新型强化材料修饰脂质体的研究进展

综述强化材料修饰的脂质体的研究现状和发展趋势。围绕目前正在进行临床试验研究阶段的脂质体制剂,如多糖修饰脂质体、甘草次酸修饰脂质体、聚乙二醇修饰脂质体、PAC膜修饰脂质体、RGD修饰脂质体、聚赖氨酸修饰脂质体、泊洛沙姆修饰脂质体等,分析用强化材料修饰后的脂质体在稳定性、靶向性、体内循环作用时间等方面的提高情况,并对脂质体存在的问题及设计中应该注意的方面和今后发展可行性进行了探讨。     

双重修饰的主动靶向脂质体研究进展

主动靶向脂质体是靶向递药体系的一个重要角色。由于传统的单一基团修饰的主动靶向脂质体存在靶向效率不高、细胞摄取率不高等缺点,人们不断探索采用两种或多种不同识别分子或其他协同分子共同修饰脂质体。本文拟针对双重修饰脂质体技术的研究进展进行综述。通过对两种特异性配体或抗体共同修饰、特异性配体与细胞穿透肽共同修饰、两种细胞穿透肽共同修饰等不同类型的双重修饰脂质体的综述分析,我们发现双重修饰技术具有提高靶向准确性和靶向效率,提高药物摄取,提高对靶点的黏附能力和血流稳定性等优势,尤其在跨膜穿越屏障系统的应用中凸显作用。     

脂质体修饰性材料应用研究进展

脂质体作为低毒性与免疫原性的药物载体已被应用于难溶性、不稳定、毒性等药物的递送,但传统脂质体仍存在稳定性差、体内循环时间不足、主动靶向性不明显等缺陷,因此选择适宜的修饰性材料制备脂质体已成为必要手段。修饰脂质体的方法主要有：在膜材中加入表面活性剂或改性物质,在膜表面嵌插靶向配体物质,将配体与膜材偶联共同组成脂质体结构。通过总结近年来脂质体常用的修饰性材料,阐释修饰原理并分析其优势及弊端,为脂质体的研究与开发提供借鉴。     

新型脂质体的研究进展

作为药物传递系统的载体,几种新型脂质体如膜融合脂质体、柔性脂质体、表面修饰脂质体等的研究己取得显著进展.本文归纳和分析了近期有关脂质体稳定性、靶向性及修饰材料的文献.     

基于胆固醇上不同连接方式修饰的穿膜肽脂质体的对比研究

目的对比研究胆固醇上以酯键、醚键的不同连接方式修饰穿膜肽TAT(源于Tat蛋白碱性结构域的短肽)脂质体的体内外特性。方法以Rho-PE为荧光标记物,制备在胆固醇上以酯键、醚键的不同连接方式修饰穿膜肽TAT的脂质体,用激发光散射粒度仪测定其粒径;在小鼠血清中考察两种衍生物材料72 h稳定性;以HUVEC、C6、C26细胞为受试细胞,对标记Rho-PE的两种脂质体进行细胞摄取的定量分析;以DID为荧光标记物,以荷瘤小鼠(C26)为受试动物,考察肿瘤部位定量摄取。结果以酯键、醚键不同连接方式的胆固醇上修饰/未修饰有穿膜肽TAT的脂质体的粒径分别为114.50±12.31、113.80±6.74、103.10±1.91、105.10±2.06 nm;多分散系数(PDI)分别为0.227±0.029、0.207±0.039、0.203±0.009、0.216±0.016;小鼠血清中以醚键连接的胆固醇衍生物材料具有良好的稳定性。胆固醇上以不同连接方式修饰的TAT脂质体中,以醚键连接方式制备的脂质体的体外细胞摄取以及体内肿瘤摄取均优于酯键连接方式制备的脂质体。结论醚键修饰的胆固醇衍生物材料所制备的连接TAT的脂质体相较于酯键连接者,有较好的体内外摄取效果。     

