肝损伤累及肝静脉主干或下腔静脉的救治体会

目的探讨肝损伤累及肝静脉主干或肝后段下腔静脉的救治。方法回顾分析我院2010年4月～2011年11月收治的10例手术治疗外伤性肝破裂(Ⅴ级)临床资料,其中,男性8例,女性2例;年龄19～46岁,平均32岁。致伤原因:道路交通伤6例,重物砸伤1例,马踏伤1例,刀刺伤2例。均属Ⅴ级的严重肝破裂。血管损伤:下腔静脉破裂9例,肝右静脉主干破裂4例,肝左静脉破裂1例,门静脉主干破裂1例;10例均合并有右侧或(和)双侧肋骨骨折;9例有肺挫伤;入院时均呈休克表现。10例均在积极抗休克的同时急诊行手术治疗。结果治愈8例,死亡2例。全肝血流阻断下行下腔静脉破裂+肝破裂修补术2例,肝上下腔静脉局部血流阻断(用血管阻断钳)下腔静脉修补术1例,肝右静脉破裂修补术3例,肝后下腔静脉破裂修补术5例,不规则右肝切除术6例(其中Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ段肝切除1例)。结论在严重的外伤性肝破裂(Ⅴ级)救治过程中,需要多科积极配合,缩短术前准备时间,充分游离肝脏,合理阻断肝脏血流,正确的处理肝断面和大血管的损伤,可提高严重肝破裂的救治成功率。     

Retroperitoneal arteriovenous malformation extending through the inferior vena cava into the heart and causing inferior vena cava dissection

We present a case of retroperitoneal arteriovenous malformation extending through the inferior vena cava into the heart, which was associated with dissection of the inferior vena cava in a 32-year-old female. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a double-lumen inferior vena cava and a rod-like solid component attached to a sac-like lesion in the right heart chambers. Digital subtraction angiography showed an arteriovenous malformation draining to the inner lumen of the inferior vena cava.     

Endovascular Treatment of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm with Aortocaval Fistula

Aortocaval fistula (ACF) is a rare complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). We report the endovascular repair of an AAA rupture into the inferior vena cava. A 78-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for acute hypotension. She presented with a pulsatile abdominal mass and became rapidly anuric. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed an AAA rupture into the inferior vena cava. The features of the AAA made it suitable for endovascular repair. To prevent pulmonary embolism caused by the presence of sac thrombosis near the vena cava lumen, a temporary vena cava filter was deployed before the procedure. A bifurcated stent-graft was placed with the patient under local anaesthesia, and the AAA was successfully treated. A transient type II endoleak was detected on CT 3 days after endograft placement. At routine follow-up 6 and 12 months after the procedure, the patient was in good clinical condition, and the type II endoleak had sealed completely. Endovascular treatment offers an attractive therapeutic alternative to open repair in case of ACF; however, only small numbers of patients have been treated, and long-term follow-up interval is lacking.     

Hydatid pulmonary emboli

A case of secondary hydatosis, initially misdiagnosed as pulmonary metastases, is presented. The dissemination of hydatid cysts within the lungs in this case was the consequence of direct rupture of a hepatic hydatid into the inferior vena cava. A brief overview of the pathophysiology of hydatid disease, including a discussion of the types of hydatid rupture (contained, communicating and direct), is presented.     

多层螺旋CT下腔静脉直接成像的临床初步研究

目的 初步探讨MSCT下腔静脉直接成像的优越性.方法 回顾性分析本院2007年7月至2009年3月期间,28例行MSCT增强扫描的患者资料,其中2例同时行间接成像和直接成像,得到间接法下腔静脉成像10例,下腔静脉直接成像20例.采用双盲法对2种方法得出的下腔静脉图像按照图像质量和血管显示程度进行评价.结果 10例下腔静脉间接成像中,1例由于静脉期对比剂浓度太淡而失败.图像质量评价为良者2例,差者为7例,无评价为优者.20例下腔静脉直接成像中,血管显示分度为1度、2度、3度者分别为16、4和0例,图像质量为优、良、差和失败者分别为16、4、0和0例.检查成功率为100%,能较好的满足诊断要求.结论 下腔静脉直接成像图像质量明显优于下腔静脉间接法得到的图像.     

Deep venous thrombosis and inferior vena cava malformation

We report on five patients with anomalies of the inferior vena cava who all presented with deep venous thrombosis. The anomalies of the inferior vena cava were diagnosed with CT, and at the same time thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and/or iliofemoral thrombosis could be demonstrated. Malformation of the inferior vena cava might be a predisposing factor for deep venous thrombosis. Correspondence to: B. Bollinger     

Hemiazygos continuation of a left inferior vena cava draining into the right atrium via persistent left superior vena cava: Demonstration by helical computed tomography

We report an unusual case of hemiazygos continuation of a left inferior vena cava draining into the right atrium via the persistent superior vena cava. Spiral computed tomography (CT) showed the course and the flow direction of this vena caval anomaly in a real-time manner, obviating conventional venography.     

