不同生活环境藏汉两族血压、血糖、血尿酸和血脂水平比较

目的 探讨不同生活环境藏汉族血压、血糖、血尿酸和血脂水平的差异,为高血压、高血糖、高尿酸血症和高脂血症的预防提供研究资料.方法 144例被调查者为牧区藏族、城镇藏族、城镇汉族人群,测定被调查者收缩压、舒张压、血糖、血尿酸、血脂,对检测结果进行比较.结果 城镇藏族男性组和城镇汉族男性组舒张压高于牧区藏族男性组(79.74±12.71)mmHg和(77.98±10.67)mmHg vs(67.52±11.88)mmHg(P<0.05或<0.01);城镇藏族女性组的舒张压高于牧区藏族女性组,(76.43±11.07)mmHg vs(68.00±8.98)mmHg(P<0.05);城镇汉族男性组的血尿酸高于牧区藏族男性组和城镇藏族男性组,(379.31±87.01)/μmol/L vs(328.57±48.19)μmol/L和(311.91±71.17)μmol/L(P<0.05或<0.01),牧区藏族男性组、城镇藏族男性组和城镇汉族男性组的尿酸均高于各纽的女性,(328.57±48.19)μmol/L vs(211.79±57.51)μmol/L、(311.91±71.17)μmol/L vs(214.86±53.34)μmol/L vs(379.31±87.01)μmol/L vs(220.67±66.40)μmol/L(均P<0.01);城镇汉族男性组的TG均高于牧区藏族男性组和城镇藏族男性组,(2.22±1.29)mmol/L vs(1.18±0.05)mmol/L和(1.38±0.97)mmol/L vs(P<0.05或<0.01),城镇汉族男性组TG高于城镇汉族女性组,(2.22±1.29)mmol/L vs(1.38±1.02)mmol/L(P<0.05).城镇藏族男性组LDL-C高于牧区藏族男性组和城镇汉族男性组(2.46±0.88)mmol/L vs(1.85±0.88)mmol/L和(1.97±0.84)mmol/L(均P<0.01).结论 不同生活环境对藏汉两族舒张压、血尿酸、TG及LDL-C水平存在显著影响.     

哈萨克族原发性高血压伴肥胖患者血脂、血糖及血清尿酸分析

目的:分析哈萨克族原发性高血压伴肥胖患者血脂、血糖及血清尿酸的水平。方法:于2003-06/2004-10选择哈萨克族原发性高血压患者76例及与哈萨克族原发性高血压患者同居住区的哈萨克族非高血压人群83例为研究对象。根据体质量指数(≥25kg/m2为肥胖)分为高血压伴肥胖组40例、高血压无肥胖组36例、肥胖对照组40例、无肥胖对照组43例。取清晨空腹静脉血,测定血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血尿酸及血糖。结果:纳入研究对象159例,均进入结果分析。①高血压伴肥胖组总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、尿酸较高血压无肥胖组及无肥胖对照组显著升高[总胆固醇分别为(5.24±0.87),(4.76±1.06),(4.24±0.55)mmol/L,三酰甘油分别为(1.72±0.42),(1.31±0.50),(1.18±0.28)mmol/L,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇分别为(3.01±0.71),(2.70±0.74),(2.32±0.37)mmol/L,尿酸分别为(268.55±74.22),(220.06±59.51),(200.63±55.30)μmol/L,P<0.05或P<0.01]。②高血压伴肥胖组血糖较无肥胖对照组也显著升高[分别为(5.67±0.58),(5.39±0.57)mmol/L,P<0.05]。③高血压伴肥胖组血脂、血糖、血尿酸与肥胖对照组相比差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。④高血压无肥胖组总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇与无肥胖对照组比较显著升高(P<0.01)。⑤肥胖对照组总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、尿酸与无肥胖对照组比较也显著升高[总胆固醇分别为(5.13±1.04),(4.24±0.55)mmol/L,三酰甘油分别为(1.60±0.68),(1.18±0.28)mmol/L,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇分别为(3.12±0.90),(2.32±0.37)mmol/L,尿酸分别为(242.15±77.69),(200.63±55.30)μmol/L,P<0.01]。结论:哈萨克族原发性高血压伴肥胖患者存在血脂、血糖及血尿酸水平升高等代谢紊乱的倾向。     