PCM和TAT双修饰脂质体的制备及心肌靶向性的初步评价

目的 研究心肌特异性靶向肽PCM和穿膜肽TAT双修饰的载荧光探针香豆素-6脂质体的制备工艺,并初步考察其心肌靶向性.方法 采用薄膜分散-超声法,以PCM和TAT为靶头,制备以大豆磷脂、胆固醇、DSPE-mPEG2000为载体材料的载香豆素-6的双修饰脂质体;优化香豆素-6用量、靶头连接方法及靶头用量,以形态、粒径分布、电位、包封率及体外稳定性对脂质体进行表征;考察心肌细胞H9C2对双修饰脂质体的摄取能力,表征其心肌靶向性.结果 PCM和TAT通过插入法连接,当PCM的用量为脂质的3％、TAT的用量为脂质的1％、香豆素-6的用量为20 μg时,所制得的双修饰脂质体的形态圆整,粒径分布为115.7 ±2.91 nm,Zeta电位为-13.1 ±1.81 mV,包封率为83.2％±3.1％,具有良好的体外稳定性,双修饰脂质体的心肌细胞摄取率明显高于未修饰和单修饰的脂质体.结论 双修饰脂质体的制备工艺简单,PCM和TAT双修饰可提高脂质体的心肌细胞靶向性.     

水溶性药物的疏水性修饰及其重组型脂质体的研究

脂质体载水溶性药物出现的共同问题是药物的包封量低、稳定性差。本文以甲硝唑(Ⅰ)为水溶性药物模型,进行疏水性结构修饰,得其肉豆蔻酸酯(Ⅱ)前体药物,分别进行Ⅰ和Ⅱ的脂质体研究,结果表明Ⅱ在脂质体中的包封率较Ⅰ提高10倍以上,渗漏速率降至十分之一,制成含Ⅱ的脂质干膜,经超声分散,可得合乎要求的重组型脂质体,为解决脂质体载药的稳定性问题提供有效途径。体外抗阿米巴原虫试验,镜检观察到载药脂质体进入阿米巴原虫的细胞内,且100%抑制原虫所需剂量Ⅱ脂质体是Ⅰ游离药的二分之一。因此药物疏水化修饰是解决脂质体载水溶性药物稳定性问题的理想途径。     

膜修饰脂质体的制备及对心肌细胞的靶向作用

目的制备 3- {4 - [2- 羟基 (1- 甲基乙胺基 )丙氧基 ]辛基 }丙酸十六醇酯 (PAC)膜修饰脂质体 ,并对其体外心肌细胞靶向性进行研究。方法合成 β1 受体配体亲脂性化合物 (PAC)并制备PAC膜修饰的脂质体 (PAC- L) ;将荧光标记的脂质体加入体外培养的心肌细胞中 ,分别在常氧及缺氧条件下共同培养一定时间后 ,用荧光分光光度计测定心肌细胞摄取荧光脂质体的量。结果体外心肌靶向性研究表明PAC- L与心肌细胞有较强的亲和力 ,在常氧状态下心肌细胞对PAC L的摄取较Plain -L高约 3. 2倍 ,而在缺氧状态下心肌细胞对PAC- L的摄取较Plain- L高达 5 1倍。结论可初步判断PAC膜修饰脂质体具有较强的缺血心肌靶向性     

提高脂质体主动靶向性材料的研究进展

目的:为制备高效的脂质体提供参考。方法:以"材料""脂质体""Materials modified liposomes"等为关键词,组合查询2000-2016年在Pub Med、中国知网、万方、维普等数据库中的相关文献,对修饰脂质体材料的种类、特点及其在制剂中的应用研究进行综述。结果与结论:共检索到相关文献439篇,其中有效文献45篇。目前用于修饰脂质体的材料主要有糖类及其衍生物、配体类、聚合物类及肽类等。其中糖类及其衍生物、配体类和肽类修饰后的脂质体具有主动靶向性,能提高药物的生物利用度;聚合物类修饰后的脂质体可提高药物的稳定性。目前国内修饰脂质体材料还处在研发阶段,临床应用较少,存在经修饰的脂质体在体内外的靶向性是否具有可比性、各类材料是否能广泛用于不同含药脂质体的修饰、修饰后的脂质体能否实现大规模生产、修饰脂质体的设计与制备过程均较普通脂质体复杂等问题,有待今后去攻克。     

