单皮质钢板内固定长骨折游离大骨片的实验研究

目的：探讨薄形钢板单皮质固定长骨粉碎性骨折所形成的游离大骨片,为临床应用提供理论依据.方法：采用48根长短、粗细相近的新鲜成人尸体胫骨标本,均制作成具有游离大骨片的中段长斜形粉碎性骨折模型,并用重建钢板于胫骨张力侧固定胫骨主干,再随机均分为A、B、C 3组,游离大骨片分别用双股细钢丝环形捆扎固定（A组）、1枚拉力螺钉固定（B组）、薄形钢板单皮质固定（C组）.将标本固定于MTS试验机上,测试并比较3组标本的轴向抗压刚度、抗弯刚度和抗扭刚度.结果：C组的抗弯刚度、抗扭刚度和轴向抗压刚度均强于A组和B组（P＜0.05）.结论：薄形钢板单皮质固定长骨粉碎性骨折所形成的游离大骨片,效果可靠.     

疲劳性骨膜炎对兔胫骨重建的影响

目的 研究疲劳性骨膜炎对骨重建的影响。方法 通过大强度运动训练建立免胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎模型，采用组织学、放射学和胫骨横截面几何形态学方法测量骨的横截面积。结果 大强度运动训练引起胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎后胫骨的横截面积明显加大。结论 运动训练引起胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎可能是骨组织对大强度运动训练的一种适应性重建，横截面积加大增强骨的力学特性来达到功能适应的目的。     

六棱交锁胫骨髓内针的研制与生物力学评价

目的：对六棱交锁胫骨髓内针应用于胫骨骨折进行生物力学分析,为临床应用提供科学依据。方法：采用8具新鲜成人尸胫骨应用实验应力分析方法,对六棱交锁胫骨髓内针固定与梅花针内固定进行对照比较。结果：实验结果表明,使用六棱交锁胫骨髓内针内固定胫骨干骨折,无论在抗压、抗弯、抗扭强度、刚度和稳定性方面均明显比常用梅花针内固定来得优越,最大限度地发挥了生物力学效能,两者均具有显著性的差异（P＜0．01）。结论：六棱交锁胫骨髓内针不但能满足临床使用要求,而且能满足生物力学要求,其强刚度性能比梅花针优越,是目前胫骨骨折内固定的优良器械之一。     

压力对骨折愈合影响的实验研究

用带传感器的外固定架监测骨折端压力变化,比较了弹性加压外固定和一般外固定治疗兔胫骨中段横形截骨时,骨折端的愈合形式,骨痂抗扭功能恢复速率和应力遮挡保护作用出现的时间和强弱。6周时加压固定组一期愈合;骨痂抗扭强度为对照侧88.5%。非加压固定组二期愈合,骨痂抗扭强度是对照侧62.5%。12周时,去除压力组兔胫骨结构和功能均恢复正常,而持续加压组皮质骨疏松明显,强度为对照侧之73%。因此临床治疗骨折的早期,需给予压应力刺激;但应注意适时地去除压力和固定物,防止应力遮挡保护产生的副作用。     

三维接骨板结合加压螺钉系统(TDP&CS)的研制和生物力学比较研究

作者设计了一类新的治疗股骨粗隆下骨折的器材 --三维接骨板结合加压螺钉系统(TDP&CS).与Gamma钉Jewett钉进行生物力学测试比较研究.方法为设计了有5 mm缺损的骨折固定模型和骨折愈合拨钉后模型.固定模型组先后作四点抗弯、抗轴压及抗扭测试,拨钉后模型组先后作抗弯和抗扭测试.结果表明:TDP&CS在固定组模型中在四点抗弯、轴向抗压及抗扭三方面的性能均显著优于Jewett钉(P＜0.05), 而与Gamma钉无显著差异.但在拨钉后组、TDP&CS组在抗弯及抗扭性能上均显著优于Gamma钉和Jewett钉组(P＜0.05).TDP&CS是一种固定牢靠,可与目前认为较先进的Gamma钉相媲美而显著优于Jewett钉,但TDP&CS的钉道对股骨强度影响小,拨钉后股骨强度显著优于Gamma 钉组和Jewett钉组,可能是一种优良的治疗股骨粗隆下骨折的内固定器材.     

