原位肝移植加人工肝支持疗法治疗暴发性肝功能衰竭

目的 探讨原位肝移植加入人工肝支持疗法对暴发性肝功能衰竭的疗效及非生物型人工肝支持系统在暴发性肝功能衰竭肝移植术前准备中的作用。方法 本组7例暴发性肝功能衰竭患者,均有不同程度的肝昏迷,黄疸,腹水,肝功能损害,出血倾向,在等待供肝的过程中分别接受2-20次非生物型人工肝支持疗法,供肝到达后行原位肝移植术,结果 人工肝支持治疗后患者血清胆红素明显下降,腹水明显减少,部分病人肝性脑病有所好转,7例均顺利行肝移植,5例存活3-290个月,其中3例已存活1年半以上,并已恢复正常工作,2例术前有肝肾综合征者,术后3d死亡,其中1例并发急性重症胰腺炎。结论 原位肝移植加入工肝支持疗法是暴发性肝功能衰竭的有效方法,术前人工肝支持可作为暴发性肝功能衰竭等待供肝期间的桥梁,并可改善病情减少肝移植的危险因素。     

非生物型人工肝在肝移植中的应用九例

目的评价非生物人工肝对慢性乙型重症肝炎患者等待肝移植的过渡支持作用。方法采用非生物型人工肝血浆置换方法对9例急需进行肝移植的慢性乙型重症肝炎患者进行人工肝支持治疗,以纠正内环境紊乱,使患者顺利度过待肝期。结果非生物人工肝治疗后,9例患者的胆红素总量和胆汁酸总量明显低于治疗前(P<0.01),凝血酶原活动度、胆固醇总量、胆碱脂酶及前白蛋白明显高于治疗前(P<0.01)。9例等待供肝时间为7~10d,均成功接受肝移植。随访至今,存活7例,存活时间最长者已达1年,2例分别于肝移植术后4、5d死亡。结论非生物型人工肝对等待肝移植的慢性重症肝炎患者有一定的过渡支持作用。     

肝移植急性排斥反应的诊断和治疗体会(附3例改良背驼式肝移植报告)

目的探讨肝移植术后急性排斥反应的诊断和治疗。方法2001年9月至2003年6月成功进行了3例同种异体原位肝移植术。术前诊断：1．乙肝后肝硬化．2．肝移植术后感染丙型肝炎导致移植肝无功能，3．硬化性胆管炎、肝功能衰竭。术后均采用环孢素A和甲基泼尼松龙两联免疫抑制疗法。结果3例肝移植术后共出现3次急性排斥反应。排斥反应时血清谷丙转氨酶及胆红素急剧升高。肝穿刺活检明确诊断。经过冲击治疗后．3次急性排斥反应均被控制。结论合理应用免疫抑制剂是控制急性排斥反应的关键．应用环孢素A可适当延长术后早期静脉应用时间。     

肝移植术后严重感染状态下的严重排斥反应3例报告

回顾性分析收治的3例肝移植患者在严重感染状态下免疫抑制治疗的临床资料。结果示1例活体辅助肝移植患者几乎完全停用免疫抑制剂后发生严重排斥反应导致移植肝丧失；1例老年肝移植患者免疫抑制剂减量后出现严重排斥反应，立即予激素冲击治疗获良好效果；1例患者大幅减少免疫抑制剂后发生严重排斥反应，导致门静脉血栓形成而被迫再次肝移植。提示肝移植术后严重感染状态下行免疫抑制剂减量或停用时须密切观察是否发生急性排斥反应；一旦发生，宜果断予加强免疫抑制剂治疗。     

五酯胶囊在肝移植术后的临床应用

目的探讨五酯胶囊对肝移植术后服用FK506患者的血药浓度的影响。方法选取57例肝移植术后口服他克莫司(Tacrolimus,FK506)的患者,加服五酯胶囊,监测FK506血药浓度。结果一周后FK506全血谷值浓度显著升高(P0.01),每日服用FK506剂量及临床费用显著降低(P0.01);随访期间急性排斥反应发生率没有增加,肝肾功能保持稳定。结论在保证免疫抑制效果的同时,五酯胶囊可以作为增效剂提高FK506的血药浓度并保持稳定,降低用量。     

肝移植后急性排斥反应的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后急性排斥反应的诊断和治疗。方法 １９９６年５月至１９９８年２月成功地进行了４例同种异体原位肝移植术,术前诊断：１例肝炎后肝硬变,３例肝豆状核变性。术后均采用环孢素Ａ,硫唑嘌呤和甲基泼尼松龙三联免疫抑制疗法。结果 ４例肝移植后共出现５次急性排斥反应。急性排斥反应时血清游离ＩＬ－２Ｒ明显升高,ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值减小,嗜酸性粒细胞增加,２例胆汁ＩＬ－２Ｒ也升高,而ＩＬ－６,ＩＬ－８,     

