～210)min,肾动脉阻断时间平均32(21～55)min,术中出血量平均60(20～200)ml,平均住院10.5(7～15)d.术后发生肾周血肿1例,尿瘘1例,保守治疗后痊愈.62例患者随访3～56个月,未见肿瘤复发.残肾功能良好.结论 后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术是治疗直径≤4 cm、局限性单发肾癌的有效方法.     

保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌的临床价值(附11例报告)

目的　评价保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌的临床价值。　方法　 1994年 3月～ 1998年 12月 ,采用局部低温、保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌 11例 ,其中对侧肾正常者 8例 ,单侧肾癌、对侧肾受损者 2例 ,双侧肾癌者 1例。肿瘤直径 1.5～ 6 .8cm ,平均 3.8cm。Roboson分期Ⅰ期 8例 ,Ⅱ期 3例。 8例行肾部分切除术 ,3例行肿瘤剜除术。　结果　 11例随访 3～ 5 7个月 ,平均 36 .8个月。未见并发症及肿瘤局部复发。　结论　保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌安全有效 ,尤其适宜于局限性、体积小和低期肾癌患者。     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾脏肿瘤5例报告

目的：探讨后腹腔镜肿瘤剜除术和肾部分切除术治疗肾脏肿瘤的应用价值。方法：采用后腹腔镜经后腹腔途径对5例肾肿瘤患者分别行肿瘤剜除术和肾部分切除术，并观察手术时间，术中出血量，术后住院天数和术中术后并发症及手术效果。结果：5例手术全部获得成功，平均手术时间为87min，平均出血量55ml，平均术后住院时间为5．8d，手术效果好，无并发症。结论：该术式肿瘤切除精确彻底，创伤小，出血少，恢复快，有推广应用价值。     

Renal carcinoma in a solitary kidney

We studied the clinical and pathological features of 26 patients with renal carcinoma of a solitary kidney, including 6 treated at this hospital. Four patients had a contracted kidney and 22 had previously undergone nephrectomy. Partial nephrectomy was performed in 16 patients, enucleation of the tumour in 5 and radical nephrectomy in 5 because of the size of the tumour. Ex vivo surgery was carried out in 4 patients. The duration of ischaemia ranged from 15 to 365 min but was longer in those who underwent ex vivo surgery (149 to 365 min). Of the 21 patients who underwent partial nephrectomy or enucleation, the serum creatinine level increased (greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/dl) post-operatively in 16 patients, of whom 9 required temporary haemodialysis. No recurrence has been noted in those who underwent partial nephrectomy, but 1 patient who underwent enucleation of the tumour developed a solitary pancreatic metastasis 2 years 6 months after surgery and was treated by a partial pancreatectomy. Kidney-preserving surgical procedures are considered to improve the quality of life, but careful follow-up is necessary.     

Simple enucleation for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma between 4 and 7 cm in greatest dimension: progression and long-term survival

PURPOSE: We present our findings in a series of patients treated with simple enucleation for RCC 4 to 7 cm in greatest dimension. We specifically report the incidence of local and systemic recurrence, and the disease specific survival rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical and pathological data on 71 patients who underwent nephron sparing surgery by simple enucleation between 1986 and 2004 for sporadic, unilateral, pathologically confirmed, 4 to 7 cm RCC. Patients with a solitary kidney due to previous RCC treated with radical nephrectomy were excluded from study. None of the patients had preoperative or intraoperative suspicion of positive nodes. All patients were free of distant metastases before surgery (M0). Patient status was last evaluated in May 2005. Mean followup was 74 months (median 51, range 12 to 225). RESULTS: Pathological review according to the 2002 TNM classification showed that 42% of the tumors (30 of 71) were pT1a, 44% (31 of 71) were pT1b and 14% (10 of 71) were pT3a. Mean tumor greatest dimension +/- SD was 4.7 +/- 0.81 cm (median 4.5, range 4.0 to 7.0) cm. None of the patients died within the first 30 days of surgery. There were no major complications requiring open reoperation, such as bleeding and urinary leakage/urinoma. Five and 8-year cancer specific survival was 85.1% and 81.6%, respectively. Five-year cancer specific survival in patients with pT1a (4 cm), pT1b and pT3a disease was 95.7%, 83.3% and 58.3%, respectively (pT1a vs pT1b p = 0.254, pT1a vs pT3a p = 0.006 and pT1b vs pT3a p = 0.143). Overall 10 patients experienced progressive disease (14.9%), of whom 3 had local recurrence (4.5%) alone or local recurrence associated with distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Simple tumor enucleation is a useful and acceptable approach to nephron sparing surgery for 4 to 7 cm RCC. It provides long-term cancer specific survival rates similar to those of radical nephrectomy and is not associated with a greater risk of local recurrence than partial nephrectomy for RCC less than 4 cm in greatest dimension.     