不同表面活性剂对两性霉素B脂质体体内外性质的影响

目的寻找与DSPE-PEG功能相似的表面活性剂修饰两性霉素B脂质体，以增加其在体内的稳定性，改善其体内分布，降低毒副作用。方法用薄膜超声法制备两性霉素B脂质体；比较用DSPE-PEG，Tween 80和Brij 35修饰后两性霉素B脂质体包封率、粒径分布、稳定性及组织分布的变化。结果两性霉素B脂质体的包封率最高为（91.2±1.6）％。修饰后的两性霉素B脂质体包封率提高，粒径减小，稳定性增加，肝、脾和肾中两性霉素B的浓度降低，脑中AmB的浓度提高。结论DSPE-PEG和Brij 35能提高脂质体逃避网状内皮系统吞噬的能力；Tween 80能增加两性霉素B在大鼠脑组织中的分布。     

Effects of Linkers on the Development of Liposomal Formulation of Cholesterol Conjugated Cobalt Bis(dicarbollides)

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) remains an important treatment arm for cancer patients with locally invasive malignant tumors. This therapy needs a significant amount of boron to deposit in cancer tissues selectively, sparing other healthy organs. Most of the liposomes contain water-soluble polyhedral boron salts stay in the core of the liposomes and have low encapsulation efficiency. Thus, modifying the polyhedral boron core to make it hydrophobic and incorporating those into the lipid layer could be one of the ways to increase drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. Additionally, a systematic study about the linker-dependent effect on drug encapsulation and drug-release is lacking, particularly for the liposomal formulation of hydrophobic-drugs. To achieve these goals, liposomal formulations of a series of lipid functionalized cobalt bis(dicarbollide) compounds have been prepared, with the linkers of different hydrophobicity. Hydrophobicity of the linkers have been evaluated through logP calculation and its effect on drug encapsulation and release have been investigated. The liposomes have shown high drug loading, excellent encapsulation efficiency, stability, and non-toxic behavior. Release experiment showed minimal release of drug from liposomes in phosphate buffer, ensuring some amount of drug, associated with liposomes, can be available to tumor tissues for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy.     

Spectroscopic investigation of the molecular state of nystatin encapsulated in liposomes

The stability and spectral properties of nystatin-encapsulating liposomes, composed of various combinations of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol (CH) and distearoyl-N-(monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)succinyl) phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE-PEG), were studied in order to elucidate the molecular state and localization of nystatin encapsulated in liposomes. Localization of nystatin at the surface region of the liposomal membrane was investigated by PEG/dextran two-phase partition and measurement of the fluorescence quenching of nystatin by p-xylene-bis-pyridinium bromide (DPX). In DPPC/DSPE-PEG liposomes and DPPC/CH/DSPE-PEG liposomes, containing 151 and 160 mcg nystatin per mg lipid, respectively, nystatin appeared to be present at the surface region of the liposomal membranes. Self-quenching of nystatin fluorescence was observed in DPPC/CH and DPPC/CH/DSPE-PEG liposomes even at low encapsulated amounts, suggesting the localization of nystatin in CH-incorporating membranes. In CH-free liposomes, nystatin molecules were at first delocalized in the membranes and then self-associated at a higher level of encapsulation. Absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra were also measured to examine the monomeric and aggregated states of nystatin in liposomes. High encapsulation efficacy was observed in DPPC and DPPC/DSPE-PEG liposomes, but the highest stability and retention of nystatin in liposomes were observed in DPPC/CH/DSPE-PEG liposomes, evaluated in terms of the nystatin and calcein release from nystatin-encapsulating liposomes in vitro. From the results, possible encapsulation mechanisms of nystatin in liposomes narrowed down to the following three points; interaction with lipid membrane, adsorption on the liposomal surface and complex formation with DSPE-PEG.     

Atomic force microscopy: a tool to study the structure,dynamics and stability of liposomal drug delivery systems

Much work has been done during the past few decades to develop effective drug delivery systems (DDS), many of which are based on nanotechnology science. Liposomes are the most attractive lipid vesicles for drug delivery. The multifunctional properties of liposomes have a key role in modifying the bioavailability profile of a therapeutic agent. Different analytical techniques can be used to describe liposomes, not least applied scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) seems to be one of the most effectively applied SPM techniques. This review article outlines the applications of AFM in evaluating the physical characteristics and stability of liposomal DDSs. Other well-known microscopy techniques used in evaluating liposome physical characteristics are also mentioned, and the contribution of AFM to evaluating liposomal stability is discussed. Among the advantages of AFM in examining the physicochemical properties of liposomal DDSs is its ability to provide morphological and metrology information on liposome properties. AFM thus appears to be a promising tool in technological characterization of liposomal DDSs.     