CYP3A5在肝移植术后他克莫司个体化治疗中的意义

目的总结CYP3A5在肝移植术后他克莫司个体化治疗中的意义。方法复习、分析近年来有关肝移植患者CYP3A5基因多态性对他克莫司药代动力学影响的文献。结果他克莫司可以有效预防肝移植的排斥反应。药代动力学中狭窄的有效药物浓度范围和个体差异使其很难确定针对所有患者的固定剂量,药物代谢酶和转运子的基因多态性影响着他克莫司的血药浓度。CYP3A5基因分型影响着肝移植受体的他克莫司需要量。结论 CYP3A5基因分型可能为优化肝移植患者的免疫抑制治疗提供帮助。     

乙型肝炎相关性肝病肝移植术后的急性排斥反应

目的 研究乙型肝炎相关性肝病肝移植术后急性排斥反应的发病率、治疗和预防。方法前瞻性地研究用肝移植术治疗乙型肝炎相关性肝病100例，分析急性排斥反应的发病相关因素，急性排斥反应和免疫抑制剂治疗的动态监测及二者间的联系。结果临床型急性排斥反应的发病率为12％，急性排斥反应发生前3～5d，有明显的免疫抑制剂浓度降低的过程。FKS06为基础的免疫抑制方案，加用骁悉，可有效地终止、逆转急性排斥反应；和以甲基强的松龙冲击治疗急性排斥反应相比较，副作用少，但肝功能的完全恢复时间相对较慢。结论乙型肝炎相关性肝病的肝移植术后急性排斥反应的发生率相对较低；和急性排斥反应发生相关的免疫抑制剂低浓度是诱导急性排斥反应的重要相关因素；FK506为基础的免疫抑制方案，可有效地终止、逆转急性排斥反应，且副作用少。     

西罗莫司在肝移植术后免疫抑制中的效果及安全性

目的 探讨肝移植术后应用西罗莫司(SRL)的免疫抑制效果和安全性.方法 对21例以SRL作为免疫抑制维持治疗的肝移植受者进行了观察.其中术后直接应用SRL者6例(术前肾功能不全者2例、原发病为肿瘤者4例);因他克莫司(Tac)药物相关性因素替换为SRL者15例(Tac肾毒性4例、高度可疑Tae肝毒性8例、Tac用量过大仍不能达到预期血药浓度者3例).术后对21例受者平均随访25.4个月(6～42个月),评估SRL的临床免疫抑制效果及安全性.结果 随访期间,2例受者因药物副反应停药,药物耐受率为90.5%.发生急性排斥反应1例次,经治疗后痊愈,其余患者均获得良好的免疫抑制效果.Tac肾毒性患者肾功能改善3例;Tac肝毒性患者肝功能显著好转6例.结论 SRL作为受者肝移植术后的免疫抑制维持治疗是安全有效的.术后早期及时用SRL替换Tac可有效逆转后者所致的肝、肾毒性损害.     

肝移植术后急性排斥反应33例诊治报告

目的 探讨肝移植术后发生急性排斥反应的诊断方法与治疗原则.方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院肝胆外科2007年1月-2010年12月收治的232例肝移植患者的临床资料,对术后33例发生急性排斥反应患者的诊断及治疗方法进行分析.结果 42例患者术后因肝功能异常而行肝脏活检并根据Banff标准诊断,其中33例发生急性排斥反应,28例为单次,5例为两次,急性排斥反应发病率为14.2％.发生急性排斥反应的患者经激素冲击或调整免疫抑制药物剂量后,31例缓解,2例死亡.结论 肝脏穿刺活检对于肝移植术后急性排斥反应的诊断有重要意义,免疫抑制药物剂量调整以及激素冲击是治疗急性排斥反应的有效措施.     