Two cases of renal cell carcinoma that underwent radical nephrectomy subsequent to complete tumor enucleation]

We have reported the favorable therapeutic results of non-ischemic complete enucleation using a microwave tissue coagulator as a method of nephron-sparing surgery for small renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We experienced two elective cases that underwent translumbar nephrectomy subsequent to the tumor enucleation. The first case showed another RCC in a cyst, concomitant with the enucleated RCC. The second case was a pT3a spindle cell carcinoma with high-grade malignancy. We decided to nephrectomize these enucleated kidney after obtaining well-informed consent. Here we report these controversial cases and discuss about the indication and outcomes of complete tumor enucleation for small RCC.     

Is there a role for partial nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma?

ObjectivesThe incidence of metastatic disease in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) correlates with tumor size. We sought to determine the incidence of metastatic disease by tumor size, and the utilization and impact of nephron-sparing surgery on survival in those with metastatic disease.Materials and methodsUtilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, we identified 56,011 patients between 1988 and 2005 diagnosed with RCC. Patients were initially separated into two groups—those with and without metastatic disease—and stratified by tumor size. Cox proportional hazard modeling and Kaplan-Meier analyses were then utilized to evaluate the role of gender, age, grade, histology, tumor size, and type of surgery (radical vs. partial nephrectomy) on overall- and cancer-specific survival in patients with metastatic disease.ResultsEight thousand four hundred ninety-eight patients (15%) had metastatic disease. Four percent of patients with tumors less than 2 cm and 5% of patients with tumors between 2 and 3 cm presented with metastatic disease. Two thousand nine hundred fifty patients (35%) with metastatic disease underwent surgery (radical or partial nephrectomy). Seventy patients (2% of those undergoing surgery) had a partial nephrectomy. Those who underwent partial nephrectomy were 0.49 times less likely to die of RCC than those who underwent radical nephrectomy (95% CI 0.35–0.69, P < 0.001).ConclusionsAlbeit small, the risk of metastases in patients with small kidney tumors is distinct and should be considered in management discussions. Partial nephrectomy, when able to be done, should be utilized in the setting of metastatic disease.     

Solid Renal Masses in Transplanted Allograft Kidneys: A Closer Look at the Epidemiology and Management

The objective of this review is to explore the available literature on solid renal masses (SRMs) in transplant allograft kidneys to better understand the epidemiology and management of these tumors. A literature review using PubMed was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) methodology. Fifty‐six relevant studies were identified from 1988 to 2015. A total of 174 SRMs in 163 patients were identified, with a mean tumor size of 2.75 cm (range 0.5–9.0 cm). Tumor histology was available for 164 (94.3%) tumors: clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC; 45.7%), papillary RCC (42.1%), chromophobe RCC (3%), and others (9.1%). Tumors were managed by partial nephrectomy (67.5%), radical nephrectomy (19.4%), percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (10.4%), and percutaneous cryoablation (2.4%). Of the 131 patients (80.3%) who underwent nephron‐sparing interventions, 10 (7.6%) returned to dialysis and eight (6.1%) developed tumor recurrence over a mean follow‐up of 2.85 years. Of the 110 patients (67.5%) who underwent partial nephrectomy, 3.6% developed a local recurrence during a mean follow‐up of 3.12 years. The current management of SRMs in allograft kidneys mirrors management in the nontransplant population, with notable findings including an increased rate of papillary RCC and similar recurrence rates after partial nephrectomy in the transplant population despite complex surgical anatomy.     