Preparation and characterization of liposomal formulations of neurotensin-degrading enzyme inhibitors

Neurotensin-degrading enzyme (NTDE) inhibitors hold great potential for treating psychotic disorders. However, brain uptake of such compounds in vivo is generally low due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier. In this study, liposomal formulations of two NTDE inhibitors, named compound 1 (C1) and compound 2 (C2) were prepared. Association of these compounds with the liposomal bilayer, subsequent liposomal stability, and compound release in the presence of albumin was studied. Entrapment of the compounds in the liposomal bilayer showed the solubilizing properties of the liposomes. Size and polydispersity index of the compound-entrapped liposomes did not change over 1 month, showing colloidal stability of the liposomal drug formulations. The amount of compounds associated with the liposomes decreased within one day. After this, the association remained stable at 4 °C. For C1, association remained stable at 37 °C in HEPES buffered saline, and the compound was gradually released in the presence of bovine serum albumin. For C2, the release was rapid in both HBS and BSA at 37 °C. In conclusion, the formulation of NTDE inhibitors C1 and C2 in liposomes has been demonstrated and holds promise to deliver NTDE inhibitors in vivo.     

Delivery systems for natural antioxidant compounds: Archaeosomes and archaeosomal hydrogels characterization and release study

The aim of this study was to use archaeosomes, a novel kind of liposomes made up by archaeal polar lipids, both multilamellars (MLVs) and unilamellars (SUVs), as a topical delivery system for natural antioxidant compounds recovered from olive mill waste. For comparative purpose an analogue formulation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes was prepared. SUVs were smaller than MLVs ones, showing size values smaller than 200nm, which was maintained during the stability study. Transmission electron microscopy showed spherical morphology for conventional liposomes while archaeosomes had more irregular membranes. Vesicle encapsulation efficiency was quite similar in both formulations and was enough to ensure a good antioxidant activity. Stability studies were performed one month after the preparation of formulations, which showed a high stability with no change in the initial characteristics of the suspensions. Furthermore, the possibility of incorporating the liposomal suspensions in different excipients (Carbopol-940(?) and Pluronic-127(?)) for topical administration was studied. In order to evaluate the release behaviour of the different systems prepared, in vitro diffusion studies were carried out using vertical diffusion Franz cells. In both cases the incorporation of the vesicles into the gels lead in a sustained release for 24h. Archaeosome gels released a similar amount of phenolic compounds regardless the excipient used, while in liposomal gels great release differences were found between carbopol and pluronic gel.     

Long term stability of rh-Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD)-liposomes prepared by the cross-flow injection technique following International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH)-guidelines.

The current market position of liposomes as drug carriers is still being discussed with regard to large scale production, product characterisation and the stability of the dispersions. In this study, long term stability of liposomal suspensions with encapsulated rh-Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase was tested according to the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) recommendations. The guidelines of the ICH provide general requirements for stability testing for registration and export in particular. The Institute of Applied Microbiology has examined a process to produce large amounts of pharmaceutical-grade liposomes for the treatment of inflammatory diseases by topical application. For the evaluation of its long-term storage stability, liposomal stability and protein stability were tested under appropriate conditions. Therefore, size alterations of the vesicles, protein release and protein activity were evaluated. During the observation period, neither significant alterations of the liposomes nor any protein degradation could be detected. In the light of these findings our liposomal formulations seem to provide chemical, physical and biological stability according to the definitions of the ICH. Appropriate lipid compounds and environmental factors, in combination with an optimised process and adequate storage conditions, facilitate the production of liposome dispersions suitable as drug carriers on the market.     

