尼泊尔留学生第二语言阅读功能磁共振研究

目的利用功能核磁共振成像（fMRI）探讨以英文和中文为第二语言的尼泊尔人，对英文和中文进行阅读联想时，大脑激活区域的差异。方法采用血氧水平依赖法（BOLD）组块设计，考查12名健康三语尼泊尔人，接受英文单词和中文单词任务视觉刺激时，相关脑区激活特点，并分析其差异。结果中文任务主要激活了双侧额上回，额中回，中央前回，顶上小叶，颞上回，颞中回及枕叶；英文任务主要激活’了左侧额上回，中央前回，顶上小叶，颞上回，颞下回，小脑及枕叶。汉语任务独特激活基底节区（如丘脑、尾状核）和边缘系统（如海马，海马旁回、扣带回、杏仁核）。在造句任务时，双侧颞上回（以右侧为主）有明-显（汉语，左侧1／12，右侧11／12，英文，左侧3／12，右侧9／12）激活。结论不同的第二外语，激活区域不同。汉语作为一种表意文字，其有别于英语等拼音文字的复杂空间二维结构，更容易产生注意力和情感反应。颞上、中回可能参与词汇的造句过程。     

Preoperative 3T high field blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging for glioma involving sensory cortical areas

Background Localization of sensory cortical areas during the operation is essential to preserve the sensory function. Intraoperative direct electrostimulation under awake anesthesia is the golden standard but time-consuming. We applied 3T high field blood oxygen level-dependent （BOLD） functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） to identify the relationship between glioma and cortical sensory areas preoperatively and to guide intraoperative direct electrostimulation for quick and precise localization. Methods Five glioma patients with sensory cortex involvement by or next to the lesion had preoperative BOLD fMRI to determine the spatial relationship of cortical sensory areas to the tumours. Bilateral hand opposite movement was performed by these patients for fMRI. Precentral and postcentral gyri were identified by electrical stimulation during the operation. Karnofsky Performance Status scores of the patients＇ pre- and postoperative and the role of BOLD fMRI were evaluated. Results The cortical sensory areas were all activated in five glioma patients involving postcentral gyrus areas by BOLD fMRI with bilateral hand opposite movement. The detected activation areas corresponded with the results from cortical electrical stimulation. Conclusions The relationship between cortical sensory areas and tumour can be accurately shown by BOLD fMRI before operation. And the information used to make the tumour resection could obtain good clinical results.     

动词生成任务相关脑区的功能磁共振成像研究

目的：观察动词生成任务过程中的fMRI脑激活情况,分析各脑激活区在动词生成任务中的作用。方法：对23例正常志愿者进行组块设计的动词生成任务fMRI,试验中要求被试者根据给出的单字名词,组成一个相关的动词词语。fMRI扫描采用GE公司1．5T磁共振仪。采用SPM2软件对试验数据进行预处理和统计分析,将激活区叠加于MNI标准模板脑,观察有统计学意义的体素所在的脑区及其MNI坐标,记录激活区的激活强度。结果：动词生成任务的主要激活区包括：Broca区和左侧岛叶部分皮层;右侧额下回后部和部分岛叶皮层;双侧运动前区（以左侧为主）;双侧辅助运动区;左侧扣带回前部;左侧顶后皮层;两侧丘脑;两侧基底节区;双侧小脑半球（以右侧为主）;左颞下回;两枕叶也见散在激活,但强度较弱。结论：动词生成任务可有效激活与语言输出功能有关的相关脑区,这些脑区可能是语言输出功能的神经网络基础。     

Surface-Based Morphometry of Human Brain: Intra-Individual Comparison Between 3T and 7T High Resolution Structural MR Imaging

Objective High resolution structural MR imaging can reveal structural characteristics of cerebral cortex and provide an insight into normal brain development and neuropsychological diseases. The aim of this study was to compare cortical structural characteristics of normal human brain between 3T and 7T MRI systems using surface-based morphometry based on high resolution structural MR imaging. Methods Twelve healthy volunteers were scanned by both 3T with 3D T1-weighted fast spoiled gradient recalled echo (3D T1-FSPGR) sequence and 7T with 3D T1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (3D T1-MPRAGE) sequence. MRI data were processed with FreeSurfer. The cortical thickness, white and gray matter surface area, convexity, and curvature from data of 3T and 7T were measured and compared by pairedt-test. Results Measurements of mean cortical thickness, total white matter surface area and gray matter surface area of 3T were larger than those of 7T (left hemisphere:P=0.000, 0.006, 0.020 respectively; right hemisphere:P=0.000, 0.000, 0.000 respectively). Surface-based morphometry over the whole brain demonstrated both reduced and increased measurements of cortical thickness, white and gray surface area, convexity, and curvature at 7T compared to 3T. Conclusions Inconsistency of brain structural attribute between 3T and 7T was confirmed, and researchers should be cautious about data when using ultrahigh field MR system to investigate brain structural changes.     

