胶原膜、聚乙醇酸／聚乳酸共聚物在组织工程心脏瓣膜支架材料中的应用

目的 将活细胞种植于可生物降解的瓣膜支架上，制造出一种组织相容性好，不需抗凝，具有修复能力，且运行患终生的理想心脏瓣膜。方法 胶原膜和聚乙醇酸／聚乳酸共聚物（PGLA）在皮下包埋和种植细胞生长做对照实验。结果 胶原膜皮下包埋8周仍保持膜状结构，8－12周完全降解，且生物相容性优于聚乙醇酸／聚乳酸共聚物（PGLA）。结论 胶原膜适于组织工程心脏瓣膜支架材料的应用。     

胶原膜与聚-β-羟基丁酯在组织工程心脏瓣膜中应用的研究

目的：对胶原膜与聚－β－羟基丁酯在组织工程心脏瓣膜技术中的应用进行比较。方法：对照研究胶原膜和聚－β－羟基丁酯膜在材料结构、皮下包埋和细胞生长对照实验情况。结果：胶原膜呈网太结构,皮下包坦8周仍保持膜状结构,皮下包坦8－12周完全降解,生物相容性优地聚－β－羟基丁酯膜。结论：胶原膜在材料结构特征、降解率和生物组织相容性方面均优于聚－β－羟基丁酯,其适于组织工程心脏瓣膜种植材料的应用。     

聚乳酸/聚乙醇酸与脱细胞软骨粒支架及聚乳酸/聚乙醇酸-脱细胞软骨粒支架体外构建组织工程软骨的比较

背景:聚乳酸,聚乙醇酸具有良好的生物力学性能,但是细胞黏附性较差,而脱细胞软骨基质具有较好的细胞黏附性和亲水性,能介导细胞间信号传导及相互作用,但是生物力学性能不好.课题组制备的聚乳酸,聚乙醇酸脱细胞软骨基质支架材料,弥补了2种材料各自的缺点,有望成为一种新型支架材料.目的:比较聚乳酸,聚乙醇酸、脱细胞软骨基质、聚乳酸/聚乙醇酸脱细胞软骨基质3种支架体外构建组织工程软骨的生长情况.设计、时间及地点:对比观察实验,于2008-03/09在山西医科大学实验室完成.材料:聚乳酸,聚乙醇酸平均孔径为100-200μm,孔隙率为94%左右,脱细胞软骨基质支架平均孔径为70-100 μm,孔隙率为85%左右,聚乳酸,聚乙醇酸脱细胞软骨基质平均孔径为100-300 μm,孔隙率为90%左右.方法:根据支架材料的不同,实验分为3组,分别为聚乳酸/聚乙醇酸支架组,脱细胞软骨粒支架组,聚乳酸,聚乙醇酸-脱细胞软骨粒支架组,将猪软骨细胞分离、培养、扩增、接种于3种支架,体外联合培养8周.主要观察指标:免疫组化染色检测Ⅱ型胶原表达;反转录-聚合酶链反应检测组织工程软骨细胞内Ⅱ型胶原mRNA含量;Hoechst 33258荧光法测定DNA含量.结果:软骨细胞在聚乳酸/聚乙醇酸-脱细胞软骨粒支架组生长良好,8周后仍能维持软骨细胞表型,其分泌Ⅱ型胶原的能力优于其他两组.聚乳酸,聚乙醇酸-脱细胞软骨粒支架组DNA含量、Ⅱ型胶原mRNA含量最高,脱细胞软骨基质组次之,聚乳酸,聚乙醇酸组最低,单因素方差分析显示差异有显著性意义(P<0.01).结论:聚乳酸,聚乙醇酸-脱细胞软骨粒支架更适于细胞生长、黏附,更有利于维持细胞表型和促进软骨细胞分泌Ⅱ型胶原.     

