超声微泡造影剂介导PEDF质粒转染大鼠视网膜的实验研究

目的 探讨超声微泡造影剂介导色素上皮源性因子(PEDF)质粒转染大鼠视网膜、脉络膜的效率及治疗脉络膜新生血管(CNV)效果.方法 氩绿激光对Long-Evans大鼠视网膜进行光凝建造CNV模型.将24只造模成功的CNV大鼠分为2组:①空白组,②超声辐照微泡转染组.于转染后14 d,分别进行眼底荧光血管造影(FFA),RT-PCR和免疫荧光检查.结果 转染后14天超声微泡能介导PEDF质粒对大鼠视网膜、脉络膜的转染,并且对CNV有抑制作用.结论 利用一定能量的超声击碎携带PEDF质粒的超声微泡造影剂,能够有效地提高PEDF质粒在大鼠视网膜、脉络膜的转染效率,对大鼠脉络膜新生血管有一定抑制作用.     

超声微泡造影剂介导PEDF基因转染大鼠视网膜与传统转染比较的实验研究

目的探讨超声微泡造影剂与脂质体介导色素上皮源性因子（pigment epithelium derived factor,PEDF）质粒转染大鼠视网膜、脉络膜的效率及治疗脉络膜新生血管（choroidal neovascu larization,CNV）效果。方法氩绿激光对Long-Evans大鼠视网膜进行光凝建造CNV模型。将36只CNV大鼠分为3组：（1）空白组,（2）超声辐照微泡转染组,（3）脂质体转染组。于转染后7、14、28d,分别进行荧光眼底血管造影（fundus flourascent angiography,FFA）,RT-PCR检测。结果转染后7、14d超声微泡介导PEDF质粒对大鼠视网膜的转染效率与脂质体介导的转染效率相似,但转染后28d两者转染效率差异有显著性。超声微泡与脂质体介导PEDF质粒转染对CNV有抑制作用。结论利用一定能量的超声击碎携带PEDF质粒的超声微泡造影剂,能够有效地提高PEDF质粒在大鼠视网膜脉络膜的转染效率,对大鼠脉络膜新生血管有一定抑制作用。     

靶向微泡造影剂介导c-myc反义基因治疗移植肝癌的实验研究

目的研究携半乳糖化多聚赖氨酸(G-PLL)的靶向超声造影剂介导c-myc反义寡核苷酸(c-myc ASODN)在肝癌组织中的转染效果。方法以"生物素-亲和素"系统制备超声微泡、G-PLL和c-myc ASODN三者的耦联物,静脉导入荷瘤鼠体内,给予超声辐照。定期测量肿瘤大小,计算抑瘤率,绘制肿瘤生长曲线。28d后处死小鼠,取肿瘤组织检测c-myc基因和蛋白的表达情况。结果耦联物作用后的实验组抑瘤率明显高于其它各组,肿瘤生长受到明显抑制(P0.05);肿瘤内c-mycmRNA及cmyc蛋白的表达也均低于其它各组(P0.05)。结论耦联G-PLL及反义基因的微泡造影剂经超声辐照可提高治疗基因在小鼠肝癌组织中的转染率。     

超声介导微泡造影剂促进HSV-TK基因转染抑制小鼠肝癌移植瘤的实验研究

目的 探讨超声辐照微泡造影剂介导的单纯疱疹病毒-胸苷激酶(HSV-TK)自杀基因系统转染小鼠肝癌组织的有效性.方法 小鼠肝癌皮下移植瘤,尾静脉注入HSV-TK,添加或不添加Sono Vue,脉冲多普勒超声(1MHz、2W/cm2 、5min)辐照,第2天重复治疗1次.24h后荷瘤鼠腹腔注射更昔洛韦(GCV),连续10d,绘制肿瘤生长曲线,观测荷瘤鼠生存时间,半定量RT-PCR分析肿瘤内TK mRNA的表达,TUNEL染色检测肿瘤细胞凋亡.结果 与单纯超声辐照组比较,超声(US)和Sono Vue组肿瘤生长受到明显抑制(P<0.05),小鼠的平均生存时间延长(P<0.05),肿瘤内TK mRNA的表达增多(P<0.05),肿瘤细胞凋亡指数增高(P<0.05).结论 超声辐照Sono Vue可有效介导HSV-TK基因发挥抗瘤效应.     