具体性自传体记忆任务下抑郁症患者的功能磁共振成像特点

目的 探讨青年抑郁症患者在具体性自传体记忆任务下的功能磁共振成像(fMRI)特点.方法 利用西门子1.5T功能性磁共振成像系统,检测12例抑郁症患者和12名健康志愿者在具体性自传体记忆任务下的大脑激活情况.采用国际通用的SPM5软件在MATLAB 2007a上对两组被试的功能性磁共振原始图像数据进行预处理,再进行两样本t检验.结果 与正常对照组相比,抑郁症患者在具体性自传体记忆任务下激活程度减弱(P<0.01)的脑区包括左侧颞中回(BA 21)、壳核、右侧梭状回(BA 37)和枕叶楔叶(BA 18),而激活程度增强(P<0.01)的脑区为右侧顶叶上回(BA 7).结论 抑郁症患者在具体性自传体记忆任务下的大脑激活模式与正常个体存在明显差异,抑郁症患者可能存在提取具体性记忆事件的相关脑区功能受损.     

46例CO中毒脑病病例脑部MRI影像特征及ADC值分析

目的探讨急性一氧化碳中毒(ACOP)脑病患者脑部MRI影像特征及弥散加权成像表观弥散系数(ADC)值分析的临床价值。方法回顾性分析46例急性CO中毒迟发性脑病(DEACMP)患者(观察组)及30例健康志愿者(对照组)脑部MRI影像及临床资料,分析其影像特征。对比两组受试者皮质区、半卵圆中心区、侧脑室周围白质区、苍白球区等相同部位的ADC平均值差异。结果 46例观察组受试者中15例(32.6%)MRI影像表现正常(无重度ACOP者,轻度14例、中度1例);剩余31例受试者头颅MRI影像可见异常信号,其中大脑皮质区受累2例,双侧顶叶皮质区可见T1WI对称性低信号、T2WI及DWI呈对称性高信号;双侧苍白球区异常信号者19例,表现为对称性长T1、长T2信号,呈现典型的"熊猫眼"特征;双侧脑白质区异常信号者10例,MRI图像可见对称分布的斑片状异常信号影,T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,脑沟及脑裂均未见异常。观察组皮质区、半卵圆中心区、侧脑室周围白质区、苍白球区等部位ADC平均值均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MRI在DEACMP的临床诊断中具有明显的影像特征,联合ADC值评估可有效提高诊断准确性,为后续诊疗工作的顺利开展提供条件。     

功能磁共振与神经导航融合定位和保护脑功能应用研究

目的探讨功能磁共振影像（fMRI）与神经导航系统进行图像融合定位和保护脑功能的应用价值,论证病变至功能区的最近距离与手术后神经功能障碍的关系。方法对20例位于或靠近脑功能区的颅内病变患者,手术前进行基于血氧水平依赖（BOLD）的脑功能磁共振检测（包括语言功能、视觉功能、肢体运动和舌运动功能）,将激活功能区图像输入神经导航系统,进行图像融合,手术前注册、校正,在fMRI影像导航下进行微创神经外科手术。结果20例患者功能磁共振影像与神经导航系统图像融合、注册顺利,术中准确定位颅内病变与脑功能区（除1例病例因注册后肿瘤卒中,术中出现导航漂移现象,术中超声予以矫正）。病变近全切除2例,全切除18例。20例患者中,4例患者手术后出现新神经功能障碍,2例患者术后3个月复查已恢复,术后随访3个月至1年,手术致残率10．0％,无手术死亡。4例手术后出现新神经功能障碍者病变位于功能区,14例病变至功能区最近距离〉10mm。11例患者在阅读汉字时出现广泛的激活,语言区位于左半球额中回第9区和颞叶第46区,视觉系统17—19区。结论fMRI导航为微创神经外科手术提供直观准确的功能区判定方法,保护脑功能,减少手术并发症。对于中国人语言功能区病变的微创神经外科手术尤有帮助。病变至功能区最近距离〉10mm,手术全切除病变相对安全。     