Use of mycophenolate mofetil in liver transplantation: a literature review

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive drug, exhibiting its effect through inhibition of proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. Standard primary immunosuppressive therapy after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is based on a calcineurin-inhibitor (CNI): cyclosporine or tacrolimus. Renal failure with arterial hypertension, due to CNI side-effects, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after OLT. Several studies have shown the efficacy of MMF to improve CNI-induced nephrotoxicity, blood pressure, and uric acid concentration in liver transplant patients with concomitant reduction or withdrawal of CNI. Predose plasma mycophenolic acid concentrations (MPA) are related to adverse events, drug dose, and clinical status. Blood level values outside the suggested MPA therapeutic range are associated with acute rejection episodes and side effects, which have been described in about half of the patients treated with MMF. Most authors have described gastrointestinal and hematological side-effects, whereas these appear usually dose related, responding quickly to reduction. MMF is potent and safe immunosuppressive agent, and replacement of CNI by MMF in liver transplant patients with renal dysfunction may improve not only kidney function but also other CNI-associated side-effects, such as hypertension and hyperuricemia, with a low risk of rejection.     

人工肝支持系统在肝移植围手术期中的应用

目的 为了观察人工肝支持系统在肝移植围手术期中的应用情况。方法 对１例晚期肝硬变伴小肝癌患者流行同种异体原位肝移植,术前术后代进行８次人工肝支持系统治疗。移植术中无肝期采用外静脉转流技术,术后应用甲基泼尼松龙和环孢素进行免疫抑制。结果 患者术后早期恢复顺利,但手术后２１天死于颅内出血。结论认为术前和使用脸工肝支持繁育有改善患者一般情况,使更易耐受手术,并可在急性嘲笑土产共肝时使用,术后使用能改善嘲     

The influence of cytomegalovirus viraemia on the outcome of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Several interrelated host and hepatitis C virus (HCV) associated factors have been proposed to explain the variable outcomes in HCV recurrence. Recent evidence suggests that cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection not only is co-factor in progression of HCV recurrence but may precipitate allograft rejection. We investigated whether short-term CMV viremia influences HCV recurrence, the number and grade of acute rejection episodes, and the histological course of HCV recurrence during the first year after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for HCV-related cirrhosis. METHODS: A cohort of 39 patients transplanted for cirrhosis HCV-related was analyzed. Patients were evaluated twice weekly for CMV infection by a blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Triple therapy with cyclosporine or tacrolimus, azathioprine and prednisolone was the initial immunosuppressive regimen. Preemptive treatment with ganciclovir was started when two consecutive PCRs for CMV were positive. Liver biopsies were performed on day 7 after OLT or when indicated. A 3-day IV 1 g methilprednisolone was given to patients with moderate or severe rejection. Ishak's score was used to grade inflammation and to stage fibrosis. RESULTS: Neither CMV viremia nor CMV disease after OLT for HCV-related cirrhosis adversely influenced the incidence and grade of acute rejection episodes nor the histological outcome of post transplant HCV recurrence, during the first year after liver transplantation. CONCLUSION: CMV viremia as detected by PCR does not affect the progression of HCV recurrence in liver grafts.     

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目的 总结人工肝脏支持系统（ALSS）应用于人体原位肝脏移植围手术期的经验体会。方法 回顾性分析1993年4月至2001年5月连续实施的55例肝脏移植中9例病人在移植前后进行ALSS治疗的临床资料。结果 55例肝脏移植中有9例病人在移植前和（或）后进行了36例次的ALSS治疗。其中移植前有8例病人进行共24例次的ALSS治疗。原发疾病为慢性重型肝炎4例，终末期肝硬化4例。治疗后病人病情好转，肝功能等各项指标显著改善，顺利实施肝脏移植。移植术后3例病人出现排斥反应，在调整免疫抑制剂方案同时辅以共12例次的ALSS治疗，此后肝功能趋于好转，排斥反应得以扭转。结论 ALSS能纠正机体术前的内环境失衡，为供肝等待和增加手术耐受创造条件，应作为肝脏移植前积极准备的重要部分；ALSS为术后移植物功能发挥欠佳者提供了有力支持和恢复功能的机会。     

Primary liver disease as a determinant for acute rejection after liver transplantation

Background: Graft rejection and infection remain major problems following liver transplantation; both are heavily influenced by the immunosuppressive regimen. Despite the disparity in the primary disease leading to transplantation, all patients receive the same post-transplant immunosuppressive treatment in a given center. The aim of this study is to detect a possible effect of the underlying disease on the incidence of early acute rejection episodes after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Patients and Methods: Retrospective analysis on all 101 consecutive liver transplants performed in 95 patients between 1983 and March 1998; five of these patients, surviving less than 30 days, were not included. The immunosuppressive regimen was based on conventional triple therapy during the whole study period. The diagnosis and treatment of acute rejection within the first 30 days post-OLT was uniform throughout the whole study period. Results: Though there were no differences with respect to patients' characteristics [age, child classification, number of HLA-mismatches or cytomegalovirus (CMV)-serocompatibility], patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) showed a significant increase of acute rejection after OLT compared with the other patients transplanted for other liver diseases (P = 0.024). The incidence of infection was not elevated in patients transplanted for PBC when compared with other diagnoses. Conclusion: Our results indicate that primary liver disease may be a determinant for acute graft rejection in PBC. Furthermore, these results suggest that immunosuppressive regimens based on the underlying disease should be considered. Received: 19 October 1998 Accepted: 28 January 1999     