U形接骨板承载能力的实验研究

目的：探讨改良型U形接骨板的承载能力，方法：通过力学测试，了解U形接骨板的抗弯，抗扭能力，验证理论计算，并与普通接骨板，AO钢板和动力加压接骨板作比较，结果：附加一个简单的U形臂，使普通接骨板在矢状面的抗弯承载能力提高22％－37％，抗扭承载能力提高50％－105％，并较同样用途的普通型AO钢板及动力加压接骨板在矢状面上弈承载能力提高107．6％及21．5％，抗扭承载能力提高406％及58％，较接触限制型AO钢板（CP－DCP）省材，抗扭承载能力提高31．9％，结论：U形接骨板是一种具有足够强度和较大刚度，结构简单的理想接骨板。     

医用硬组织黏接胶黏接胫骨中段蝶形骨折的生物力学研究

在粉碎性骨折的治疗中 ,数目较多的骨折碎块的固定仍是一个临床常见的难题。医用硬组织黏接胶是治疗粉碎性骨折的又一新方法 .采用完整新鲜人胫骨、骨块缺失的新鲜人胫骨、黏接后的新鲜人胫骨在扭转、三点弯曲、压缩等状态下的应力 -应变指标变化 ,研究医用硬组织黏接胶黏接人胫骨蝶形骨块后的力学指标的改变。在弯曲、扭转、压缩等实验中 ,胫骨中段的蝶形骨缺损 ,显著减弱了胫骨的抗弯曲、抗扭转、抗压缩的强度。在扭转实验中 ,完整胫骨的扭距大于黏接后的胫骨 ,黏接后胫骨的扭距大于缺损的胫骨。在压缩实验中 ,胶体断裂前 ,完整胫骨的压缩曲线斜率大于黏接后的胫骨的压缩曲线斜率 (P<0 .0 1) ,黏接后胫骨压缩曲线斜率大于缺损胫骨的压缩曲线斜率 ,并有统计学显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。三点弯曲实验中 ,在胶体断裂前 ,完整胫骨的曲线斜率与黏接后的胫骨无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,黏接后胫骨与缺损的胫骨曲线斜率有显著差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。黏接后的胫骨 ,其弹性模量、刚度系数与完整的胫骨无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。医用硬组织黏接胶黏接蝶形骨块后 ,能显著提高其抗弯曲、抗扭转、抗压缩应力。在临床操作中 ,可以最大程度上减少骨折碎块固定时周围的软组织剥离 ,有利于骨折的愈合     

结缔组织对运动训练适应性反应的实验研究

本实验通过生物力学方法对大强度训练动物模型的胫骨、跟腱、屈趾肌腱和膝内侧副韧带的生物力学特性进行了测试，发现大强度训练一段时间后，上述组织的生物力学性质均有不同程度的增强。结果表明结缔组织对大强度的运动锻炼仍表现出较大的适应性反应，通过自身强度的增加以适应大强度运动的需要。     

异种骨内固定器力学性能的实验研究

目的了解牛骨材料及其构件的力学强度[抗拉、抗压、抗折(弯曲)和抗扭(剪切)强度].方法将材料分为天然、处理和构件(即产品)三组并制成标准试件,用规定设备按标准方法进行检测.结果(1)牦牛股骨拉伸、压缩、抗折、扭转极限应力分别为106.35±3.45、127.60±2.65、225.9±4.1、53.45±1.55(MPa),胫骨拉伸、压缩、抗折、扭转极限应力分别为114.96±1.46、184.75±3.25、211.35±2.45、51.9±0.5(MPa).湖区水牛胫骨拉伸、压缩、抗折、扭转极限应力分别为1 28.1±11、195.8±9.4、167.4±1 2.7、54.25±0.75(MPa).(2)E0气薰灭菌对牛骨材料的力学性能无明显影响,幅照灭菌对牛骨材料的力学性能稍有影响.(3)处理后,牛骨螺钉、圆钉的抗折强度较材料有所降低,而抗拉强度、抗压强度、抗扭强度变化不大.结论牛骨是一种力学性能良好,适合制作内固定构件的高强度生物材料.     