高海拔地区低海拔落差对藏、汉族血压、血糖、血尿酸和血脂水平的影响

目的探讨高海拔地区低海拔落差对藏、汉族血压、血糖、血尿酸和血脂水平的影响,为高血压、高血糖、高尿酸血症和高脂血症的预防提供研究资料。方法 244例被调查者为世居或长期生活在海拔3 100m及2 940m的牧区藏族、城镇藏族、城镇汉族人群,测定被调查者收缩压、舒张压、血糖、血尿酸、血脂,对检测结果进行比较。结果 3 100m海拔中,牧区藏族血糖高于城镇藏族血糖(6.21±2.48)mmol/L vs.(4.75±0.77)mmol/L(P0.01),牧区藏族低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)高于城镇汉族及城镇藏族LDL-C(2.33±0.76)mmol/L vs.(2.00±0.52)mmol/L vs.(1.93±0.67)mmol/L(P0.05),但牧区藏族、城镇藏族、城镇汉族受检者之间收缩压、舒张压、血尿酸、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2 940m海拔中,城镇藏族及城镇汉族舒张压高于牧区藏族舒张压(78.49±12.07)mm Hg vs.(77.23±11.12)mmHg vs.(67.80±10.18)mm Hg(P0.01),城镇汉族血尿酸高于城镇藏族及牧区藏族血尿酸(337.56±107.76)μmol/L vs.(275.19±80.00)μmol/L vs.(260.84±78.92)μmol/L(P0.01),城镇汉族TG高于城镇藏族及牧区藏族TG(2.00±1.27)mmol/L vs.(1.24±0.85)mmol/L vs.(1.19±0.64)mmol/L(P0.01),城镇汉族TC高于牧区藏族TC(4.49±0.94)mmol/L vs.(4.13±0.91)mmol/L(P0.05),牧区藏族HDL-C高于城镇汉族HDL-C(1.70±0.40)mmol/L vs.(1.49±0.41)mmol/L(P0.01),城镇藏族LDL-C高于牧区藏族LDL-C(2.26±0.88)mmol/Lvs.(1.84±0.88)mmol/L(P0.05),但牧区藏族、城镇藏族、城镇汉族受检者之间收缩压、血糖差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。3 100m海拔中牧区藏族舒张压、血尿酸、TC、LDL-C高于2 940m海拔中牧区藏族舒张压、血尿酸、TC、LDL-C(78.74±10.38)mm Hg vs.(67.80±10.18)mm Hg(P0.01),(308.39±96.38)μmol/L vs.(260.84±78.92)μmol/L(P0.05),(4.57±0.96)mmol/L vs.(4.13±0.91)mmol/L(P0.05),(2.33±0.76)mmol/L vs.(1.84±0.88)mmol/L(P0.01)。两个海拔中,城镇藏族之间及城镇汉族之间各指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论高海拔地区低海拔落差对牧区藏族舒张压、血尿酸、TC、LDL-C有明显影响。     

阿托伐他汀对急性冠状动脉综合征患者不对称二甲基精氨酸的影响

目的 研究阿托伐他汀对急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者不对称二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)的影响及意义.方法 随机选择ACS患者78例,入选后再随机分为阿托伐他汀组(他汀组)39例,常规治疗组(常规组)39例;随机选取我院同期的健康体检者40例作对照组.测定每组治疗前后血脂和ADMA水平.结果 ①急性心肌梗死(AMI)组ADMA浓度(1.09±0.36)μmol/L高于不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组(0.91±0.22)μmol/L(P<0.01),AMI组和UAP组ADMA浓度高于正常对照组(0.57±0.12)μmol/L(P<0.01).②他汀组经阿托伐他汀治疗后,ADMA、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均低于治疗前,分别为ADMA(0.67±0.25)μmol/L vs(1.02±0.32)μmol/L,TC(5.26±0.78)mmol/L vs(6.86±1.09)mmol/L,TG(1.58±0.45)mmol/L vs(2.06±0.37)mmol/L,LDL-C(2.51±0.48)mmol/L vs(2.97±0.45)mmol/L(P<0.01);常规组治疗后以上指标降低不多,他汀组治疗后ADMA、TC、TG、LDL-C均低于常规组.结论 阿托伐他汀可能通过调节ACS患者血浆血脂水平,进而降低ADMA的生成.     