Application of functional MRI in epilepsy

Objective To review the recent development of functional MRI application in epilepsyData sources Both Chinese and English language literatures were researched using MEDLINE/ CD ROM(1996-2005) and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Disk (1996-2005).Study selection Published articles about functional MRI application and epilepsy were selected.Data extraction Data were mainly extracted from 38 articles which are listed in the reference section of this review.Results fMRI can be used to localize seizure loci through detecting these cerebral hemodynamic changes produced by epileptiform discharges. EEG-triggered fMRI, which has higher spatial and temporal resolution,helps to detect the spatiotemporal pattern of spike origin and propagation, and define localization of the epileptogenic focus, fMRI is also useful in language and memory cognitive function assessment and presurgical assessment of refractory epilepsy. Atypically distributed cognitive function areas can be detected by fMRI,because of cortical language and memory areas reorganization during long-term epileptic activity in patients with epilepsy.Conclusions fMRI technique plays a very important role in cognitive function and presurgical assessment of patients with epilepsy. It is meaningful for understanding pathogenesis of epilepsy.     

Preoperative blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with gliomas involving the motor cortical areas

Background Blood oxygen level-dependent （BOLD） functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） plays an important role in identifying functional cortical areas of the brain, especially in patients with gliomas. This study aimed to assess the value of fMRI in presurgical planning and functional outcome of patients with gliomas in the motor cortical areas. Methods Twenty-six patients with gliomas in the motor cortex were recruited in the study. Before operation, fMRI was performed in each patient to obtain the mapping of bilateral hands area on the primary sensorimotor cortex. This examination was performed on a 3.0T scanner with a bilateral hands movement paradigm. During microsurgery under awake anesthesia, the motor area was identified using direct electrical stimulation and compared with preoperative mapping. Finally the tumor was resected as much as possible with the motor cortex preserved in each patient. Karnofsky performance status （KPS） was evaluated in all patients before and after operation. Results Twenty-three patients showed a successful fMRI mapping. Among them, 19 were calssified to be grade Ⅲ; 4, grade Ⅱ; 3, grade Ⅰ. The operation time was about 7 hours in the 23 patients, 8.5 hours in the other 3. The pre-and postoperative KPS score was 82.3±8.6 and 94.2±8.1, respectively. Conclusions Preoperative fMRI of the hand motor area shows a high consistency with intraoperative cortical electronic stimulation. Combined use of the two methods shows a maximum benefit in surgical treatment.     

Neuroanatomical Mechanisms of Language Processing and Language Disorders：Basic Cross-Language Research Findings and Clinical Practice

Contrary to the conventional wisdom，recent research indicates that experience can quickly change both the human adult brain’s physical structure and functional organization. In this talk I will first summarize structural and functional MRI evidence from the study of the neurodevelopment of written Chinese and English which shows how brain networks change in response to language. I will then report on our experiments attempting to discover brain activity patterns during language-related tasks. We found that distinct cortical regions support the Chinese and the English language. These findings have been translated into clinical practices in guiding pre-surgical planning of the patients with brain disorders.     

功能磁共振成像定位调控双眼水平同向运动皮质中枢的研究

目的 确定人调控双眼水平同向运动行为的皮质中枢的位置。方法 选择健康人10名作为受试者，功能磁共振成像(fMRI)使用GE Signa Highspeed MR／i1．5T超导MRI仪及血氧水平依赖法(BOLD)fMRI技术对功能区进行成像。结果 被激活脑区位于双侧额叶，集中于Brodmann 8区和6区的位置；功能信号强度及范围：双侧对称4例，左侧为主2例，右侧为主2例，单侧2例。结论 人调控双眼水平同向运动的皮质中枢位于Brodmann 8区和6区的位置；功能活动有对称、偏侧及单侧现象。fMRI是定位脑功能的有效工具。     

电针刺激光明、外关组穴fMRI脑功能成像的研究

目的建立脑功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术平台,观察电针刺激光明(GB37)、外关(SJ5)组穴时对人脑功能的影响.方法选择5名健康志愿者,电针刺激光明(GB37)、外关(SJ5)组穴,采用Siemens公司Sonata 1.5T磁共振成像系统进行全脑功能扫描.数据经SPM软件统计分析得出刺激状态与静息状态信号对比的脑激活统计参数图,观察脑皮层相应功能区的激活状况.结果电针刺激右侧光明(GB37)及外关穴(SJ5)可使受试者双侧大脑枕叶距状沟附近的视觉皮质及顶下小叶皮层区的fMRI信号显著增加.结论特定的功能组穴与相应皮层兴奋区之间存在一定的相关性.fMRI影像技术结合SPM分析是研究电针作用机制的一种有效方法.     