超声微泡造影剂介导EGFP质粒转染大鼠视网膜的实验研究

目的探讨超声破坏微泡介导EGFP质粒转染大鼠视网膜的效率及可行性，为实现外源基因高效、定向的转移目的奠定基础。方法将30只Long-evans大鼠分为6组，第1组仅以0．5w／cm。的超声波辐照大鼠眼球，第2组于尾静脉输入适当剂量的微泡造影剂，并立即以相同能量的超声波辐照大鼠眼球，第3组于尾静脉输入质粒，第4组于尾静脉输入质粒，并以超声辐照大鼠眼球，第5组于尾静脉输入质粒与微泡，第6组尾静脉输入质粒、微泡，并用超声辐照眼球。转染2周后，在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察EGFP表达情况。结果超声微泡介导的EGFP质粒对大鼠视网膜的转染效率，明显高于其他实验组。一定能量和时间的超声波辐照，及适当浓度的微泡，对大鼠视网膜脉络膜无明显损伤。结论利用低频率和一定能量的超声击碎携带EGFP质粒的超声微泡造影剂，能够有效地提高EGFP质粒在大鼠视网膜的转染效率。     

超声微泡介导EGFP 质粒对视网膜母细胞瘤细胞转染效率的实验研究

目的探讨不同浓度的超声微泡造影剂，在不同声强的超声辐照下，介导DNA质粒转染视网膜母细胞瘤（RB）细胞的效率及可行性，为实现外源基因高效、定向的转移奠定基础。方法将培养的RB细胞分别予以超声条件为0．25，0．5，0．75，1．0，1．25W／cm^2，60S的连续波辐照，微泡造影剂浓度为1％，100．4，20％，30％，以筛选出对RB细胞活性无明显抑制的最适超声声强、辐照时间和微泡浓度。根据以上筛选条件，转染EGFP基因入RB细胞，24～48h后，在荧光显微镜下观察EGFP表达情况，并用RT-PCR对EGFPmRNA进行半定量检测。结果声强〈0．75W／cm^2（60s），以及微泡浓度〈20％时，对RB细胞的活性无明显抑制。当微泡浓度10％，超声声强为0．5W／cm^2或0．75W／cm^2时，介导的DNA质粒对RB细胞转染具有较高的转染效率，明显高于其他实验组。超声声强为0．5W／cm^2或0．75W／cm^2介导的转染效率，在统计学上差异无显著性意义。结论浓度适当的微泡在优化的声强条件下，能够有效地提高DNA质粒在RB细胞中的转染效率。     

微泡造影剂联合超声辐照介导的绿色荧光蛋白质粒转染小鼠肝癌的实验研究

目的探讨微泡造影剂SonoVue联合超声辐照在介导体内基因转染中的作用。方法建立小鼠肝癌皮下移植瘤模型，尾静脉注入绿色荧光蛋白质粒（pEGFP），添加或不添加SonoVue，脉冲多普勒超声辐照（1MHz，2W／cm^2）瘤组织。持续时间1、5、10min，7d后流式细胞仪、荧光显微镜评价pEGFP转染率。HE染色行肿瘤病理学检查。结果SonoVue联合超声辐照组pEGFP的转染率显著高于单纯超声辐照组（P〈0．01）；仅SonoVue与单纯pEGFP2组间转染率无显著差异（P〉0．05）；辐照时间5、10min时pEGFP表达明显高于1min（P〈0．05）。5与10min组间pEGFP表达无显著差异（P〉0．05）。HE染色肿瘤组织无坏死灶出现。结论微泡造影剂联合超声辐照可明显提高基因转染率，且对组织无损害。     

