磷酸西格列汀联合二甲双胍治疗初发2型糖尿病的临床观察

目的探讨西格列汀联合二甲双胍治疗初发2型糖尿病的疗效。方法将60例初发2型糖尿病患者随机分为两组,对照组30例,单用二甲双胍治疗;治疗组30例,采用二甲双胍联合西格列汀治疗,观察12周,比较两组治疗前后空腹血糖(FBG),餐后2小时血糖(2hPG),糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、体质量指数(BMI)、空腹胰岛素(FIns)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)等指标的变化。结果 12周治疗后,两组FBG、2hPG、HbA1c、BMI均明显减低(P<0.01),FIns水平显著增加(P<0.05);治疗组疗效优于对照组,FBG(5.6±1.5)mmol/L vs(7.0±1.8)mmol/L(P<0.01);2hPG(8.2±1.3)mmol/L vs(10.8±2.1)mmol/L(P<0.01);HbA1c(6.1±1.2)%vs(7.2±1.0)%(P<0.01);FIns(13.2±3.1)mU/L vs(11.5±2.3)mU/L(P<0.05)。结论西格列汀是一种安全有效的新型降糖药物,且能更好的控制血糖。     

甘精胰岛素联合口服二甲双胍与单纯胰岛素治疗老年糖尿病患者的疗效比较

目的 观察在单纯口服药物血糖控制不良的老年糖尿病患者中使用3种不同的胰岛素治疗方案对血糖及血脂的疗效情况,为老年人更好地控制血糖提供依据.方法 随机将168例患者分为诺和锐三餐前皮下注射加睡前甘精胰岛素皮下注射组(n=48)、诺和锐30早晚餐前皮下注射组(n=60、甘精胰岛素皮下注射加口服二甲双胍组(n=60).测定3组患者治疗前后空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2小时血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆回醇(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),并进行治疗前后及组间的比较.结果 与治疗前比较3种方案均可有效地降低FBG、2 hPG、HbA1 c、TC及LDL-C(P＜0.05).治疗后甘精胰岛素联合口服二甲双胍组效果优于早晚餐前皮下注射诺和锐30组,FBG(6.2±1.5)mmol/L vs(8.1±1.8)mmol/L(P＜0.05)、2 hPG(8.1±1.4)mmol/L vs(9.9±2.1)mmol/L(P＜0.05)、HbA1c(7.0±1.4)%vs(8.6±1.7)%(P＜0.05);但与诺和锐三餐前皮下注射联合睡前甘精胰岛素皮下注射组疗效相仿(P＞0.05).3种方案治疗后TC、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C水平差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 甘精胰岛素联合二甲双胍治疗老年2型糖尿病,患者依从性好,能更好地降低HbA1 c水平和血脂,稳定血糖.     

糖化血红蛋白与空腹血糖联合检测的临床意义及其相关性探讨

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)与空腹血糖(FGB)联合检测的临床意义及其相关性。方法选择2007年8月～2011年4月我院收治的120例糖尿病测定FBG和HbA1c水平,并分析HbA1c和FBG的关系。结果 120例糖尿病中HbA1c≤6.0%27例,FBG(5.97±1.46)mmol/L;HbA1c 6.1%～7.0%32例,FBG(7.89±2.62)mmol/L;HbA1c 7.1%～8.0%23例,FBG(9.25±2.98)mmol/L;HbA1c 8.1%～10.0%20例,FBG(10.83±3.46)mmol/L;HbA1c≥10.0%18例,FBG(12.25±4.05)mmol/L。其HbA1c和FBG相关性分析结果显示随着HbA1c水平增高,FBG也相应升高,二者呈正相关(r=0.8751,P<0.01)。结论 HbA1c联合FBG检测对糖尿病的诊断、治疗、转归和预后判定具有显著意义,应定期进行检测。     

被动吸烟对2型糖尿病女性患者血糖控制的影响

目的 探讨被动吸烟对2型糖尿病女性患者血糖控制的影响.方法 以在我院新诊断的90例女性被动吸烟的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者作为被动吸烟组,以性别、年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、运动控制及糖尿病并发症伴发情况等为配比条件选取新诊断的90例不被动吸烟的2型糖尿病患者作为非被动吸烟组,测定两组的空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2小时血糖(2 hPBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及空腹胰岛素(FIns)水平,并进行1∶1的配对研究.结果 被动吸烟组的FBG、2 hPBG、HbA1c水平及反映胰岛素抵抗程度的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)均显著高于非被动吸烟组,(8.24±2.10) mmol/L vs (7.56±2.06) mmol/L,(13.92±2.65) mmol/L vs (13.06±2.60) mmol/L,(7.94±1.41)％ vs (7.52±1.36)％和(3.49 vs 3.14)(P＜0.05).被动吸烟组的HbA1c≥8.0％的比例亦明显大于非被动吸烟组27.8％ vs 15.6％(P＜0.05).HbA1c与HOMA-IR呈显著正相关(r=0.217,P＜0.01).结论 被动吸烟可显著干扰T2DM患者的血糖控制,其机制可能与其加重胰岛素抵抗有关,被动吸烟的T2DM患者发生糖尿病并发症的危险可能远远高于不被动吸烟的T2DM患者.     

