严重烫伤大鼠延迟复苏后多器官损伤机制中的氧自由基…

将６６只悉生大鼠分为伤前对照组、早期复苏组、延尺复苏组和治疗组，采用ＥＳＲ技术结合传统间接检测手段，观察了伤后８、２４、４８及７２ｈ心、肝肾及肺组织中的氧自由基含量变化，同时还对脏器病理形态、动脉血气和血清肌酸磷酸激酶、乳酸脱氧酶、ＡＬＴ（曾用ＧＰＴ）、ＡＳＴ、ＢＵＮ和腩丁含量进行了观察。     

严重烫伤大鼠延迟复苏后多器官损伤机制中的氧自由基作用

将66只悉生大鼠分为伤前对照组、早期复苏组、延迟复苏组和治疗组,采用ESR技术结合传统间接检测手段,观察了伤后8、24、48及72 h心、肝、肾及肺组织中的氧自由基(OFR)含量变化,同时还对脏器病理形态、动脉血气和血清肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)、乳酸脱氧酶(LDH)、ALT(曾用GPT)、AST(曾用GOT)、BUN和肌酐(Cr)含量进行了观察。结果表明,早期复苏组和延迟复苏组各脏器均有OFR含量增加,同时均发生了病理形态学改变和动脉血气、血清学指标的异常,且延迟组的上述改变明显重于早期组,经抗氧化剂治疗后改善。提示延迟复苏是脏器OFR产生的重要促进因素。     

烧伤延迟复苏与氧自由基损伤

我们对６７例大面积烧伤病人（其中２７例为延迟复苏患者）进行了前瞻性研究，并采用顺磁共振（ＥＳＲ）技术动态观察了伤后１周内全血氧自由基含量，为烧伤早期自由基的存在提供了直接依据；同时还观察了全血超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨｐｘ），血浆丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量变化，结果表明：①延迟复苏患者烧伤休克发病率高，纠正困难且复苏失败率高。②延迟复苏患者ＭＳＯＦ发病率及病死率高。③延迟复苏…     

烧伤延迟复苏与细胞集落刺激因子

为探讨严重烧伤延迟复苏血清粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）的变化规律及其与感染发生、发展、预后的关系，采用大鼠３０％ＴＢＳＡⅢ度烧伤模型，动态观察了大鼠在立即复苏与延迟复苏两种条件下，外周血白细胞数量，血清（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）和肿瘤坏死因子－α（ＴＮＦ－α）含量，中性粒细胞吞噬功能；采用大鼠３０％ＴＢＳＡⅢ度烧伤延迟复苏合并早期创面感染模型，动态观察应用重组粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）对改善大鼠存活率的影响。结果表明：延迟复苏组动物血清Ｇ－ＣＳＦ峰值后移，血清Ｇ－ＣＳＦ含量，中性粒细胞吞噬功能，外周血白细胞计数均低于立即复苏组。死亡组动物表现为低血清Ｇ－ＣＳＦ，高血清ＴＮＦ－α。应用ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ能够改善严重烧伤延迟复苏伴早期创面感染大鼠的存活率。提示：严重烧伤后延迟复苏并发创面脓毒症的发生与机体Ｇ－ＣＳＦ产生减少有关，ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ应用为其开辟了一条新的治疗途径。     

烧伤延迟复苏与细胞集落刺激因子

为探讨严重烧伤延迟复苏血清粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）的变化规律及其与感染发生，发展，预后的关系，采用大鼠３０％ＴＢＳＡⅢ度烧伤模型，动态了观察了大鼠在立即复苏与延迟复苏两种条件下，外周血白细胞数量，血清（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）和肿瘤坏死因子－α（ＴＮＦ－α）含量，中性粒细胞吞噬功能；采用大鼠３０％ＴＢＳＡⅡ度烧伤延迟复苏合并早期创面感染模型，动态观察应用重组粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳ     