超声微泡介导EGFP质粒转染视网膜母细胞瘤细胞与传统转染方法效率对比

目的探讨超声微泡造影剂在一定能量的超声波辐照下，介导EGFP质粒转染视网膜母细胞瘤（RB）细胞的效率及可行性。 方法将RB细胞分为6组，1组以一定能量的超声波辐照，2组加适当剂量的微泡造影剂，3组加入质粒，4组加入质粒与微泡，5组加入质粒、微泡，并用一定能量的超声辐照，6组予脂质体与质粒。转染24-48h后观察EGFP表达，并用RT—PCR进行检测。同时对1、2组予以染色。 结果超声微泡介导的DNA质粒对RB细胞的转染效率，与脂质体介导的质粒转染效率相似，明显高于其他实验组。一定能量和时间的超声波辐照，及适当浓度的微泡，对RB细胞的活性无明显抑制。 结论利用低频率和一定能量的超声击碎携带EGFP质粒的超声微泡造影剂，能够有效地提高DNA质粒在RB细胞中的转染效率。     

超声靶向微泡破坏技术介导基因转染的研究进展

基因转染技术的高速发展不仅革新了生物学和医学许多基本问题的研究,也推动了诊断和治疗的进步。基因作为核酸类生物活性大分子,极易在体内降解,因此传递基因的载体尤为重要。超声靶向微泡破坏(UTMD)技术利用超声波和微泡之间的相互作用,以及其产生的生物学效应,使微泡携基因进行转染,并与多种载体联合应用,为疾病的治疗提供了有效手段。本文就UTMD技术介导基因转染的研究进展进行综述。     

超声微泡介导pGPU6/Neo质粒转染神经干细胞的实验研究

目的 探讨超声微泡介导pGPU6/Neo 质粒转染神经干细胞(NSCs)的效率及可行性.方法 以一定能量的超声介导质粒转染大鼠NSCs,分为:空白组、质粒组、质粒+微泡组、质粒+超声组、质粒+微泡+超声组,并按不同转染条件分为亚组.转染48 h后荧光显微镜观察转染效率,台盼蓝染色法检测细胞活性.结果 最优参数为声强1....     

Ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction increases capillary permeability in hepatomas

Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) has evolved as a promising tool for organ-specific gene and drug delivery. Taking advantage of high local concentrations of therapeutic substances and transiently increased capillary permeability, UTMD could be used for the treatment of ultrasound accessible tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate if UTMD can locally increase capillary permeability in a hepatoma model of the rat. Furthermore, we evaluated whether UTMD can transfect DNA into such tumors. Subcutaneous Morris hepatomas were induced in both hind limbs of ACI rats by cell injection. A total of 18 rats were divided into three groups. Only one tumor per rat was treated by ultrasound. The first group received injection of Evans blue, followed by UTMD. The second group received a phosphate-buffered saline solution infusion and ultrasound to the target tumor after Evans blue injection. The third group received UTMD first, followed by Evans blue injection. Tumors and control organs were harvested, and Evans blue extravasation was quantified. Another 12 rats received DNA-loaded microbubbles by UTMD to one tumor, encoding for luciferase. Evans blue injection followed by UTMD showed about fivefold higher Evans blue amount in the target tumors compared with the control tumors. In contrast, no significant difference in Evans blue content was detected between target and control tumors when ultrasound was applied without microbubbles or when UTMD was performed before Evans blue injection. Plasmid transfection was not successful. In conclusion, ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction is able to transiently increase capillary permeability in hepatomas. Using naked DNA, this technique does not seem to be feasible for noninvasive transfection of hepatomas.     