Increased sensitivities of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to immunosuppressive drugs in cirrhosis patients awaiting liver transplantation

Successful immunosuppressive therapy is critical for liver transplantation. However, a considerable number of patients show clinical resistance to the therapy and experience rejection episodes, or alternatively exhibits serious adverse effects of drugs. We examined the in vitro response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to immunosuppressive drugs in cirrhosis patients awaiting liver transplantation. We evaluated the suppressive efficacy of prednisolone, methylprednisolone, cyclosporine, and tacrolimus on the in vitro blastogenesis of PBMCs obtained from 22 cirrhosis patients and 31 healthy subjects. In vitro drug concentrations giving 50% inhibition of PBMC blastogenesis (IC50s) were calculated. Two out of these 22 patients received liver transplantation from living donors, and their clinical courses were surveyed until 5 weeks after operation. The median IC50 values for prednisolone, cyclosporine, and tacrolimus against blastogenesis of PBMCs from cirrhosis patients were significantly lower than those of PBMCs from healthy subjects (p < 0.01). However, large individual differences were observed in the IC50 values of the immunosuppressive drugs examined, especially in the cirrhosis patients. One recipient exhibiting high PBMC sensitivity to tacrolimus (IC50 = 0.001 ng/ml) showed good clinical course without rejection until 5 weeks after liver transplantation. The other recipient exhibiting relatively low PBMC sensitivity to taclolimus (IC50 = 0.30) showed allograft rejection at 1 week after operation. We concluded from these observations that PBMCs of cirrhosis patients are vulnerable to the immunosuppressive effects of prednisolone and calcineurin inhibitors. However, large individual variations in the IC50 values suggest that patients exhibiting relatively lower sensitivity to these drugs may have risks of rejection, whereas highly sensitive patients are possibly able to reduce the dose of immunosuppressive drugs to avoid serious drug-adverse effects, after liver transplantation.     

Role of antinuclear antibodies in experimental and clinical liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: We recently reported that autoreactive antibodies (Abs) against nuclear histone H1 was transiently induced at an early phase after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in a tolerogenic rat OLT model and possessed immunosuppressive activity. It was also reported that nuclear antigen, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein was one of the initiators of the immune reaction. The present study sought to evaluate the role of antinuclear Abs in experimental and clinical liver transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prepared 3 animal models: natural tolerance model (DA liver into PVG); acute rejection model (DA liver into LEW); and drug-induced tolerance model (acute rejection model + cyclosporine [CsA]). In addition, we examined clinical samples, including 1 drug-free patient, to measure the antihistone H1/HMGB1 titers at various times after OLT. RESULTS: In a natural tolerance model, antihistone H1 and HMGB1 Ab was induced during the rejection and the tolerance induction phases, respectively. Those Ab responses were also confirmed in a drug-induced tolerance model, whereas no such responses were shown in an acute rejection model. In our clinical drug-free patient, antihistone H1/HMGB1 titer was significantly higher after cessation of CsA than that in healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: Antinuclear Ab is actively expressed in accordance with overcoming rejection episodes with subsequent tolerance induction in both a natural tolerance model and a drug-induced tolerance model. We also observed a similar tendency in our clinical drug-free patient. These results suggested that antinuclear Abs may be useful markers to determine the timing to withdraw immunosuppressants.     

Long-term use of cyclosporine in liver recipients. Reduction of dosages in the first year to avoid nephrotoxicity

Cyclosporine is a potent immunosuppressive drug, which has dose-related nephrotoxicity. In renal transplantation, the differentiation between rejection and toxicity is difficult and even with the aid of blood levels of the drug, it may be difficult to establish a chronic maintenance dose. Long-term survivors after liver transplantation can provide modes with which to establish maintenance doses, as these are dictated by nephrotoxicity in these patients. Twenty-nine liver transplant patients who survived one year or more were followed for changes in their cyclosporine doses. Daily oral cyclosporine dose, BUN, serum creatinine and bilirubin were monitored. The reductions in cyclosporine were dictated almost entirely by the findings of nephrotoxicity.