组织工程心脏瓣膜支架材料的应用进展

随着组织工程学的发展，组织工程心脏瓣膜的构建研制已取得了初步的进展。在组织工程心脏瓣膜的构建研制中，支架材料是成功与否的关键因素之一，本综述近年来作为组织工程心脏瓣膜支架的各种材料的特点，各类型材料的优缺点，以有支架材料的发展方向。     

聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物/Ⅰ型胶原/壳聚糖人工硬脊膜在兔脊髓损伤模型中的应用

背景：自体组织、异体组织、动物来源的硬脊膜替代材料都难达到降低脊髓损伤后致残率与致死率的修复结果。目的：观察聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物/Ⅰ型胶原/壳聚糖人工硬脊膜修复大白兔脊髓损伤的疗效。方法：70新西兰大白兔随机分为4组：假手术组（n=10）：单纯切除椎板,不损伤脊髓;模型组（n=20）：脊髓损伤硬脊膜缺损后未进行修复;壳聚糖组（n=20）：脊髓损伤硬脊膜缺损处植入壳聚糖人工硬脊膜;复合膜组（n=20）：脊髓损伤硬脊膜缺损处植入聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物/Ⅰ型胶原/壳聚糖人工复合膜。结果与结论：脊髓损伤24h后,壳聚糖组和复合膜组运动功能评分均明显高于模型组（P〈0.01）,复合膜组运动功能评分高于壳聚糖组（P〈0.05）。脊髓损伤之后潜伏期均有明显延长,模型组、壳聚糖组、复合膜组潜伏期明显高于假手术组,在6h各组潜伏期有明显增加,在24h左右到达高峰,而后开始逐渐下降,脊髓损伤2d后模型组、壳聚糖组、复合膜组潜伏期差异无显著性意义。各组细胞凋亡率均大于假手术组（P〈0.05）,损伤后6,24h壳聚糖组和复合膜组细胞凋亡率均明显低于模型组（P〈0.05）。结果提示在大白兔脊髓损伤模型中应用聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物/Ⅰ型胶原/壳聚糖人工硬脊膜有利于脊髓损伤恢复。     

聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物/Ⅰ型胶原/壳聚糖人工硬脊膜在兔脊髓损伤模型中的应用

背景:自体组织、异体组织、动物来源的硬脊膜替代材料都难达到降低脊髓损伤后致残率与致死率的修复结果.目的:观察聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物/Ⅰ型胶原/壳聚糖人工硬脊膜修复大白兔脊髓损伤的疗效.方法:70 新西兰大白兔随机分为4 组:假手术组(n=10):单纯切除椎板,不损伤脊髓;模型组(n=20):脊髓损伤硬脊膜缺损后未进行修复;壳聚糖组(n=20):脊髓损伤硬脊膜缺损处植入壳聚糖人工硬脊膜;复合膜组(n=20):脊髓损伤硬脊膜缺损处植入聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物/Ⅰ型胶原/壳聚糖人工复合膜.结果与结论:脊髓损伤24 h 后,壳聚糖组和复合膜组运动功能评分均明显高于模型组(P<0.01),复合膜组运动功能评分高于壳聚糖组(P<0.05).脊髓损伤之后潜伏期均有明显延长,模型组、壳聚糖组、复合膜组潜伏期明显高于假手术组,在6 h 各组潜伏期有明显增加,在24 h 左右到达高峰,而后开始逐渐下降,脊髓损伤2 d 后模型组、壳聚糖组、复合膜组潜伏期差异无显著性意义.各组细胞凋亡率均大于假手术组(P<0.05),损伤后6,24 h 壳聚糖组和复合膜组细胞凋亡率均明显低于模型组(P<0.05).结果提示在大白兔脊髓损伤模型中应用聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物/Ⅰ型胶原/壳聚糖人工硬脊膜有利于脊髓损伤恢复.     

Ⅰ型胶原修饰聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球支架上骨髓间充质干细胞的黏附和成骨分化

背景:组织工程骨成骨功能终末细胞需要骨髓间充质干细胞在体外加以诱导或在体内以基因转染等技术加以诱导。目的:研究Ⅰ型胶原修饰的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球支架上骨髓间充质干细胞黏附和成骨分化的能力。方法:制备聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球支架,分离纯化雌性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞。将培养至第3代骨髓间充质干细胞与未经处理的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球及Ⅰ型胶原修饰的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球共同培养14d,观察细胞在不同支架表面的黏附生长。结果:扫描电镜及FDA-PI染色发现,骨髓间充质干细胞可在聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球支架上生长,而与未修饰的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球相比骨髓间充质干细胞更容易在Ⅰ型胶原修饰的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球上黏附增殖。Ⅰ型胶原修饰的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球有利于骨髓间充质干细胞的黏附、增殖,并且有一定诱导干细胞成骨分化的能力。     