异种骨内固定器力学性能的实验研究

目的 了解牛骨材料及其构件的力学强度[抗拉、抗压、抗折(弯曲)和抗扭(剪切)强度]。方法 将材料分为天然、处理和构件(即产品)三组并制成标准试件,用规定设备按标准方法进行检测。结果 (1)牦牛股骨拉伸、压缩、抗折、扭转极限应力分别为106.35±3.45、127.60±2.65、225.9±4.l、53.45±1.55(MPa),胫骨拉伸、压缩、抗折、扭转极限应力分别为114.96±1.46、184.75±3.25、211.35±2.45、51.9±0.5(MPa)。湖区水牛胫骨拉伸、压缩、抗折、扭转极限应力分别为128.1±11、195.8±9.4、167.4±12.7、54.25±0.75(MPa)。(2)EO气熏灭菌对牛骨材料的力学性能无明显影响,幅照灭菌对牛骨材料的力学性能稍有影响。(3)处理后,牛骨螺钉、圆钉的抗折强度较材料有所降低,而抗拉强度、抗压强度、抗扭强度变化不大。结论 牛骨是一种力学性能良好,适合制作内固定构件的高强度生物材料。     

大强度训练对动物结缔组织形变及有关性质的影响

本文通过对大强度训练后动物的骨，肱腱韧带生物力学性质的测试，发现这些组织的普遍增加，由此曩有关生物力学性质。据分析这可能是结缔组织适应大强度运动的一种适应性反应。     

Intracortical remodelling increases in highly loaded bone after exercise cessation

Resorption within cortices of long bones removes excess mass and damaged tissue and increases during periods of reduced mechanical loading. Returning to high-intensity exercise may place bones at risk of failure due to increased porosity caused by bone resorption. We used point-projection X-ray microscopy images of bone slices from highly loaded (metacarpal, tibia) and minimally loaded (rib) bones from 12 racehorses, 6 that died during a period of high-intensity exercise and 6 that had a period of intense exercise followed by at least 35 days of rest prior to death, and measured intracortical canal cross-sectional area (Ca.Ar) and number (N.Ca) to infer remodelling activity across sites and exercise groups. Large canals that are the consequence of bone resorption (Ca.Ar >0.04 mm²) were 1.4× to 18.7× greater in number and area in the third metacarpal bone from rested than exercised animals (p = 0.005–0.008), but were similar in number and area in ribs from rested and exercised animals (p = 0.575–0.688). An intermediate relationship was present in the tibia, and when large canals and smaller canals that result from partial bony infilling (Ca.Ar >0.002 mm²) were considered together. The mechanostat may override targeted remodelling during periods of high mechanical load by enhancing bone formation, reducing resorption and suppressing turnover. Both systems may work synergistically in rest periods to remove excess and damaged tissue.     

胫骨密质骨哈佛氏系统及孔隙度沿径向分布的研究

骨的微观结构与骨的力学性能有着密不可分的相关性，本文对牛和人的胫骨骨干密质量的微观结构进行了研究，应用扫描电镜观测胫骨横断面的微观结构，得到哈佛氏系统沿径向分布的规律；应用图象处理系统测试与计算胫骨横断面上的孔隙度，得到孔隙度的数值及分布状况，并根据得到的测试结果进行了初步的分析。     

Detraining effects on the mechanical properties and morphology of rat tibiae

To study bone adaptation to detraining in growing rats, nine weeks-old immature female Wistar rats (n=110) were subjected to treadmill running programs (30 or 60 minutes-a-day) for up to 15 weeks, followed by unrestricted cage activities for the subsequent 15 weeks. The results revealed that (1) the cross-sectional area and mechanical properties of the midshaft bone significantly increased in response to running exercise, (2) its structural properties remained unchanged after the cessation of exercise, whereas the material properties returned to control level at a relatively early stage, (3) in the metaphysis, cortical bone area remained unchanged but trabecular bone area decreased in response to running exercise, (4) both areas slightly increased after the cessation of exercise, and (5) the changes in the mechanical properties and morphology of bone depended upon the repetition number and/or the duration of exercise, and were larger with longer duration of exercise.     