Asymmetry of brain functional activation: fMRI study under language and music stimulation

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功能磁共振神经导航在定位和保护语言功能中的应用

目的 拟运用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)方法术前确定语言功能皮层位置及其与病灶的关系,探讨fMRI在保护语言功能方面的应用价值.并通过术后随访论证fMRI融合神经功能导航对术中语言功能保护的作用及术后语言功能缺失恢复的影响.方法 对2006年1月至2010年1月北京天坛医院88例位于或邻近语言功能区的颅内病变患者,在术前接受脑fMRI检查(包括语言功能、视觉功能及肢体运动和舌运动功能检测),将fMRI图像输入神经导航系统,进行图像融合,术前进行注册、校正,在fMRI导航下进行微创神经外科手术.术后3～6个月复查fMRI,对照术前fMRI评价语言功能恢复情况.结果 88例患者术前行fMRI图像与神经导航系统图像融合、注册顺利,术中能明确定位颅内病变与语言功能区.72例病变至功能区最近距离＞ 10 mm,6例病变至功能区最近距离＜5 mm,10例病变至功能区最近距离5～10 mm.术后随访3个月至1年,手术致残率6.8％(6/88),无手术死亡.所有患者在阅读汉字时均出现广泛的激活.表现为:双侧额下回、左侧额中回、双侧或左侧颞上回(BA46区)、视觉系统17 ～19区、双侧小脑等.结论 fMRI融合神经导航术中可定位语言功能区,对术中保护脑语言功能区,实施个体化治疗方案,减少手术并发症及预后判断有重要意义.病变至功能区最近距离＞10 mm时,手术全切除病变是安全的.     

功能磁共振成像在邻近脑功能区胶质瘤手术前后的应用研究

目的:研究功能磁共振成像(fMRI)对指运动时的功能定位及正常和病理状态下运动皮层的功能变化。探讨其在胶质瘤手术前后的临床应用价值。方法:采用磁共振血氧依赖水平(BILD)原理对20例正常志愿者及40例胶质瘤患者进行脑功能成像,原始数据采集后传入工作站,应用工作站的Functool软件进行图像分析后处理。结果:20例正常志愿者MRI及fMRI图像清晰,脑功能激活区显示良好。40例胶质瘤患者病变侧的功能区出现不同程度的减弱、分散,甚至消失。胶质瘤位置、形态、大小及功能改变的关系能得到清晰显示。结论:fMRI对邻近脑运动功能区胶质瘤患者手术前后的综合评价具有重要临床意义,有利于在肿瘤最大限度切除的前提下尽可能地保留邻近的脑运动功能区。     

运动准备和执行的全脑功能磁共振研究

目的研究各运动相关脑结构在运动准备和执行过程中作用。方法采用事件相关功能磁共振成像技术对12名右利手健康受试者在延时序列手指运动过程中全脑的功能活动进行记录,作出与运动准备和运动执行有关的脑激活图以及时间信号强度反应曲线。结果与运动准备有关的激活主要集中在双侧运动前区（PMC）前部,双后顶叶（PPC）,双侧辅助运动区（SMA）前部;与执行有关的激活区主要集中在对侧初级运动区（M1）,双侧辅助运动区（SMA）体部,小脑皮层在运动准备及执行过程中均有激活。而从基于单像素分析的时间信号强度反应曲线表明上述区域在运动准备及执行过程中均有不同程度的激活,但在不同的脑区有不同的分布特点。结论人脑运动相关区域不同程度地参与了运动准备与运动执行,但靠近初级运动皮层的初级运动区以参与运动的执行为主,而属远离初级运动区的次级运动皮层则更多参与了运动的准备过程。     

两种不同磁共振成像设备与不同实验材料运用于语言认知的fMRI 对比研究

目的:对两种机器运用于大脑语言认知能力实验进行对比研究,同时对词组作为大脑语言认知能力实验材料的可行性进行探讨.方法:选取7名不同被试者,运用1.5T Siemens Symphony与1.5TGE SI-GNA磁共振成像机器,分别使用不同的现代汉语四字词组作为语言认知刺激材料进行脑功能成像扫描.结果:大脑激活图显示两种型号机器在进行语言认知能力实验时有比较好的一致性,二者之间存在的差异是由实验材料造成的.结论:不同的实验材料、不同机器有不同的激活脑区,但是总体位置,尤其是公认的语言区激活明显,也与以前的研究一致,说明fMRI实验的可重复性比较高.     