Cellular localization of stable solid liposomes in the liver of rats

Small solid liposomes made from distearoylphosphatidyl choline and cholesterol (molar ratio 2 : 1) showed significant stability in plasma, with a half-life of about 24 hr after intravenous injection in rats. The major cellular uptake of intact liposomes was found in the liver and spleen, peaking after 2–4 hr in the liver and after 24 hr in the spleen. Isolation of parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells from rat livers at various intervals after injection of liposomes showed that both cell types adsorbed liposomal membranes and took up the liposomal contents. Our study has shown that most of the liposomal markers found in the liver shortly (< 40 min) after administration stemmed from the liposomes adsorbed to extracellular binding sites, and that uptake into the cells took place subsequently. In non-parenchymal cells, uptake was rapid and the intracellular level remained rather constant after 40 min and for up to 4 hr. The uptake of liposomes by parenchymal cells was slower, it showed a lag-phase of approx. $\text{1}\text{2}$ hr and peaked at 2 hr, whereupon the radioactivity in parenchymal cells dropped. The contents of liposomes behaved in a manner similar to the membranes. It is concluded that, in addition to a rapid uptake of liposomes in non-parenchymal liver cells, there is a significant degree of association with parenchymal cells, provided that the liposomes administered are small (< 100 nm in diameter) and stable.     

Pyrocatechol violet as a marker to characterize liposomal membrane permeability using the chelation and the first-order derivative spectrophotometry

Pyrocatechol violet (PV), a chelating agent for cupric ions was used to characterize liposomal membrane permeability. After cupric ions were added to PV liposomes, free PV turned into its chelate (PV-Cu), and encapsulated PV kept stable since liposomal membranes prevented metal ions from permeating. After the light scattering background of liposomes and the absorbance of PV were eliminated by the first-order derivative spectrophotometric method, PV-Cu i.e. free PV in liposome suspensions could be determined without separation. The released PV from liposomes could also be determined. Because PV release is relevant to liposomal membrane permeability, PV becomes a marker to characterize the membrane permeability. This new method was simple, rapid, sensitive, and was used to measure the temperature-dependent liposomal membrane permeability in this paper. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and soybean lecithin liposomes showed the peaks of release at 40 degrees C and 39 degrees C, respectively.     

Prolonged circulation time of doxorubicin-loaded liposomes coated with a modified polyvinyl alcohol after intravenous injection in rats.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functions of a modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-R), which has a hydrophobic moiety, as a coating material for liposomes to be loaded with the anticancer drug, doxorubicin. The size controlled liposomes (egg phosphatidylcholine: cholesterol=1:1 molar ratio) were prepared by the hydration method followed by extrusion. Drug encapsulation and surface modification with polymers (PVA and PVA-R) were carried out simultaneously using a modified pH gradient method. The existence of a thick polymer layer on the surface of the liposomes was confirmed by an increase in particle size and the amount of polymer on the liposomal surface, especially for the PVA-R-coated liposomes. The effects of polymer coating on the behavior of the liposomes in vivo were evaluated by measuring the circulation time and biodistribution of the drug after i.v. administration of the liposomal drug in rats. The PVA-R-coated liposomes showed a more prolonged circulating time for the drug with less uptake by the reticuloendothelial system after i.v. administration in rats, compared with non-coated liposomes. These results confirm that polymer possessing a hydrophobic anchor at its end, like PVA-R, is a suitable material for modifying the surface of doxorubicin-loaded liposomes to improve their stability in the circulating blood.     

Liposomal gels for vaginal drug delivery

The aim of our study was to develop a liposomal drug carrier system, able to provide sustained and controlled release of appropriate drug for local vaginal therapy. To optimise the preparation of liposomes with regards to size and entrapment efficiency, liposomes containing calcein were prepared by five different methods. Two optimal liposomal preparations (proliposomes and polyol dilution liposomes) were tested for their in vitro stability in media that simulate human vaginal conditions (buffer, pH 4.5). To be closer to in vivo application of liposomes and to achieve further improvement of their stability, liposomes were incorporated in vehicles suitable for vaginal self-administration. Gels of polyacrylate were chosen as vehicles for liposomal preparations. Due to their hydrophilic nature and bioadhesive properties, it was possible to achieve an adequate pH value corresponding to physiological conditions as well as desirable viscosity. In vitro release studies of liposomes incorporated in these gels (Carbopol 974P NF or Carbopol 980 NF) confirmed their applicability as a novel drug carrier system in vaginal delivery. Regardless of the gel used, even 24 h after the incubation of liposomal gel in the buffer pH 4.5 more than 80% of the originally entrapped substance was still retained.