中国河南地区Budd-Chiari综合征病变特点的影像分析

目的 探讨中国河南省Budd-Chiari综合征患者肝静脉阻塞和下腔静脉阻塞病变的分布特点.方法 应用3种血管成像技术,彩色多普勒超声、CTA和MRA检查,经DSA证实的Budd-Chiari综合征患者231例,对影像结果进行分析,分析清晰显影的主肝静脉、副肝静脉和下腔静脉走行与阻塞部位分布特点.结果 231例中肝静脉分支都正常的单纯性下腔静脉阻塞5例,占2.2%;下腔静脉正常的单纯性肝静脉阻塞33例,占14.3%;下腔静脉和肝静脉同时阻塞的193例,占83.5%.结论 中国河南地区Budd-Chiari综合征以下腔静脉阻塞合并肝静脉阻塞的复合型病变最多见,而单纯性下腔静脉阻塞最少见.     

Practical points on transvenous insertion of inferior vena cava filters

During the transvenous insertion of Kimray-Greenfield (KG) and Mobin-Uddin (MU) inferior vena cava filters at the Massachusetts General Hospital, several problems have been encountered and successfully resolved. The author offers suggestions for dealing with small or spastic internal jugular veins, prominent eustachian valves (valves of the inferior vena cava), congenital variations in the inferior vena cava, inferior vena cava thrombi, and filters that have been placed too low or too high. In addition, methods are described for directing the KG filter with gravity, identifying the lowest renal vein with a selective catheter, inserting the KG filter from a femoral venous route, assuring proper seating of an MU filter, and confirming filter position following placement.     

原发性下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨原发性下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的CT诊断价值。方法回顾性分析我院2005年4月～2012年3月经手术病理证实为原发性下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的6例患者CT资料。所有患者均行CT增强扫描及三维后处理重建。重建方法包括MPR、VR及MIP等。以手术结果为标准,分析CT检查显示原发性下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的准确性。结果6例患者中,4例病灶呈明显不均匀强化,2例呈中等程度强化,CT检查在病变位置、大小、形态、与周围组织问的关系及周围侧枝循环形成的显示上与手术结果一致。结论CT增强扫描及三维重建在原发性下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的诊断中有重要价值,可用于临床手术计划的制定。     

Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava: Angiographic and computed tomography findings

Leiomyosarcoma, a highly malignant tumor of the inferior vena cava, is rare. Only 55 cases have been reported in the world literature, and of these only 18 were evaluated with a special vascular procedure, either arteriography or inferior vena cavography. In two cases of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava, we performed arteriography and inferior vena cavography. In one, computed tomographic studies were also carried out. Cavography showed a lobulated filling defect in one case and complete caval occlusion with collateral circulation in the other. In the one case in which it was performed, computed tomography clearly demonstrated the tumor's size and its relationship to surrounding organs. Arteriographic studies, however, allowed only an indistinct delineation of the extent of tumor growth in one case. Venography followed by computed tomography should permit adequate assessment of most leiomyosarcomas of the inferior vena cava, with arteriography reserved for tumors involving the upper cava in which hepatic involvement must be evaluated.     

布-加综合征血流动力学参数模拟与其病因相关性分析

目的建立特征性下腔静脉狭窄型布-加综合征三维（3D）模型,分析血流动力学参数变化,探讨与布-加综合征病因相关的血流动力学因素。方法选取下腔静脉重度狭窄型布-加综合征病例,通过对其磁共振成像（MRI）数据的3D重建,采用计算机流体力学（CFD）软件进行血流动力学数值模拟,并与正常人的下腔静脉模型参数进行比较,分析其主要血流动力学参数变化。结果建立的下腔静脉3D流体模型揭示了病变区域的血流模式。随狭窄的出现及狭窄程度的加深,血管内血流模式发生明显改变,狭窄区域旁侧出现涡流;狭窄处血流流速急升,最大值可达（1．39±0．257）m／s;狭窄处壁面切应力明显升高,最大值可达（7．77±0．124）Pa,且沿血流流动方向产生较大梯度。结论血流模式的改变会进一步影响血管内血液的局部流速以及血管壁上切应力等参数的分布,这些可能是影响下腔静脉狭窄以致进一步恶化形成栓塞的因素。     

Transvenous devices for the management of pulmonary embolism

When anticoagulant treatment of pulmonary embolism is contraindicated or fails, interruption of blood flow through the inferior vena cava offers an alternative method for preventing further embolic episodes. In the past this required abdominal surgery, but currently several clot-capturing devices have been designed for insertion into the human inferior vena cava indirectly via a jugular or femoral venotomy. Another device is being developed for percutaneous delivery through a standard angiographic catheter. In addition to variations in the delivery methods, the form, mechanical effectivenes, and complications of these differ markedly. A suction-cup device is also available for the transvenous removal of pulmonary emboli.     

Pulmonary artery embolism due to a ruptured hepatic hydatid cyst: clinical and radiologic imaging findings

Hydatid pulmonary embolism is an uncommon condition resulting from the rupture of a hydatid heart cyst or the opening of a visceral hydatid cyst into the venous circulation. We report a rare case with multiple intra-arterial pulmonary hydatid cyst emboli originating from a hepatic hydatid cyst ruptured into the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava. We present the ultrasonography findings of hepatic hydatid cyst and multidetector computed tomography pulmonary angiography images demonstrating both multiple hydatid cyst emboli and their hepatic origin.     

