血栓消融器(ATD)在下肢深静脉血栓形成治疗中的应用

目的　评价血栓消融器 (ATD)在下肢深静脉血栓形成 (LEDVT)的介入治疗中的应用价值。方法　LEDVT患者 17例 ,病变在左侧髂股静脉 8例 ,右侧髂股静脉 7例 ,双侧髂股静脉 2例。经健侧股静脉 (或右颈内静脉 )穿刺先置入下腔静脉滤器 ,然后经患侧股静脉或静脉穿刺插管 ,行血栓消融术 ,并结合血管内溶栓治疗。结果　本组 17例患者 ,技术成功率为 10 0 % ( 17/17)。临床疗效 :痊愈 3例、显效 11例、有效 3例 ,总有效率为 10 0 % ( 17/17)。无严重并发症发生。术后表现为髂 -股静脉通畅 ,肿胀消退。随访无复发。结论　采用ATD行血栓消融术并配合综合溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓是简单实用、安全有效的介入治疗方法     

经腘静脉顺行穿刺治疗下肢静脉血栓的探讨

目的：探讨经腘静脉顺行穿刺治疗下肢静脉血栓的可行性及优越性。方法：下肢静脉血栓患者19例，经对侧股静脉放置下腔静脉滤器后，使用骨科止血带加压成功穿刺腘静脉，15例顺行插管抽血栓，4例使用Amplatz血栓清除器（ATD）。结果：19例均获成功，栓塞血管复通达100％。临床症状消失，无症状性复发。结论：下肢静脉血栓中使用骨科止血带后可有效地提高顺行穿刺腘静脉成功率，是下肢静脉溶栓治疗的有效方法。     

双股静脉入路治疗髂-股静脉血栓的临床研究

目的　探讨应用双股静脉入路技术 ,治疗髂 -股静脉血栓 (I -FVT)的有效性。方法　下肢深静脉顺行造影证实为I -FVT患者 18例。经健侧股静脉置入下腔静脉滤器 ,然后经健侧股静脉置管于患侧髂静脉入下腔静脉处造影。导丝导管无法进入患侧髂 -股静脉者 ,行患侧股静脉穿刺插管 ,顺行开通股 -髂静脉至下腔静脉内。随后再经健侧插管至患侧开通段内 ,并继续开通下方的闭塞段。对开通段用球囊导管顺次扩张、拖拉 ;对闭塞段中较松软的血栓应用血栓消融器 (ATD)或溶栓导管 (OASIS)进行消融或抽吸术 ;术后保留导管 1～ 6d ,持续行接触性溶栓与抗凝治疗 ,撤管后继续行严格抗凝、溶栓治疗。结果　 18例经双股静脉入路治疗者 ,15例取得明显的疗效 ,表现为患肢肿胀迅速消退 ,疼痛消失 ,肢体松软 ,活动恢复正常 ;另外 2例开通后 ,患肢肿胀减轻 ,好转出院 ;1例未能开通 ,经同侧足背静脉静滴抗凝、溶栓药物 ,症状好转出院。全部病例均未发生肺梗死。术后随访 3～ 39个月 ,平均 16.4个月 ,无症状性复发。结论　双股静脉入路治疗I -FVT ,是一种较为简便、安全、有效的方法     

辅助性插管技术在左下肢深静脉血栓介入治疗中的应用研究

目的:探讨左下肢深静脉血栓(LEDVT)导管溶栓治疗(CDT)中,常用插管技术失败情况下采用辅助性插管技术的应用价值。方法:对采用经右股静脉或/和右侧颈静脉等常用技术途径插管失败的35例LEDVT患者,6例采用同轴插管技术、8例采用翻山鞘技术、19例采用左(患)侧股静脉插管技术、2例采用微导管技术等4种辅助性插管技术。结果:同轴插管技术,插管成功率83.33%(5/6),翻山鞘技术:插管成功率75.00%(6/8),(患)侧股静脉插管技术:插管成功率89.47%(17/19)。微导管技术:插管成功率100%(2/2);四种方法总插管成功率85.71%(30/35)。经过3～14天导管溶栓治疗后血栓均基本溶解,下肢肿胀消退,未发生与插管有关的严重并发症。结论:本研究初步表明,LEDVT导管溶栓治疗中,在常用技术插管失败情况下,上述辅助性插管技术的应用是安全、有效的,能有效提高插管的成功率。     