河北地区2型糖尿病患者骨密度变化与影响因素的初步探讨

目的测定河北地区2型糖尿病患者骨密度,并对其影响因素进行相关分析,以探讨2型糖尿病患者骨密度的改变及骨质疏松的发病机制,为其防治提供理论依据。方法双能X线吸收法测定57例2型糖尿病患者和61例年龄、体质量指数(BMI)匹配的对照组的腰椎及双侧股骨骨密度。结果2型糖尿病男性患者骨密度在第1腰椎,女性右侧股骨大转子、粗隆间及右侧股骨平均值较正常对照组显著下降,分别为(0.875±0.192)g/cm2vs(1.038±0.288)g/cm2,(0.579±0.979)g/cm2vs(0.637±0.109)g/cm2,(0.880±0.115)g/cm2vs(0.949±0.165)g/cm2,(0.767±0.100)g/cm2vs(0.823±0.137)g/cm2,均P<0.05;女性糖尿病骨质疏松患者与非糖尿病骨质疏松患者的临床资料比较,糖尿病组的空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后血糖(PBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)显著升高,分别为(8.38±2.50)mmol/L vs(5.20±0.27)mmol/L,(13.17±3.86)mmol/L vs(6.70±0.40)mmol/L,(7.29±1.12)%vs(5.94±0.16)%,均P<0.05;糖尿病患者的骨密度与病程(男性r=-0.603,P=0.043;女性r=-0.461,P=0.016)、HbA1c(男性r=-0.690,P=0.041;女性r=-0.436,P=0.021)呈负相关,与BMI(男性r=0.654,P=0.043;女性r=0.413,P=0.028)呈正相关,女性糖尿病患者的骨密度还与年龄(r=-0.457,P=0.016)、绝经年限(r=-0.561,P=0.003)呈负相关,与雌激素(r=0.384,P=0.039)呈正相关。结论2型糖尿病患者较正常人易发生骨质疏松;血糖控制不良、低BMI和病程长为2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松的高危因素。     

血糖达标与糖化血红蛋白达标关系的临床研究

目的分析空腹血糖(FBG)达标和餐后2小时血糖(P2hBG)达标对糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)的影响,为临床治疗提供指导。方法对300例门诊就诊2型糖尿病患者同时检测FBG、P2hBG和HbA1c,分析FBG达标(≤6.1mmol/L)、P2hBG达标(≤8.0mmol/L)与HbA1c达标(≤6.5%或7.0%)三者间的关系。结果(1)300例患者中,HbA1c≤6.5%和7.0%分别为72例和132例,占24.0%和44.0%;(2)FBG达标(FPG<6.1mmol/L)66例中,HbA1c≤6.5%达标率为53.0%,HbA1c≤7%的达标率为68.2%;(3)P2hBG达标(<8mmol/L)共49例中,HbA1c≤6.5%达标率为91.8%;HbA1c≤7%达标率为95.9%;(4)FBG和P2hBG均达标18例中,HbA1c≤6.5%达标率为94.4%;HbA1c≤7%达标率为100%。结论多数2型糖尿病患者血糖控制不理想,同时关注空腹血糖和餐后血糖,有助促进HbA1c更好达标。     

达格列净联合西格列汀治疗2型糖尿病的效果

目的 探讨对2型糖尿病(T2DM)达格列净单药治疗和达格列净联合西格列汀治疗的疗效。方法 选取2022年1月至2023年12月期间南京市六合区中医院收治的62例T2DM患者作为研究对象,随机分为两组,每组31例。对照组仅接受达格列净(10 mg/d口服)治疗,而观察组同时接受达格列净(10 mg/d口服)和西格列汀治疗(100 mg/d口服)。两组均治疗3个月。对比两组治疗后血糖控制效果[空腹血糖(FPG)和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)]、血糖波动情况、炎症指标(C-反应蛋白)以及心脏功能(左心室射血分数)。结果 经过3个月治疗,与治疗前比较,两组治疗后FBG和HbA1c均明显下降(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,观察组患者FBG [(6.96±0.87)mmol/L vs(7.91±0.96)mmol/L,t=4.083,P<0.01]和HbA1c [(6.54±0.33)%vs(7.65±0.58)%,t=9.261,P<0.01]均明显下降,观察组的平均血糖标准差(SDBG)值和餐后血糖波动幅度更低(P<0.05),C反应蛋白更低和左心室射血分数更高(P<...     