Misplacement of a vena cava filter in the retroperitoneum

An inferior vena cava filter was misplaced into the pericaval retroperitoneum. This was probably secondary to placement into and avulsion of the right spermatic vein. The filter delivery system was modified, and such misplacement should now be impossible.     

Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: Embryogenesis and MR features

This article describes the MR appearances of the six most common congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava. As a basis for understanding those anomalies, it describes the embryology of the inferior vena cava, based on an actual study of embryos and fetuses. The article takes a fresh look at the original research in this area, discusses the possible embryogenesis of the relevant anomalies, and describes different opinions on that subject, where different opinions exist.     

可回收下腔静脉滤器取出术相关并发症探讨

目的探讨可回收下腔静脉滤器取出技巧及出现的相关并发症。方法收集2008年5月—2015年3月接受彩超检查发现下肢深静脉血栓形成并置入可回收滤器的72例病人,对其中的35例溶栓效果良好且无发生肺栓塞风险的病人行下腔静脉滤器取出术。结果 35例病人中下腔静脉滤器成功取出33例,取出率94%,其中有3例病人取出滤器后发现滤器内捕获血栓,2例滤器取出过程中及术后造影发现下腔静脉穿孔,1例发生顽固性心律失常,经积极对症处理后未发现症状性肺栓塞及猝死等严重情况。另外2例取出失败后转为永久留置。结论规范、熟练地操作下腔静脉滤器取出术既可以避免下腔静脉滤器长期留置的远期并发症,同时也减少下腔静脉滤器取出术操作中并发症的发生。     

下腔静脉畸形的64层螺旋CT表现

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT下腔静脉畸形的影像表现.方法 回顾性分析6986例受检者的腹部64层螺旋CT增强扫描资料,共发现25例下腔静脉先天畸形.分析下腔静脉畸形的影像表现.结果 25例下腔静脉畸形中包括左下腔静脉6例,CT表现为肾下段腹主动脉左侧上行的下腔静脉.双下腔静脉10例,CT表现为肾下段腹主动脉两侧上行的下腔静脉.左肾静脉畸形5例,CT增强扫描横断面显示腹主动脉后和环主动脉走行的左肾静脉.肝下段下腔静脉中断伴奇静脉延续2例,胸腹部CT增强扫描显示肝段至肾上段下腔静脉缺如,肾段下腔静脉由奇静脉延续回流人上腔静脉,而肝静脉直接回流右心房.腔静脉血管造影见对比剂经增粗的奇静脉和半奇静脉通过上腔静脉回流右心房.肝下段下腔静脉中断伴门静脉延续1例,增强CT显示下腔静脉直接与门静脉在肝门部连接,肝门部门静脉呈瘤样扩张.左下腔静脉伴半奇静脉延续1例,增强CT可见左下腔静脉与半奇静脉连接,上行汇入奇静脉.结论 64层螺旋CT可清晰显示下腔静脉及其属支的畸形,可成为下腔静脉畸形的重要诊断方法.     

布-加综合征的介入治疗

目的 探讨布-加综合征的介入治疗方法及疗效.方法 采用Seldinger技术经右侧股静脉穿刺插管,先行下腔静脉造影.狭窄病例直接用导丝通过狭窄部位;闭塞病例同时作右侧颈静脉穿刺行下腔静脉闭塞段上下端会师造影,再采用导丝硬头破膜或用TIPS穿刺针或房间隔穿刺针穿过闭塞段.膜性狭窄或膜性闭塞病例,单纯采用球囊扩张治疗;节段狭窄或节段闭塞病例,采用球囊扩张加支架植入治疗.结果 收治21例布-加综合征患者,其中肝静脉膜性闭塞1例,膜性狭窄1例;下腔静脉节段狭窄合并肝静脉膜性狭窄1例;下腔静脉膜性狭窄3例,节段狭窄2例;下腔静脉膜性闭塞6例,节段闭塞7例.19例手术成功,其中单纯球囊扩张12例,球囊扩张加支架植入7例.2例下腔静脉节段闭塞手术失败,其中1例用房间隔穿刺针穿刺入心包引起心包积血,处理好转后患者拒绝再次手术;1例患者单纯行下腔静脉造影10 d后再次造影见下腔静脉内充满血栓,行溶栓治疗后出院.结论布-加综合征类型复杂,根据不同类型采用不同方法行介入治疗,操作方便、安全,效果良好.     

Retrieving the Amplatz retrievable vena cava filter

The new Amplatz retrievable filter was placed 15 times into the inferior vena cava (IVC) of 7 dogs. Retrieval of the filter was attempted in 11 cases after 1 week and in 3 cases after 2 weeks. The retrieval was successful and without complication in all 14 cases. The 15th placement resulted in thrombotic occlusion of the IVC, and no retrieval was attempted.