Partial nephrectomy for small localized renal cell carcinoma

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 54 patients with RCC who underwent partial nephrectomy for the primary lesion between 1992 and 2001. The indications for partial nephrectomy were elective in 43 and imperative in 11 patients. We selected 51 patients with clinical stage T1a who underwent open radical nephrectomy for localized RCC for comparison during the same period. We evaluated the peri- and postoperative complications, disease-free survival rates and changes of renal function in the partial nephrectomy (PN) group, compared to the radical nephrectomy (RN) group. There was no significant difference with regard to pathological findings and clinical outcomes between two groups, except for the amount of intraoperative bleeding. Three patients in the PN group developed postoperative complications, consisting of urine leakage in 2 patients and renal hypertension in 1 patient. The 5-year disease-free survival rates in the PN and RN groups were 90% and 97%, respectively. Local recurrence from the resected area of the renal parenchyma was not found in patients in the PN group. All patients in the PN group maintained satisfactory and stable renal function. In the RN group, renal function slowly deteriorated in 2 patients. Therefore, partial nephrectomy offers cancer control and an acceptable low mortality rate, comparable to those of radical nephrectomy.     

Progression and survival after renal-conserving surgery for renal cell carcinoma: experience in 104 patients and extended followup

Of 104 patients who underwent a conservative operation for renal cell carcinoma 42 underwent partial nephrectomy, 60 underwent enucleation and 2 underwent a combination of these procedures. A total of 14 patients required an extracorporeal operation with autotransplantation. Forty patients had bilateral renal cell carcinoma (20 were synchronous and 20 were asynchronous) and 39 had either a solitary kidney or a poorly functioning contralateral renal unit. An operation was performed in the presence of a normal contralateral unit in 20 patients. The maximal duration of followup was 20 years (mean 4.9 years): 43, 17 and 7 patients were followed for 5 or more, 10 or more and 15 or more years, respectively. The 5-year cause-specific survival rates were 88.6 +/- 5.6, 91.6 +/- 4.7 and 88.9 +/- 3.8%, respectively, for the enucleation group, partial nephrectomy group and all patients combined. The percentages of patients free of local recurrence at 5 years for the enucleation and partial nephrectomy groups were 94.6 +/- 3.9 and 93.3 +/- 4.7%, respectively. The 14 patients who required an ex vivo approach had larger, higher stage and higher grade tumors, and a poorer outcome (5-year cause-specific survival rate and local rate free of recurrence were 54.9 +/- 17.2 and 85.7 +/- 13.2%, respectively). None of the 20 patients with a normal contralateral unit had progression. The local survival rate free of disease and cause-specific survival rate were not significantly different for the simple enucleation and partial nephrectomy groups. Even longer followup is needed to assess more clearly the definitive role of simple enucleation in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and the clinical relevance of possible positive margins in a patient population that usually is older.     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical results of 24 patients who underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy by a diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) between 1999 and 2004, including 16 elective cases and 8 imperative cases. Twenty-two were successfully treated laparoscopically; two cases in the imperative group required conversion to open surgery because of uncontrollable bleeding. A vascular clamp was used in 12 cases for an average of 26 minutes. The creatinine clearance changed from 98 to 93 ml/min in the elective cases and from 49 to 44 ml/min in the imperative cases. Pathological evaluation revealed RCC in 10 elective cases and 6 imperative cases. Local recurrence (renal hilum lymph node and ipsilateral kidney) was found in 2 patients in the imperative group. Although laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is useful, long-term follow-up is necessary for evaluating the tumor control.