大鼠烧伤早期肝功能及超微结构改变和药物保护作用的观察

为探讨烧伤及液体复苏后肝损害以及药物的保护作用，采用大鼠３０％ＴＢＳＡⅡ度烫伤模型，将１２６只Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠随机分为正常对照组，早期复苏组，早期复苏＋药物治疗组，延迟复苏组，延迟复苏＋药物治疗组及不治疗组，观察烧伤后６，１２，２４及４８小时血清，ＡＬＴ，ＡＳＴ含量变化，同时对肝细胞光镜及电镜下组织病理改变进行了观察。结果表明，早期复苏及延迟复苏组血清ＡＬＴ，ＡＳＴ及肝细胞形态出现异常，ＡＬＴ在伤     

连续肾脏替代疗法治疗急性肾功能衰竭伴多脏器衰竭

目的 观察连续性肾脏替代疗法（ＣＲＲＴ）治疗急肾衰（ＡＲＦ）伴多脏器衰竭（ＭＯＦ）的疗效，比较不同ＣＲＲＴ技术的优缺点及临床应用注意事项。方法 ２３例ＡＲＦ伴ＭＯＦ患者连续动静脉血液滤过（ＣＡＶＨ）１１例，连续静静脉血液滤过透析（ＣＶＶＨ）（Ｄ）７例，日间连续性血液滤过透析（日间ＨＤＦ）５例。结果 均能满意控制水、钾和酸碱平衡，严重高分解代谢患者需同时透析。与血管通路有关及出血并发症仅见于ＣＡＶＨ     

慢性肾衰患者血红蛋白浓度变化对血清细胞因子活性的影响作用

目的为了探讨贫血与慢性肾衰（ＣＲＦ）免疫功能状态的关系。方法检测了ＣＲＦ患者单纯输血及用红细胞生成素（ＥＰＯ）治疗前后细胞因子白细胞介素２（ＩＬ２）、可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ２Ｒ）、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）及γ干扰素（γＩＦＮ）水平，并与肾功能正常肾小球肾炎患者（ＧＮ）组及对照组（Ｃ）进行比较分析。结果ＣＲＦ组血清ＩＬ２，ＴＮＦ和γＩＦＮ水平均显著低于ＧＮ组及Ｃ组（Ｐ＜００１），ｓＩＬ２Ｒ水平则较ＧＮ组及Ｃ组明显升高（Ｐ＜００１）。ＣＲＦ组血清ＩＬ２，ＴＮＦ和γＩＦＮ水平与血红蛋白浓度存在直线正相关，而ｓＩＬ２Ｒ水平与血红蛋白浓度呈负相关性，单纯输血或应用ＥＰＯ治疗能改变这些细胞因子活性水平。结论ＣＲＦ免疫功能低下与贫血有关，及时治疗和改善贫血状态可部分纠正这种免疫异常。     

参附注射液对缺血再灌注家兔多脏器损伤的治疗作用

目的：观察参附注射液（ＳＦ）对缺血再灌注家兔多脏器细胞损伤的保护作用。方法：家兔１８只，采用失血性休克模型，随机分为三组，检测多脏器组织中ＳＯＤ、ＭＤＡ、ＴＮＦ含量及血浆酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）、镁浓度，小肠组织作透射电镜观察。结果：再灌９０分钟后ＳＦ治疗组肝、肾、肺、肠组织中的ＭＤＡ和ＴＮＦ水平低于对照组，ＳＯＤ水平则高于对照组，血ＡＣＰ、Ｍｇ２＋浓度治疗组低于对照组。电镜观察，肠粘膜上皮细胞损伤ＳＦ组不明显。结论：ＳＦ对兔缺血再灌注多脏器细胞的损伤有保护作用。     

AFR时肾小管阻塞机制及人工合作RGD多肽的治疗研究

急性肾衰（ＡＲＦ）时肾小管上皮细胞（ＴＥＣ）上整合素分布的改变造成ＴＥＣ非坏死性脱落，并引起细胞间粘附、聚集、导致肾小管阻塞，构成ＡＲＦ的主要病理环节之一。人工合成的ＲＧＤ多肽作为亲合性很强的整合素配体，能抑制脱落细胞间的粘附，阻止ＴＥＣ在小管腔内聚集成团，从而阻断肾小管阻塞机制，达到早期、有效治疗ＡＲＦ的目的。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.