经动脉序贯静脉置管溶栓治疗急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓26例的初步临床疗效观察

目的评价经动脉序贯静脉置管溶栓治疗急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓（lower extremity deep vein thrombosis,LEDVT）的安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析26例急性混合型LEDVT患者的临床资料。患者术前置入下腔静脉滤器,穿刺左侧肱动脉于患侧髂动脉置管溶栓,2～3 d后复查造影并穿刺患侧腘静脉行球囊扩张（percutaneous transluminal angioplasty,PTA）+手动抽栓（percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy,PMT）+置管溶栓（catheter directed thrombolysis,CDT）。观察血栓清除情况、患侧下肢周径变化情况及溶栓并发症等。 结果26例患者经动脉置管溶栓后24例（92.31%）腘静脉及膝下段深静脉血栓大部分溶解;之后行PTA+PMT+CDT操作1次者17例（65.39%）,操作2次者7例（26.92%）,操作3次后置入髂静脉支架者2例（7.69%）。血栓清除率Ⅲ级者22例（84.62%）,Ⅱ级者2例（7.69%）,I级者2例（7.69%）。治疗前膝上周径与健侧差值为（5.02±2.29）cm,治疗后差值为（0.74±0.18）cm,两者比较具有显著的统计学差异（t=7.601,P<0.001）。26例溶栓治疗无严重并发症。 结论经髂动脉置管溶栓序贯腘静脉PTA+PMT+CDT对于急性混合型LEDVT治疗安全有效。     

经颈静脉介入治疗不同类型左髂静脉压迫综合征伴血栓形成

目的 评价经颈静脉介入治疗不同类型左髂静脉压迫综合征(IVCS)伴血栓形成的疗效.方法 120例左IVCS伴血栓形成的患者,全部经颈静脉插管行尿激酶溶栓治疗,52例患者施行腔静脉滤器置入、65例行左髂总静脉成形术.结果 120例包括左髂总静脉闭塞或重度狭窄伴髂股静脉血栓68例,左髂总静脉闭塞或狭窄伴髂股静脉及下腔静脉血栓32例及左髂总静脉轻度狭窄(＜60%)伴髂股静脉血栓或下腔静脉血栓20例.血栓完全溶解98例,部分溶解22例.55例随访2～24个月,血栓复发2例,髂静脉支架闭塞2例.结论 经颈静脉介入治疗不同类型左IVCS伴血栓形成是一种安全、有效的方法.     

急性全下肢深静脉血栓形成多种介入技术联合治疗

目的探讨急性全下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)多种介入技术联合治疗的临床价值及效果。方法本组291例全下肢DVT患者。髋上髂、股静脉段血栓清除,局麻下逆行穿刺患侧股静脉,导丝引导下插入12～14 F鞘管直接机械性血栓抽吸;髋下股、腘静脉段血栓清除,采用多种介入技术联合处理,即经健侧股静脉顺行穿刺插入4～5 F Cobra导管,导管辅助下亲水超滑导丝插至患侧髂、股静脉内,采用穿线或导丝抓捕技术,将导丝经患侧股静脉穿出体外,建立工作导丝通路,再沿工作导丝由健侧置入翻山鞘管至患侧髂、股静脉内,加长亲水超滑导丝在翻山鞘管支撑下轻柔的越过瓣膜插至患侧股、腘静脉内,DSA监视下Fogarty拉栓球囊沿导丝顺应静脉瓣膜方向将血栓拉至患侧髂静脉内,再经患侧股静脉进行机械性抽吸血栓。对存在的髂静脉狭窄或闭塞,行PTA或支架植入治疗;腘静脉以下血栓行溶栓治疗。结果手术成功率100%,术后1～3 d患肢肿胀、疼痛均开始消退或减轻。血栓完全清除率86.3%;出院时健、患肢膝上、下15 cm处周径差分别为(1.64±0.43)和(0.97±0.42)cm,176例合并髂总静脉狭窄或闭塞行PTA和支架植入治疗。279例随访3～12个月,水肿、色素沉着、溃疡等后遗症发生率分别为8.24%、3.94%、0;彩色多普勒超声复查静脉通畅无附壁血栓89.3%;临床总有效率98.2%。结论多种介入技术联合治疗急性全下肢DVT,血栓完全清除率高,最大程度保护静脉瓣功能,住院周期短,是安全有效的方法。     