Ⅰ型胶原修饰聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球支架上骨髓间充质干细胞的黏附和成骨分化

背景：组织工程骨成骨功能终末细胞需要骨髓间充质干细胞在体外加以诱导或在体内以基因转染等技术加以诱导。目的：研究Ⅰ型胶原修饰的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球支架上骨髓间充质干细胞黏附和成骨分化的能力。方法：制备聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球支架,分离纯化雌性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞。将培养至第3代骨髓间充质干细胞与未经处理的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球及Ⅰ型胶原修饰的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球共同培养14d,观察细胞在不同支架表面的黏附生长。结果：扫描电镜及FDA-PI染色发现,骨髓间充质干细胞可在聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球支架上生长,而与未修饰的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球相比骨髓间充质干细胞更容易在Ⅰ型胶原修饰的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球上黏附增殖。Ⅰ型胶原修饰的聚乳酸聚乙醇酸微球有利于骨髓间充质干细胞的黏附、增殖,并且有一定诱导干细胞成骨分化的能力。     

聚乙醇酸-乳酸共聚物复合Ⅱ型胶原和生长因子体内构建组织工程软骨

背景:软骨组织工程的发展为处理关节软骨损伤提供了新的思路和方法,使体内构建组织工程软骨得以实现.目的:观察骨髓基质干细胞种植到复合胶原和生长因子的聚乙醇酸-乳酸共聚物(poly-lactide-co-glycolic acid,PLGA)生物材料,再种植到大鼠体内构建组织工程软骨组织的可行性.方法:相分离法制作PLGA,复合Ⅱ型胶原和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子,转化生长因子β1.将第3代的骨髓基质干细胞种植到复合材料上.36只SD大鼠随机分为实验组、对照组、空白组,分别于肌袋内植入骨髓基质干细胞/复合生长因子和胶原的PLGA、复合生长因子和胶原的PLGA、复合胶原的PLGA,于术后第4,8,12周取材观察细胞的定向分化及生长情况,包括大体观察、苏木精-伊红染色、甲苯胺蓝染色、Ⅱ型胶原染色、扫描电镜观察.结果与结论:大体观察可见实验组材料有类软骨样组织生长,而对照组和空白组则仅见纤维组织生长.各种染色及电镜观察显示:实验组复合物内可见多的成软骨细胞及少量的破骨细胞.实验组甲苯胺蓝染色和Ⅱ型胶原染色为阳性,对照组和空白组均为阴性.从而证明胶原修饰的PLGA生物材料具有较好的细胞相容性;骨髓基质干细胞种植到复合胶原和生长因子的PLGA生物材料上在大鼠体内可构建组织工程软骨复合组织.     

组织工程心脏瓣膜支架材料的选择与应用

背景：支架材料的选择在组织工程心脏瓣膜中起着至关重要的作用,支架材料的选择也就影响着组织工程心脏瓣膜的构建效果。目的：评价组织工程心脏瓣膜支架材料的的优缺点,并对其选择进行总结。方法：以＂组织工程,心脏瓣膜,支架材料,生物相容性＂,为中文关键词;以：＂tissue engineering,heart valves,scaffoldmaterial,biocompatibility＂为英文关键词,采用计算机检索1993-01/2009-10相关文章。纳入与有关生物材料与组织工程心脏瓣膜的相关的文章;排除重复研究及Meta分析类文章。结果与结论：人工合成高分子材料有更大的可控性,可预先塑性,大量制备,孔径和孔隙率较容易控制,成本低廉;天然生物材料和合成高分子材料都存在一定不足,将人工可降解材料与天然材料相结合构建瓣膜支架,发挥两者各自的优势构建出性能良好的组织工程心脏瓣膜。组织工程心脏瓣膜的研究前景广阔。但距离临床应用还有很长的路要走,相信随着研究的不断深入以及支架材料的不断优化对组织工程心脏瓣膜构建方法的改进,在不远的将来造福于广大心脏瓣膜病患者。     