低脂肪饮食对肥胖2型糖尿病患者体质量、血脂及血糖的影响

目的 观察低脂肪饮食对肥胖2型糖尿病患者体质量、血脂和血糖的影响.方法 120例肥胖2型糖尿病患者随机分配至低脂肪饮食+双胍类药物治疗组(实验组)和常规糖尿病饮食+双胍类药物治疗组(对照组),各60倒.在治疗前及治疗1年后检测两组患者的体质量(BM)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血压和血脂.结果 治疗1年后,实验组与对照组BM分别下降(6.6±1.4)kg和(3.4±1.2)kg,HbA1c分别下降(2.8±0.3)％和(1.0±0.2)％(P＜0.05);实验组治疗前总胆固醇(TC)为(4.44±0.82) mmol/L、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)为(2.56±0.61) mmol/L,治疗后分别为(3.90±0.73)mmol/L、(2.04±0.62) mmol/L(P＜0.05),对照组治疗前TC、LDL-C分别为(4.38±0.84) mmol/L、(2.54±0.70) mmol/L,治疗后分别(4.26±0.72)mmol/L、(2.48±0.65)mmol/L,两组治疗后差异比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 低脂肪饮食能改善肥胖2型糖尿病患者的体质量、HbA1c及血脂,且疗效优于常规对照组.因此,低脂肪饮食也是治疗肥胖2型糖尿病患者的一种有效方法.     

胰岛素联合二甲双胍短期强化治疗对2型糖尿病胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的观察胰岛素加二甲双胍的强化治疗方案对胰岛β细胞功能的影响。方法20例2型糖尿病经饮食和运动调节、使用磺脲类降糖药仍不能有效控制血糖的患者改用胰岛素加二甲双胍治疗,疗程为1个月,分别在治疗前和疗程结束后测定了糖化血红蛋白A1c(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FBG)与餐后2小时血糖(2 hBG),并同时作了胰岛素(Ins)、C肽(CP)释放试验;HbA1c采用比色法测定,血糖采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定,胰岛素、C肽采用放免法检测,并按照HOMA稳态模型公式计算胰岛β细胞功能指数(Homaβ)和胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa IRI)。结果与治疗前相比,强化治疗后HbA1c、FBG与2 hBG均见下降[分别为(10.6±17.6)%vs(9.8±10.4)%,(17.4±3.8)mmol/Lvs(6.5±1.1)mmol/L,(23.0±4.0)mmol/Lvs(9.1±0.7)mmol/L,均P<0.001];胰岛素峰值和Homaβ均显著升高[分别为(24.1±10.2)mU/Lvs(66.9±17.6)mU/L,(2.62±0.46)vs(4.99±0.52),均P<0.001];而IRI则略有下降([(7.89±4.13)vs(6.50±2.44),P<0.05]。结论胰岛素联合二甲双胍治疗能明显增强胰岛β细胞的功能,可用于磺脲类降糖药治疗无效的2型糖尿病患者。     

基于慢性病联合诊治中心为平台的医院-社区一体化管理对2型糖尿病患者治疗效果的研究

目的研究以慢性病联合诊治中心为平台的医院-社区一体化管理对2型糖尿病患者的治疗效果。方法将122名糖尿病患者分为对照组(62例)和干预组(60例)。干预组纳入医院-社区一体化管理临床路径,对照组依据传统模式进行管理,对所有患者干预前后的糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、血压、血脂、尿微量白蛋白/肌酐及质量指数(BMI)进行比较,并且评估各指标干预前后的达标率。结果干预组患者干预后HbA1c[(6.6±3.0)%vs.(7.7±1.4)%,t=2.792,P=0.031]、空腹血糖[(6.7±1.2)mmol/L vs.(8.4±2.4)mmol/L,t=5.134,P=0.005]、餐后2 h血糖[(9.5±2.3)mmol/L vs.(11.0±2.8)mmol/L,t=3.286,P=0.008]及总胆固醇[(5.1±1.4)mmol/L vs.(5.9±1.9)mmol/L,t=2.527,P=0.012]水平较干预前均有明显降低,且干预后HbA1c(47/60 vs.33/60,χ~2=7.350,P=0.007)、空腹血糖(49/60 vs.39/60,χ~2=4.261,P=0.039)、餐后2 h血糖(49/60 vs.29/60,χ~2=14.650,P0.001)、血压(45/60 vs.33/60,χ~2=5.167,P=0.038)及甘油三酯(33/60 vs.21/60,χ~2=4.089,P=0.044)的达标率较干预前均有明显升高。而对照组上述各指标干预前后比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论以慢性病联合诊治中心为平台的医院-社区一体化管理模式对2型糖尿病的治疗效果显著。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.