超声靶向破坏微泡技术介导shRNA抑制小鼠肝癌细胞株JNK1基因表达

目的 探讨应用超声靶向破坏微泡（UTMD）技术介导shRNA抑制小鼠肝癌细胞株JNK1基因表达的能力。方法 构建并筛选shRNA最佳表达载体。体外培养肝癌细胞Hca-F,共分为5组：A组为空白对照组;B组为shRNA质粒组;C组为脂质体组;D组为超声微泡+超声辐照组;E组为脂质体+超声微泡+超声辐照组。应用倒置荧光显微镜观察转染率;荧光定量PCR检测JNK1的mRNA水平;Western-Blot检测JNK1的蛋白质表达。结果 获得了shRNA干扰效果最好的表达载体。各组转染率比较：E组均大于B、C、D组（P均<0.05）;C、D组之间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。荧光定量PCR和Western-Blot检测各组JNK1mRNA和蛋白表达比较：E组的JNK1mRNA和蛋白表达水平均最低（P均<0.05）。结论 脂质体转染法与UTMD技术结合可以提高小鼠肝癌细胞株JNK1 shRNA的转染效率,并能够增强基因表达的抑制效果。     

Inhibitory effects of shRNA on expression of JNK1 and migration and invasion in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines mediated by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction

AimThe inhibitory effects on expression of JNK1 in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and cell migration and invasion were mediated by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD).Materials and methodsThe best shRNA vector was built and screened. The hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines were cultured in vitro and divided into five groups: the group of normal Hca-F cells, the group of shRNA plasmid (already selected from the above procedure), the group of Lipofectamine, the group of UTMD (ultrasound microbubbles combined with ultrasound exposure) and the group of Lipofectamine and UTMD. The transfection rate was observed by inverted fluorescence microscope. The expression levels of JNK1 mRNA and protein were evaluated by fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western Blot respectively. The cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8. The ability of migration and invasion in vitro was detected by transwell assay.ResultsThe best shRNA vector was established. The comparison of the transfection rate: The group of Lipofectamine and UTMD was larger than that of the groups of shRNA plasmid, Lipofectamine lipofection and UTMD (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the group of Lipofectamine and the group of UTMD (P > 0.05). The comparison of the expression levels of JNK1 mRNA and protein: Both of the mRNA and protein expression levels were lowest in the group of Lipofectamine and UTMD (all P < 0.05). CCK-8 showed that cell viability decreased most in the group of Lipofectamine and UTMD (all P < 0.05); Transwell assay showed that the abilities of migration and invasion decreased most in the group of Lipofectamine and UTMD (all P < 0.05).ConclusionThe transfection rate of JNK1 shRNA can be improved through the combination of lipofection and UTMD in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, therefore enhancing the inhibitory effects of gene expression. The inhibitory effects of cell proliferation, migration and invasion can also be enhanced.     

超声微泡介导血管内皮生长因子反义寡核苷酸抑制裸鼠膀胱肿瘤

目的 探讨利用超声辐照微泡造影剂介导血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)-反义寡核苷酸(ASODN)对人膀胱癌裸鼠移植瘤的抑制效应. 方法 建立人膀胱癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型后,将24只成瘤裸鼠随机分为4组:UM+ASODN组每只裸鼠尾静脉注射微泡造影剂与VEGF-ASODN混合物,并对移植瘤体用超声波进行辐照;脂质体+ASODN组每只裸鼠尾静脉注射VEGF-ASODN与脂质体混合物;UM组每只裸鼠尾静脉注射微泡造影剂并以同样的条件进行体外超声辐照;单纯对照组每只裸鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水,各组处理每隔2 d进行一次,共计5次.观察裸鼠移植瘤生长情况,免疫组化SP法测Ki67、CD34、VEGF的表达,计算微血管密度、细胞增殖指数,TUNEL法测细胞凋亡指数. 结果 UM+ASODN组裸鼠皮下肿瘤生长速度较对照组明显减慢,肿瘤组织VEGF的表达及微血管密度较对照组降低(P＜0.05);与对照组相比,UM+ASODN组肿瘤细胞的凋亡增加(P＜0.01),而细胞增殖减少(P＜0.05). 结论 超声微泡介导的VEGF-ASODN转染能有效抑制膀胱癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤.     