The future of heart valve replacement: recent developments and translational challenges for heart valve tissue engineering

Heart valve replacement is often the only solution for patients suffering from valvular heart disease. However, currently available valve replacements require either life‐long anticoagulation or are associated with valve degeneration and calcification. Moreover, they are suboptimal for young patients, because they do not adapt to the somatic growth. Tissue‐engineering has been proposed as a promising approach to fulfil the urgent need for heart valve replacements with regenerative and growth capacity. This review will start with an overview on the currently available valve substitutes and the techniques for heart valve replacement. The main focus will be on the evolution of and different approaches for heart valve tissue engineering, namely the in vitro, in vivo and in situ approaches. More specifically, several heart valve tissue‐engineering studies will be discussed with regard to their shortcomings or successes and their possible suitability for novel minimally invasive implantation techniques. As in situ heart valve tissue engineering based on cell‐free functionalized starter materials is considered to be a promising approach for clinical translation, this review will also analyse the techniques used to tune the inflammatory response and cell recruitment upon implantation in order to stir a favourable outcome: controlling the blood–material interface, regulating the cytokine release, and influencing cell adhesion and differentiation. In the last section, the authors provide their opinion about the future developments and the challenges towards clinical translation and adaptation of heart valve tissue engineering for valve replacement. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

聚羟基乙酸无纺网设计在软骨组织工程中的适用研究

目的观察接种同种异体软骨细胞后,一定设计的三维生物可降解材料聚羟基乙酸(PGA)无纺网在组织工程化软骨形成中的降解性。方法取乳兔肋软骨细胞,接种于PGA支架材料上,经体外培养,体内皮下种植或修复软骨缺损,一定时间取材,观察PGA纤维在工程化软骨形成过程中的降解情况。结果软骨细胞-PGA复合物体外培养1周,可见基质产生,未见纤维降解迹象;体内种植或修复软骨缺损4周后,新生软骨内仍有较多PGA纤维;8周时PGA纤维已基本消失;12周软骨细胞成熟,基质分泌丰富,未见任何PGA存留迹象。结论一定设计的PGA无纺网在组织工程化软骨形成过程中适合其生物降解性要求。     

A new approach to heart valve tissue engineering: mimicking the heart ventricle with a ventricular assist device in a novel bioreactor

The ‘biomimetic’ approach to tissue engineering usually involves the use of a bioreactor mimicking physiological parameters whilst supplying nutrients to the developing tissue. Here we present a new heart valve bioreactor, having as its centrepiece a ventricular assist device (VAD), which exposes the cell–scaffold constructs to a wider array of mechanical forces. The pump of the VAD has two chambers: a blood and a pneumatic chamber, separated by an elastic membrane. Pulsatile air‐pressure is generated by a piston‐type actuator and delivered to the pneumatic chamber, ejecting the fluid in the blood chamber. Subsequently, applied vacuum to the pneumatic chamber causes the blood chamber to fill. A mechanical heart valve was placed in the VAD's inflow position. The tissue engineered (TE) valve was placed in the outflow position. The VAD was coupled in series with a Windkessel compliance chamber, variable throttle and reservoir, connected by silicone tubings. The reservoir sat on an elevated platform, allowing adjustment of ventricular preload between 0 and 11 mmHg. To allow for sterile gaseous exchange between the circuit interior and exterior, a 0.2 µm filter was placed at the reservoir. Pressure and flow were registered downstream of the TE valve. The circuit was filled with culture medium and fitted in a standard 5% CO₂ incubator set at 37 °C. Pressure and flow waveforms were similar to those obtained under physiological conditions for the pulmonary circulation. The ‘cardiomimetic’ approach presented here represents a new perspective to conventional biomimetic approaches in TE, with potential advantages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