Laterality of brain areas associated with arithmetic calculations revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging

Asymmetry of bilateral cerebral function, i.e. laterality, is an important phenomenon in many brain actions : arithmetic calculation may be one of these phenomena. In this study, first, laterality of brain areas associated with arithmetic calculations was revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Second, the relationship among laterality, handedness, and types of arithmetic task was assessed. Third, we postulate possible reasons for laterality. Methods Using a block-designed experiment, twenty-five right-handed and seven left-handed healthy volunteers carried out simple calculations, complex calculations and proximity judgments. T1 WI and GRE-EPI fMRI were performed with a GE 1.5T whole body MRI scanner. Statistical parametric mapping ( SPM99 ) was used to process data and localize functional areas. Numbers of activated voxels were recorded to calculate laterality index for evaluating the laterality of functional brain areas. Results For both groups, the activation of functional areas in the frontal lobe showed a tendency towards the nonpredominant hand side, but the functional areas in the inferior parietal lobule had left laterality. During simple and complex calculations, the laterality indices of the prefrontal cortex and premotor area were higher in the right-handed group than that in the left-handed group, whereas the laterality of the inferior parietal lobule had no such significant difference. In both groups, when the difficulty of the task increased, the laterality of the prefrontal cortex, premotor area, and inferior parietal lobule decreased, but the laterality of posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus increased. Conclusions The laterality of the functional brain areas associated with arithmetic calculations can be detected with fMRI. The laterality of the functional areas was related to handedness and task difficulty.     

前扣带回参与痛觉调控的功能磁共振成像研究

目的利用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术研究健康志愿者接受不同强度电刺激时前扣带回（ACC）各亚区的激活模式,探讨该脑区在痛觉调控网络中的作用。方法对10名右利手健康志愿者分别施加1倍痛阈（P1）、2倍痛阈（P2）、3倍痛阈（P3）三个不同强度的电刺激任务,同期采用GE Signa 1．5T超导型磁共振成像系统进行脑功能活动的数据采集,应用功能神经成像分析（AFNI）软件包进行后处理以获取ACC的激活图像,根据10名受试者的平均脑功能激活图分析ACC各亚区独特的刺激反应特性。结果前扣带回前部（aACC）在不同强度电刺激时均呈中度激活,该亚区在P1、P2、P3时平均激活像素分别为324、429、562,BOLD信号差异不大,表现出痛觉注意相关性反应;前扣带回背后部（dpACC）在P1、P2、P3时平均激活象素为311、964、1414,其BOLD信号与刺激强度基本呈线性正相关,表现出刺激强度依赖性反应,提示该区与刺激强度编码有关;前扣带回腹后部（vpACC）在P1、P2时无明显激活（平均激活像素为262、375）,但当刺激强度增大到P3时,该区BOLD信号显著增强（平均激活像素为1781）,提示该区参与痛觉强度编码。结论前扣带回各亚区在痛觉调控网络中发挥了重要作用。在不同强度电刺激作用下,该区表现出分离性激活特性,各亚区的激活曲缘显示出各自的痛常调控特点。     

尼泊尔人尼泊尔语、英语和汉语三语阅读的fMRI定位

目的：利用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）探讨以尼泊尔语为母语，以英语和汉语为第二语言的尼泊尔人，进行三语阅读联想时，大脑激活区域的差异。方法：采用血氧水平依赖法（BOLD）组块设计，检测6名健康三语尼泊尔人，接受汉语单词、英语单词和尼泊尔语单词任务视觉刺激时，相关脑区激活特点，并分析其差异。结果：除负责视觉活动的枕叶为双侧激活，汉语任务主要激活了双侧额上回、额中回、中央前回、顶上小叶、颞上回及颞中回；英语任务主要激活了左侧额上回、中央前回、顶上小叶、颞上回、颞下回及小脑；尼泊尔语任务主要激活了左侧中央前回、额上回及颞上回。汉语任务主要是大脑半球双侧激活，英语任务及尼泊尔语任务大多为左侧大脑半球激活。结论：三种语言任务大脑激活区域及范围随语言的熟悉程度增加而递减。颞上回可能参与词汇的联想过程。