超声微泡携基因靶向治疗妇科肿瘤的研究进展

随着医学超声影像学的新技术层出不穷,从彩色多普勒超声到超声造影到超声微泡携基因靶向破坏定位释放技术,极大的拓展了超声的临床应用范围,尤其是超声微泡介导基因在肿瘤基因治疗领域中的应用日益广泛,可以促进目的基因在肿瘤细胞中的转染,具有更高的靶向性和安全性,现就其超声微泡携基因靶向治疗妇科肿瘤的研究进展作一综述。     

超声爆破微泡介导内皮抑素基因抑制兔颈动脉粥样硬化的实验研究

目的 探讨利用超声爆破微泡介导内皮抑素(endostatin,ES)基因转染对兔颈动脉粥样硬化斑块内新生血管及斑块生长的抑制作用.方法 20只颈动脉粥样硬化模型兔随机分为三组:A组,微泡+超声;B组,对照质粒+微泡+超声;C组,ES质粒+微泡+超声.建模2周行超声爆破微泡介导基因转染,间隔3周时重复转染1次.建模14周时行超声及数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,病理检测病变血管新生内膜、斑块内新生血管及ES表达情况.结果 超声显示A组和B组内膜明显增厚,斑块较大,管腔明显狭窄,收缩期峰值流速(PSV)增加,C组上述指标明显较A组和B组低(P＜0.05).病理检测C组内中膜厚度(IMT)、内膜厚度(IT)、内中膜厚度比(IT/MT)、内膜面积(IA)、内中膜面积比(IA/MA)及新生内膜狭窄率与A组和B组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).C组颈动脉新生血管及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达均较A组和B组低,内膜及胫前肌可见较多ES表达,而A组和B组无明显ES表达.结论 一定超声辐照条件下,超声爆破微泡介导ES基因转染可抑制兔颈动脉粥样硬化病变的发展,有可能为动脉粥样硬化性疾病的基因治疗提供一种安全有效的方法 .

Abstract：

Objective To explore the inhibition effect on angiogenesis and plaque growth of carotid atherosclerosis by transfection of endostatin gene using microbubbles combined with ultrasound exposure.Methods Twenty rabbit models of carotid atherosclerosis were randomly divided into 3 groups:group A,microbubble+ ultrasound; group B, control plasmid + microbubble + ultrsound; group C, ES plasmid +microbubble+ ultrasound. Two weeks after surgery, ultrasound/microbubble mediated gene transfer was performed,and it was performed once again three weeks after the first transfection. Ultrasonography and digital subtraction angiography(DSA) were performed at the time of 14 weeks. The carotid arteries were taken to detect the neointima and angiogenesis, and the expression of endostatin was detected using pathological means. Results The imagings of ultrasound showed that the intima in group A and B were thick significantly with larger plaques, and the lumen became stenosis with the peak systolic velocity increasing,however,in group C,the parameters mentioned above were significantly less than those of group A and B ( P＜0.05). Pathological results displayed that intima-media thickness (IMT), intima thickness (IT), intima thickness/media thickness (IT/MT), intima area (IA), intima area/media area (IA/MA) and neointimal stenosis rates were greater in group A and B, however, they were less in group C ( P＜0.05).The number of neovascularization and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) expression in group A and B were more than those of group C. There was more endostatin positive expression in carotid arteries and anterior tibial muscles of group C, while there was nearly no expression in group A and B. Conclusions Under the conditioned ultrasonic irradiation, ultrasound/microbubble mediated endostatin gene transfection can inhibit the development of carotid atherosclerosis in rabbits, which might provide a safe and effective strategy for gene therapy of atherosclerotic disease in future.     