同型半胱氨酸与原发性高血压患者肾功能关系的研究

目的探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与原发性高血压患者肾功能关系。方法纳入2012年我院原发性高血压患者共814例。据Hcy值分为H型高血压(Hcy≥10μmol/L)与非H型高血压(Hcy<10μmol/L)组,分别比较两组患者的肾功能的差异,采用线性回归模型分析Hcy与肾功能相关指标间的关系。结果 H型高血压患者肌酐[(105.9±47.1)μmol/L vs.(88.6±55.9)μmol/L,P<0.001]、尿酸[(360.2±106.2)mmol/L vs.(309.4±83.8)mmol/L,P<0.001]显著高于非H型高血压组,e GFR[(57.1±5.0)ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 vs.(68.8±23.4)ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1,P<0.001]显著低于非H型高血压组。回归分析发现高血压患者中Hcy水平与肌酐(β=1.542,P<0.001)、尿酸(β=2.845,P<0.001)呈正相关,与e GFR呈负相关(β=-0.726,P<0.001)。H型高血压患者中Hcy水平与肌酐(β=1.028,P<0.001)、尿酸(β=1.661,P<0.001)呈正相关,与e GFR呈负相关(β=-0.482,P<0.001)。结论 Hcy与原发性高血压患者肾功能相关,尤其是H型高血压患者。     

河北蔚县地区人群痛风和高尿酸血症现状调查

目的：调查河北省蔚县居民高尿酸血症与痛风的流行情况,并观察高尿酸血症与体重指数、收缩压、血浆胆固醇、甘油三脂和空腹血糖的相关性。方法采用随机、分层、整群抽样的方法,调查了该县各地区7,083名20岁以上居民的高尿酸血症和痛风的患病情况。结果①血尿酸水平及高尿酸血症情况：总体血尿酸水平为（345.43±68.52）μmol/L,其中男性为（371.82±78.22）μmmol/L,女性为（315.28±73.67）μmmol/L;高尿酸血症患病率为15.40%,男性患病率为16.88%,女性为10.83%;②痛风患病率：痛风125例,痛风患病率为1.76%,其中男113例（2.11%）,女12例（0.70%）;③与血尿酸正常组比较,高尿酸血症组体重指数、收缩压、血浆甘油三酯、胆固醇和空腹血糖水平均明显升高,差异有统计学意义。结论河北省蔚县人群高尿酸血症及痛风患病率均呈现升高趋势。高尿酸血症患者易合并高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病等疾病,表明作为心血管疾病的危险因素,高尿酸血症患病率仍在继续升高,高尿酸血症已经成为危胁人类健康的重要隐患。     

痛风达标治疗的慢病管理模式构建及应用效果评价

目的探讨痛风达标治疗的慢病管理模式的效果。方法选取2017年1-3月我院风湿免疫科门诊诊断为痛风的患者为研究对象,按就诊顺序将患者分为两组。干预组148例患者建立健康档案,接受痛风饮食、运动、服药及随诊的健康知识宣教,指导患者进行疾病自我管理,形式有线下模式和在线模式。对照组137例接受常规管理。记录两组患者入组时及干预结束后血尿酸值、干预结束后自我管理评分及两组的达标率。结果干预结束后,干预组痛风治疗达标66例,非达标82例,对照组达标18例,非达标119例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=32.37,P<0.01);干预组血尿酸(380.70±51.83)μmol/L,对照组血尿酸(404.91±41.37)μmol/L,差异有统计学意义(t=25.463,P<0.01);在自我管理方面,干预组(72.75±10.95)分,对照组(60.20±8.88)分,差异有统计学意义(t=10.295,P<0.01)。结论痛风达标治疗的慢病管理模式可有效地提高门诊痛风患者达标治疗率。     