组织多普勒Tei指数评价风湿性心脏病患者手术前后右室功能的研究

目的:探讨应用脉冲组织多普勒显像技术(PW-TDI)所测Tei指数评价风湿性心脏病(RHD)患者手术前后右室功能的临床价值。方法:测量45例RHD患者手术前后及42例健康对照者的右心常规超声指标,同时记录三尖瓣环的PW-TDI频谱图,测量相关时间间期,并计算出Tei指数。结果:45例RHD患者中,术前右房、右室明显扩大,三尖瓣返流和肺动脉高压,术后右房、右室缩小(P<0.05),三尖瓣返流减轻,肺动脉压下降(P<0.05)。45例患者术前容收缩时间、等容舒张时间延长,射血时间缩短,Tei指数明显升高(P<0.01),术后1～3个月等容收缩时间、等容舒张时间较术前缩短,射血时间延长,Tei指数明显减低。结论:用右室三尖瓣环的PW-TDI法获得的Tei指数可以较敏感地反映RHD患者手术前后右心室功能的变化,是评价其右室整体功能的较好指标。     

β-磷酸三钙/聚乳酸叠层复合骨组织工程支架的制备、性能及其应用评价

目的进行β-磷酸三钙/聚乳酸叠层复合支架的应用评价。方法在体外37℃生理盐水中降解过程中,观察该材料的重量、力学强度、聚乳酸分子量、材料周围环境的pH值、Ca2+浓度等参数随时间的变化情况,以及将该支架材料和骨髓基质细胞复合后,植入中国青山羊胫骨段缺损处进行修复实验。结果对修复效果进行了观察,发现其成骨能力较强。结论此种材料在骨组织工程领域有一定应用前景。     

异体脱矿松质骨基质和纳米羟基磷灰石材料应用于牙周组织工程中的可行性探讨

目的进行人牙周膜细胞(PDLCs)三维立体培养的体外实验研究,初步探讨两种支架材料应用于牙周组织工程的可行性,为进一步研究牙周组织生理病理及牙周组织工程奠定实验基础。方法组织块法培养人PDLCs,传代扩增后,接种于脱矿松质骨基质(CBM)和纳米羟基磷灰石材料(nHAC)两种三维支架上,体外继续培养3d,进行细胞计数和扫描电镜观察。结果人PDLCs在两种支架材料上均能形成良好贴附并增殖,扫描电镜可见两种支架材料均具有良好的多孔网状结构,细胞在支架材料上生长旺盛,伸展充分。结论CBM和nHAC均有望成为牙周组织工程的支架材料。     

Reconstruction of structure and function in tissue engineering of solid organs: Toward simulation of natural development based on decellularization

Failure of solid organs, such as the heart, liver, and kidney, remains a major cause of the world's mortality due to critical shortage of donor organs. Tissue engineering, which uses elements including cells, scaffolds, and growth factors to fabricate functional organs in vitro, is a promising strategy to mitigate the scarcity of transplantable organs. Within recent years, different construction strategies that guide the combination of tissue engineering elements have been applied in solid organ tissue engineering and have achieved much progress. Most attractively, construction strategy based on whole‐organ decellularization has become a popular and promising approach, because the overall structure of extracellular matrix can be well preserved. However, despite the preservation of whole structure, the current constructs derived from decellularization‐based strategy still perform partial functions of solid organs, due to several challenges, including preservation of functional extracellular matrix structure, implementation of functional recellularization, formation of functional vascular network, and realization of long‐term functional integration. This review overviews the status quo of solid organ tissue engineering, including both advances and challenges. We have also put forward a few techniques with potential to solve the challenges, mainly focusing on decellularization‐based construction strategy. We propose that the primary concept for constructing tissue‐engineered solid organs is fabricating functional organs based on intact structure via simulating the natural development and regeneration processes.     