Assessment of bone mineral content byin vivo measurement of flexural wave velocities

The determination of loss of bone mineral in an early stage of development is important. At the present time there exists no noninvasive or nonradiological methods which can be used for routine checks. An alternative method to obtain information about mineral content of bone is to measure the mechanical properties. A new method to measure the mechanical properties of long bones by means of the dispersion analysis of flexural waves is proposed. To be independent of the frequency spectrum of the impact pulse, the phase velocities were calculated from the signals of two accelerometers placed in vivo on the tibia. This method has the advantage that the velocities can be calculated for a frequency range. The results from this method were compared with the results from a well established measurement method for bone mineral content. Both methods were applied to 43 subjects selected in such a way that a broad range of bone mineral values was covered. The results imply that the proposed method can be used to test the mechanical properties of long bones.     

Intraskeletal Variability of Relative Cortical Area in Humans

Histomorphometric and cross‐sectional geometric studies of bone have provided valuable information about age at death, behavioral and activity patterns, and pathological conditions for past and present human populations. While a considerable amount of exploratory and applied research has been completed using histomorphometric and cross‐sectional geometric properties, the effects of intraskeletal variability on interpreting observed histomorphometric data have not been fully explored. The purpose of this study is to quantify intraskeletal variability in the relative cortical area of long bones and ribs from modern humans. To examine intraskeletal variability, cross‐sections of the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, and rib when present, were examined within individuals from a cadaveric collection (N = 34). Relative cortical area was compared within individuals using a repeated measurements General Linear Model, which shows significant differences between bones, particularly between the rib and the remaining long bones. Complementarily, correlations between bones’ relative cortical area values suggest an important allometric component affecting this aspect of long bones, but not of the rib. This study highlights the magnitude of intraskeletal variability in relative cortical area in the human skeleton, and because the relative cortical area of any particular bone is affected by a series of confounding factors, extrapolation of relative cortical area values to infer load history for other skeletal elements can be misleading. Anat Rec, 298:1635–1643, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

胫骨密质骨相对钙含量沿径向分布的研究

本文应用离子探针技术研究了成年牛和人胫骨骨干密质骨中相对钙含量沿径向的分布,发现径向内外侧的相对钙含量大于中间部位,得到相对钙含量的分布曲线,它的分布规律对于胫骨中不同的微观几何结构是相同的,并对这种分布规律形成的原因和对密质骨力学性质的影响进行了初步的分析。     

Development of Cortical Bone Geometry in the Human Femoral and Tibial Diaphysis

Ontogenetic growth processes in human long bones are key elements, determining the variability of adult bone structure. This study seeks to identify and describe the interaction between ontogenetic growth periods and changes in femoral and tibial diaphyseal shape. Femora and tibiae (n = 46) ranging developmentally from neonate to skeletally mature were obtained from the Norris Farms No. 36 archeological skeletal series. High‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography scans were collected. Whole‐diaphysis cortical bone drift patterns and relative bone envelope modeling activity across ages were assessed in five cross‐sections per bone (total bone length: 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, and 80%) by measuring the distance from the section centroid to the endosteal and periosteal margins in eight sectors using ImageJ. Pearson correlations were performed to document and interpret the relationship between the cross‐sectional shape (I_max/I_min), total subperiosteal area, cortical area, and medullary cavity area for each slice location and age for both the femur and the tibia. Differences in cross‐sectional shape between age groups at each cross‐sectional position were assessed using nonparametric Mann‐Whitney U tests. The data reveal that the femoral and tibial midshaft shape are relatively conserved throughout growth; yet, conversely, the proximal and distal femoral diaphysis and proximal tibial diaphysis appear more sensitive to developmentally induced changes in mechanical loading. Two time periods of accelerated change are identified: early childhood and prepuberty/adolescence. Anat Rec, 296:774–787, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

大段负重骨移植中的生物力学实验研究

用大段自体骨和同种异体骨在羊负重的胫骨上移植后,植骨要产生替代和再生过程。由于组织抗原与移植骨固有性的差异,对上述过程要有不同的力学反应。结果表明：植入骨的愈合,生长过程与其力上关。不同类型移植骨在愈合、生长过程生物力学性质和明显差异。同时也也证明深冷冻、辐照处理的同种异体骨是代替自体移植骨最可受的材料。