新疆哈萨克族原发性高血压患者血浆硫化氢与血尿酸关系研究

目的 探讨新疆哈萨克族(哈族)原发性高血压(EH)患者血浆硫化氢(H2S)与血尿酸(BUA)的关系.方法 以新疆哈族EH组68例及哈族健康对照组65例为研究对象,测量身高、体质量,计算体质量指数(BMI),取空腹静脉血测定血浆H2S、BuA、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINs),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI).结果 哈族EH组血浆H2S水平显著低于健康对照组,(24.55±5.62)μmol/L vs(27.35±6.63)μmol/L(P<0.01);哈族EH组BUA水平显著高于健康对照组,(264.03±71.77)μmol/L vs(228.71±79.42)μmol/L(P<0.01).哈族EH组血浆H2S与收缩压(SBP)、BUA、BMI、FINS、IRI呈显著负相关;哈族健康对照组血浆H2S与BUA、BMI呈显著负相关;调整年龄、血压、血糖、肥胖、胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗等因素后进行偏相关分析,哈族EH组血浆H2S与BUA仍呈显著负相关.结论 哈族EH患者血浆H2S水平降低,BUA水平升高,且两者存在相关性.     

痛风患者达标治疗的影响因素分析与护理对策

目的:探讨痛风患者血尿酸达标治疗的影响因素,总结针对性的护理策略。方法:选择我院2014年8月~2016年7月收治的痛风患者176例。根据患者血尿酸水平,分为达标组73例(血尿酸360 mmol/L)和未达标组103例(血尿酸≥360 mmol/L)。通过问卷调查收集患者基本情况,并采用单因素分析和Logistic多元回归分析探讨痛风患者血尿酸达标治疗的影响因素,总结相应的护理策略。结果:达标组患者血尿酸平均值为(307.5±56.75)mmol/L,未达标组血尿酸平均值为(435.7±128.06)mmol/L。达标组血尿酸平均值低于未达标组(P0.05)。单因素分析结果表明:饮酒情况、家族史、合并症、医嘱执行情况、定期复诊和BMI水平是影响血尿酸达标治疗的主要因素(P0.05)。多因素分析结果表明:饮酒情况、家族史、医嘱执行、定期复诊和BMI水平是痛风患者血尿酸达标治疗的影响因素(P0.05)。结论:在尊重痛风患者个体差异的基础上,需要强化患者和家人的重视、提高医嘱执行力。     

苯溴马隆联合别嘌呤醇治疗痛风稳定期的临床疗效分析

目的分析苯溴马隆联合别嘌呤醇治疗痛风稳定期的临床疗效。方法回顾性选取沈阳245医院2015-03—2016-04收治的痛风稳定期113例患者临床资料,根据治疗时所用不同方法分成两组,对照组51例单一采用别嘌呤醇治疗,观察组62例采用苯溴马隆联合别嘌呤醇治疗,对两组临床疗效、血尿酸检测值及不良反应发生情况进行对比。结果治疗后观察组血尿酸水平为(306.98±30.65)μmol/L,对照组为(351.62±34.25)μmol/L,观察组血尿酸水平下降幅度优于对照组(P0.05);治疗后观察组血小板、白细胞分别为(236.96±36.45)×109/L、(6.12±0.48)×109/L,对照组分别为(115.65±30.98)×109/L、(3.83±0.59)×109/L,观察组血小板、白细胞数值较对照组更接近正常值,两组下降幅度比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组均未出现严重不良反应,两组不良反应发生率4.84%、7.84%比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论痛风稳定期患者采用苯溴马隆联合别嘌呤醇治疗效果显著,降低血尿酸水平,且较为安全可靠。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.