导丝捕获技术在左髂静脉闭塞合并下肢深静脉血栓形成介入治疗中的临床应用

目的 探讨采用导丝捕获技术建立工作导丝通路,介入治疗左髂静脉闭塞合并急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床可行性.方法 2009年9月～2012年9月,37例左髂静脉闭塞合并急性下肢深静脉血栓形成,在从右侧股静脉入路行左髂股静脉插管失败的情况下,采用左侧股静脉顺行穿刺成功后将导丝插入至下腔静脉,从右侧引入自制抓捕器将导丝拉出后建立工作导丝通路,沿导丝插入翻山鞘管至左侧髂股静脉内,行Fogarty球囊拉栓,大腔鞘管取栓.结果 37例患者均导丝捕获成功,建立了左、右股静脉工作导丝通路.血栓完全清除34例,部分清除3例.出院时膝上、下15cm处健、患肢周径差降为（1.34±0.47）和（0.94±0.31）cm,与入院比较差异有统计学意义（t=6.24、t=7.09,均P＝0.00）.结论 对于经右股静脉入路插管失败的左下肢深静脉血栓患者,采用双侧股静脉入路建立导丝轨道后再插入翻山鞘的方法,技术成功率高,创伤小,值得临床推广.     

急性下肢深静脉血栓的腔内机械性血栓碎吸及溶栓介入治疗

目的 探讨急性下肢深静脉血栓(lower extremity deep venous thrombosis,LEDVT)腔内机械性血栓碎吸及溶栓介入治疗的疗效.资料与方法 对136例急性LEDVT患者于DSA下顺行股、髂静脉造影后,在下腔静脉滤器保护下,首先行机械性大腔导管血栓碎吸治疗,然后留置导管腔内溶栓治疗.对136例中并发13例急性肺栓塞(pulmonary emblism,PE)患者也采取腔内机械性血栓碎吸和溶栓介入治疗.结果 136例介入治疗有效率100%,患者平均住院时间为7.5天.患肢肿胀、疼痛均于介入治疗后1～2天内开始消退.出院时健、患肢膝关节上、下15 cm处周径差及患肢膝关节上、下15 cm处周径与入院时比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 腔内机械性血栓碎吸及溶栓介入治疗严重急性LEDVT疗效显著,病程短,是安全、有效的方法.     

下肢深静脉血栓的介入治疗的探讨

目的：探讨介入治疗下肢深静脉血栓的有效性及安全性。方法：经颈静脉将下腔静脉滤器置干肾静脉开口以下，通过导管内导丝将血栓搅碎尽量抽吸之后再实施经足背静脉持续顺行溶栓。恢复血管的通畅性，达到治疗下肢深静脉血栓的目的。结果：对40例（急性起病20例，慢性反复并急性发作20例）下肢深静脉血栓形成的患者实施经颈静脉下腔静脉滤器置入术，随访1-36个月。40例经顼静脉下腔静脉滤器置入术全部成功，成功率为100％。未发现与导管操作有关的并发症。未见有患者因肺血栓栓塞症而死亡。结论：通过对本组40例病例的分析，证明介入治疗下肢深静脉血栓安全可靠，损伤小，易为患者接受。     

下肢深静脉血栓形成的综合性介入治疗

目的 评价对下肢深静脉血栓形成综合性介入治疗的临床疗效。方法 对１５６例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者作介入性深栓术,对其中３９例作下腔静脉滤器置入术、１８例作导管血栓抽吸术、２６例作下肢深静脉腔内成形术、１２例作ｓｔｅｎｔ植入术。结果 总有效率为９６．２％,无效３．８％,平均住院日为１０．５ｄ。结论 下肢深静脉血栓形成的综合性介入处理疗效较好,可缩短病程。     

Color Doppler ultrasound imaging of lower-extremity venous disease

A color Doppler ultrasound imaging device was used to evaluate 475 patients with suspected lower-extremity venous thrombosis. Occlusive and nonocclusive femoral and popliteal thrombi were detected in 200 studies (42%). In phase 1 of the study (240 examinations), peripheral augmentation with the use of periodic calf compression was required to show color flow throughout the femoropopliteal venous segment. In phase 2 (235 examinations), with a software upgrade to enhance detectability of slow flow, spontaneous flow could be appreciated in the normal, partly thrombosed, and recanalized femoral popliteal veins without augmentation. Augmentation was often necessary to view tibioperoneal veins. Of the total study group, conventional venography was performed for correlation in 47 patients. In the other patients, clinicians relied on the color Doppler test for the definitive diagnosis of the presence or absence of femoral popliteal venous thrombosis and treated these patients on the basis of the color Doppler test result. In the femoral veins, color Doppler studies and venography agreed in all 12 positive and 35 negative cases. In the popliteal veins, there was agreement in five isolated popliteal thromboses and in 10 femoral popliteal thromboses; there were two false-negative color Doppler studies of isolated popliteal thromboses. In four patients, Doppler studies detected nonocclusive thrombus not evident on venography. Color Doppler imaging is easy to perform and does not require augmentation to view color flow in the femoropopliteal venous segment. Eccentric thrombus and partially canalized thrombus can be shown. Initial experience suggests color Doppler imaging may be useful in the detection of tibioperoneal venous thrombosis.     

Deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity: US evaluation

The sensitivity of duplex ultrasonography (US) for detecting deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity was compared with that of venography in a prospective study of 54 patients. Doppler analysis of the common femoral vein and US imaging of the deep venous system from the common femoral vein to the popliteal vein was performed. Common femoral vein response to the Valsalva maneuver was recorded. Sonographically visible thrombi and abnormal vein compressibility were 91% sensitive for the common femoral vein, and 94% sensitive for the superficial femoral or popliteal veins, with no false-positive examinations. Abnormal Doppler flow and abnormal response of the common femoral vein to the Valsalva maneuver enabled thrombi to be detected only in the common femoral and iliac veins. Combined data allowed accurate diagnoses in all patients with deep venous thrombosis proximal to the deep calf veins. US should be the screening examination of choice for evaluating patients with suspected lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.     

经腘静脉介入治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：探讨经腘静脉介入治疗下肢深静脉血栓的临床应用价值。方法：对32例下肢深静脉血栓形成患采用经患侧腘静脉入路综合性介入治疗，其中血栓抽吸18例，血栓消融28例，腔内血管成形29例，共植入血管支架42枚。结果：技术成功率为100％，治疗后闭塞血管开放，双下肢周径差＜1cm，下肢活动正常。结论：经腘静脉介入治疗下肢深静脉血栓操作简便、安全有效。     

急性下肢静脉血栓形成的双介入治疗

目的 探讨双介入溶栓疗法治疗急性下肢静脉血栓形成的溶栓效果和临床应用中的有关问题。方法 对24例急性下肢静脉血栓形成患者行介入溶栓治疗,其中17例行股静脉插管法,7例行股动脉插管法。平均尿激酶用量250万～500万U。结果 阻塞血管完全开通18例,部分开通3例,无效3例,总有效率87.8％。结论 急性下肢静脉血栓形成的双介入疗法效果显著。     

Optimal management strategy for use of compression US for deep venous thrombosis in symptomatic patients: a cost-effectiveness analysis

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The authors' purpose was to identify the optimal strategy for using compression ultrasonography (US) in patients suspected of having deep venous thrombosis (DVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors developed a decision-analytic model representing the natural history of DVT and the benefits and risks of anticoagulation therapy. They evaluated six initial imaging strategies: (a) unilateral examination of the common femoral and popliteal veins; (b) unilateral examination of the common femoral, popliteal, and femoral veins; (c) bilateral examination of the common femoral and popliteal veins; (d) bilateral examination of the common femoral, popliteal, and femoral veins; (e) complete unilateral examination of the symptomatic leg (including calf veins); and (f) complete bilateral examination of both legs. RESULTS: For 65-year-old men with unilateral symptoms of DVT, the most effective strategy was bilateral examination of the common femoral and popliteal veins with anticoagulation therapy in patients with proximal DVT and follow-up bilateral examination of the common femoral and popliteal veins in patients without an initial diagnosis of DVT with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $39,000 per quality-adjusted life year gained. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that bilateral examination limited to the common femoral and popliteal veins, with follow-up bilateral examination limited to the common femoral and popliteal veins, was as cost-effective as other well-accepted medical interventions. The results were sensitive to the distribution of clot, diagnostic accuracy of compression US, and probability of bleeding with long-term morbidity.     

Distribution of thrombi in acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: implications for sonography and CT and MR venography

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the typical distribution of thrombi in acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis as a means of evaluating the validity of imaging techniques that only include the common femoral and popliteal veins, but not the superficial femoral vein. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of 2704 lower extremity venous sonograms, obtained in 2026 consecutive patients over a 4-year interval, were reviewed retrospectively. The distribution of acute deep venous thromboses across various lower extremity venous segments was analyzed for this population, which consisted of both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. RESULTS: Of 2704 lower extremities studied with duplex sonography, acute deep venous thrombosis was identified in 269 (9.9%). Of these 269 cases, acute deep venous thrombosis was isolated to the superficial femoral vein in 60 (22.3%). The remaining 209 cases (77.7%) showed thrombus that extended into the common femoral or popliteal veins (or both). CONClUSION: An abbreviated imaging study that evaluates only the common femoral and popliteal veins would fail to identify more than 20% of lower extremity acute deep venous thromboses in a population like ours. Although evaluation of the superficial femoral vein requires additional time and resources, evaluation of this segment may prevent a substantial number of thrombi from being missed.