脂联素对高糖培养的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞表达VEGF及PEDF的影响

目的观察脂联素对高糖培养的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞表达血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、色素上皮衍生因子(PEDF)的影响,探讨脂联素对糖尿病肾病的保护作用机制。方法体外培养大鼠肾小球系膜细胞,随机分为7组:常糖组、高糖A组、B组(培养液葡萄糖浓度分别为5.6 mmol/L、15 mmol/L、30 mmol/L,其中以高糖B组作为脂联素干预的对照组);脂联素A、B、C、D组(各组培养液葡萄糖浓度均为30 mmol/L+脂联素,脂联素浓度依次分别为2.5μg/ml、5μg/ml、10μg/ml、20μg/ml),作用24 h,逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR法)测定各组细胞VEGF mRNA、PEDFmRNA表达水平;ELISA法测定各组上清液中VEGF、PEDF蛋白的含量。结果与常糖组相比,高糖各组大鼠肾小球系膜细胞VEGF mRNA及其蛋白表达升高(P﹤0.05),PEDF mRNA及PEDF蛋白表达降低(P﹤0.05);与高糖B组相比,脂联素各组大鼠肾小球系膜细胞VEGF mRNA及其蛋白表达降低(P﹤0.05),PEDF mRNA及PEDF蛋白表达升高(P﹤0.01)。结论高糖可上调大鼠肾系膜细胞VEGF表达,抑制PEDF的表达;脂联素可抑制高糖环境下系膜细胞对VEGF的表达并提高其对PEDF的表达。     

超声微泡介导bcl-xl基因抗视网膜神经节细胞凋亡作用的实验研究

目的评价超声微泡介导bclxl基因抗视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)凋亡的作用。方法体外混合培养LongEvans大鼠RGCs,并建立N甲基D天冬氨酸(NMDA)损伤的RGCs凋亡模型。将体外培养的RGCs分为A组(正常对照组),B组(NMDA组),C组(bclxl转染 NMDA组);其中C组在加入NMDA前48h用超声微泡介导bclxl转染RGCs。转染48h后采用免疫组化分析转染细胞和未转染细胞的bclxl蛋白水平;加入NMDA36h后采用吖啶橙/溴化乙锭(AO/EB)双荧光染色检测细胞凋亡的形态特征,琼脂糖电泳检测细胞凋亡DNA片断。结果免疫组化检测表明转染细胞与未转染细胞的bclxl蛋白表达水平有差异,AO/EB检测发现B组可见大量凋亡小体,C组可见少许凋亡细胞。琼脂糖电泳检测亦发现B组呈典型的DNA“梯度”条带,而A组和C组无明显的DNA“梯度”条带。结论超声微泡介导bc1xl基因抗视网膜神经节细胞凋亡有一定作用,有可能为视网膜视神经疾病的基因治疗提供一种新的方法。     

超声微泡介导bcl-xl基因抗视网膜神经节细胞凋亡作用的实验研究

目的评价超声微泡介导bcl-x1基因抗视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）凋亡的作用。方法体外混合培养Long Evans大鼠RGCs，并建立N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）损伤的RGCs凋亡模型。将体外培养的RGCs分为A组（正常对照组），B组（NMDA组），C组（bcl-x1转染＋NMDA组）；其中C组在加入NMDA前48h用超声微泡介导bcl-x1转染RGCs。转染48h后采用免疫组化分析转染细胞和未转染细胞的bcl-x1蛋白水平；加入NMDA36h后采用吖啶橙／溴化乙锭（AO／EB）双荧光染色检测细胞凋亡的形态特征，琼脂糖电泳检测细胞凋亡DNA片断。结果免疫组化检测表明转染细胞与未转染细胞的bcl-x1蛋白表达水平有差异，AO／EB检测发现B组可见大量凋亡小体，C组可见少许凋亡细胞。琼脂糖电泳检测亦发现B组呈典型的DNA“梯度”条带，而A组和C组无明显的DNA“梯度”条带。结论超声微泡介导bcl-x1基因抗视网膜神经节细胞凋亡有一定作用，有可能为视网膜视神经疾病的基因治疗提供一种新的方法。