复合辅酶及门冬氨酸钾镁对心脏瓣膜置换术心脏复跳的影响

目的 研究在体外循环(CPB)下行心脏瓣膜置换术中联合应用复合辅酶及门冬氨酸钾镁对缺血心肌术后复跳的影响.方法 将82例心脏瓣膜病患者随机分为两组,治疗组和对照组,各41例,两组麻醉方法相同、术前治疗相同.治疗组静脉缓慢注入复合辅酶200 U及门冬氨酸钾镁;对照组只给门冬氨酸钾镁及常规治疗,然后观察两组术后心脏自动复跳情况和复跳后心律失常和低心排量发生情况.结果 治疗组的自动复跳率明显高于对照组(97.56％与80.49％,x2=6.12,P=0.01);复跳后24h内严重室性心律失常的发生率两组比较差异有统计学意义(19.51％与41.46％,x2=4.67,P=0.03);低心排量综合征发生率两组比较差异有统计学意义(14.63％与36.58％,x2=5.18,P=0.02);以联合疗法为变量评价对心脏自动复跳的影响进行两项式Logistic回归分析,结果其优势比OR值为9.69,95％ CI:1.15～ 81.55,P=0.03;经多变量Logistic回归分析显示影响心脏自动复跳的其他因素还有:主动脉阻断时间(OR =9.28,95％ CI:1.21～78.18,P=0.01)、心脏功能(OR=4.95,95％ CI:1.27～17.88,P =0.02)、手术时间(OR =3.99,95％ CI:1.18～11.62,P=0.04)、年龄(OR=2.77,95％CI:1.11 ～9.74,P=0.04).结论 在心脏瓣膜置换术中联合应用复合辅酶及门冬氨酸钾镁有利于术后的心脏复跳并减少复跳后严重心律失常的发生,并减少心脏低心排量的发生.     

Poly‐ε‐caprolactone scaffold and reduced in vitro cell culture: beneficial effect on compaction and improved valvular tissue formation

Tissue‐engineered heart valves (TEHVs), based on polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds coated with poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), have shown promising in vivo results in terms of tissue formation. However, a major drawback of these TEHVs is compaction and retraction of the leaflets, causing regurgitation. To overcome this problem, the aim of this study was to investigate: (a) the use of the slowly degrading poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) scaffold for prolonged mechanical integrity; and (b) the use of lower passage cells for enhanced tissue formation. Passage 3, 5 and 7 (P3, P5 and P7) human and ovine vascular‐derived cells were seeded onto both PGA–P4HB and PCL scaffold strips. After 4 weeks of culture, compaction, tissue formation, mechanical properties and cell phenotypes were compared. TEHVs were cultured to observe retraction of the leaflets in the native‐like geometry. After culture, tissues based on PGA–P4HB scaffold showed 50–60% compaction, while PCL‐based tissues showed compaction of 0–10%. Tissue formation, stiffness and strength were increased with decreasing passage number; however, this did not influence compaction. Ovine PCL‐based tissues did render less strong tissues compared to PGA–P4HB‐based tissues. No differences in cell phenotype between the scaffold materials, species or cell passage numbers were observed. This study shows that PCL scaffolds may serve as alternative scaffold materials for human TEHVs with minimal compaction and without compromising tissue composition and properties, while further optimization of ovine TEHVs is needed. Reducing cell expansion time will result in faster generation of TEHVs, providing more rapid treatment for patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spray‐ and laser‐assisted biomaterial processing for fast and efficient autologous cell‐plus‐matrix tissue engineering

At present, intensive investigation aims at the creation of optimal valvular prostheses. We introduced and tested the applicability and functionality of two advanced cell‐plus‐matrix seeding technologies, spray‐assisted bioprocessing (SaBP) and laser‐assisted bioprocessing (LaBP), for autologous tissue engineering (TE) of bioresorbable artificial grafts. For SaBP, human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs), umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and fibrin were simultaneously spray‐administered on poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) substrates. For LaBP, HUVECs and HMSCs were separately laser‐printed in stripes, followed by fibrin sealing. Three‐leaflet valves were manufactured following TE of electrospun PCL tissue equivalents. Grafts were monitored in vitro under static and dynamic conditions in bioreactors. SaBP and LaBP resulted in TE of grafts with homogeneous cell distribution and accurate cell pattern, respectively. The engineered valves demonstrated immediate sufficient performance, complete cell coating, proliferation, engraftment, HUVEC‐mediated invasion, HMSC differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition. SaBP revealed higher efficiency, with at least 12‐fold shorter processing time than the applied LaBP set‐up. LaBP realized coating with higher cell density and minimal cell–scaffold distance. Fibrin and PCL stability remain issues for improvement. The introduced TE technologies resulted in complete valvular cell‐plus‐matrix coating, excellent engraftment and HMSCs differentiation. SaBP might have potential for intraoperative table‐side TE considering the procedural duration and ease of implementation. LaBP might accelerate engraftment with precise patterns. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.