Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂

目的评价Snodgrass手术方法在治疗尿道下裂中的效果.方法复习2001年12月至2003年9月19例尿道下裂患者行Snodgrass尿道成形术(尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术)资料.其中再手术者5例.5例在术中行白膜纵切折叠术纠正阴茎下弯.拔管后根据排尿情况,选择行前尿道扩张.结果19例患者中,3例术后出现冠状沟处尿道瘘(其中1例尿瘘于感染后出现),2例尿扩后自行愈合.随访中,10例拔管后2周内出现尿道口狭窄,经尿道口扩张后均缓解.结论Snodgrass尿道成形术操作简便,手术成功率高,整形效果满意,可以作为治疗尿道下裂首选术式,并适合再次手术的病例.     

Healing of unstented tubularized incised plate urethroplasty: an experimental study in a rabbit model

OBJECTIVE: To develop a rabbit model to study the temporal healing taking place after an unstented tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (TIPU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised 13 New Zealand white rabbits (3-4 kg); the ventral wall of the penile urethra was excised to create a hypospadias-like defect. A vertical incision was made in the dorsal urethral plate and the incised urethra tubularized. Two animals were killed at 2 days and two at 5 days after surgery, and the remainder killed at 2, 6 and 12 weeks (three each). A retrograde urethrogram was taken at autopsy. Serial sections of the penis were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and Masson trichrome for microscopy. RESULTS: There were no deaths related to the procedure and all animals voided spontaneously. Retrograde urethrograms showed no fistulae or stricture. Microscopic examination at 2 and 5 days showed partial coverage of the incision with regenerating urothelium. At 2 weeks there was full-thickness urothelium with a mild inflammatory reaction. At 6 and 12 weeks, remodelling of the peri-urethral connective tissue with minimal fibrosis completed the healing. CONCLUSION: The mechanism of healing of the incised urethral plate involves normal urothelial regeneration into the depth of the incised defect, which explains the gain in urethral diameter after TIPU. Urine flow, during normal voiding, might be responsible for keeping the incised plate open during urothelial regeneration. A urethral stent was not necessary for normal healing in this model.     

Prepuce-Sparing hypospadias repair with tubularized incised plate urethroplasty

Objectives:   Modifications in surgical methods of hypospadias repair have been influenced by social considerations. Most Japanese parents wish their children to retain their foreskin during hypospadias repair. We report on short-term results of foreskin reconstruction associated with hypospadias repair.
Methods:   Of 44 tubularized incised plate urethroplasty-patients, 42 (95%) underwent foreskin reconstruction at the time of urethroplasty during the last 2 years. After the urethroplasty was completed, the foreskin was re-approximated in three layers.
Results:   Complications related to urethroplasty consisted of fistula in two patients with penoscrotal hypospadia, and mild stenosis of the glandular urethra in one patient. Complications related to foreskin reconstruction included dehiscence of the ventral foreskin in two patients. In all cases parents were well satisfied with the reconstructed prepuce.
Conclusions:   Pre-operative information about preputial reconstruction should be given to parents if they would prefer their son to be uncircumcised.     

Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for proximal hypospadias

OBJECTIVES: Numerous surgical procedures have been used to correct distal hypospadias. Among them, the tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (Snodgrass procedure) has become a mainstay for the repair of distal hypospadias. We applied the procedure to proximal hypospadias. METHODS: Three patients with proximal hypospadias underwent a tubularized incised urethral plate urethroplasty. The location of the meatus was proximal penis in one, penoscrotal margin in one and scrotum in one. A perimeatal incision was made and the two paramedian incisions were extended to the tip of the glans. The skin of the penile shaft was dissected free to the penoscrotal junction and bands of fibrous tissue were excised until the corpus spongiosum proximal to the meatus was completely exposed inside the scrotum. The urethral plate was then incised in its midline from the tip of the glans to the hypospadiac meatus and was tubularized without tension. The neourethra was covered with a pedicle of subcutaneous tissue dissected from the dorsal skin or the scrotal skin to avoid fistula formation. RESULTS: The tubularized incised urethral plate urethroplasty was carried out successfully in one stage on three patients with proximal hypospadias. CONCLUSIONS: The Snodgrass procedure is suitable for correcting hypospadias in patients with a healthy urethral plate. It is also suitable in patients with proximal hypospadias.     

Histological analysis of urethral healing after tubularized incised plate urethroplasty

PURPOSE: Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty has rapidly gained popularity for treating hypospadias. It is presumed that healing occurs with the postoperative migration of epithelial cells into the incised urethral plate. We describe the time course and histology of the healing urethral wound in an animal model after dorsal incision and stenting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A procedure was developed for use in an immature porcine model. The ventral aspect of the urethra was opened and a dorsal incision was made in the urethra to the level of the corpus spongiosum. The urethra was then catheterized and closed ventrally. Animals were sacrificed at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days. Slides were made from multiple cross sections taken from each penis, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson trichrome before analysis. RESULTS: Migration of epithelial cells into the dorsal epithelial defect was evident on postoperative day 2 with apparent complete re-epithelialization by postoperative day 5. Regions of increased fibroblastic activity were observed in the subepithelial stroma below the incised area on postoperative day 3 and early collagen deposition was noted in these areas when stained with Masson trichrome. These areas appeared to organize and by postoperative day 21 there was little evidence of increased fibroblastic activity or excess collagen deposition. CONCLUSIONS: Urethral healing after incision and tubularization over a catheter in our model occurred through normal re-epithelialization without excess collagen deposition or scarring.     

Effect of the depth and width of the urethral plate on tubularized incised plate urethroplasty

PURPOSE: We determined the effect of the depth and width of the urethral groove on tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 48 patients who underwent tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias between September 1996 and December 1998 for whom preoperative evaluation of the depth and width of the urethral groove was available. Patients were examined by an independent clinician a median of 28 months after surgery when the neourethra was calibrated and urinary stream assessed. RESULTS: Of the 48 patients 46 were available for clinical examination. The urinary stream was straight in 40 boys and angled in 8, while none sprayed. Urethral fistula developed in 6 patients with a urethral plate of less than 8 mm. wide (p = 0.001). The urethral groove was deep in 13 cases, moderate in 20 and shallow in 15. There were no differences among these 3 groups in regard to urinary stream direction or fistula rate. Of the boys with a shallow urethral groove 6 (40%) have a neourethral caliber of 6Fr or less versus 3 (15%) with a moderate and 0 with a deep groove. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.028). Each patient in whom meatal stenosis developed had a shallow urethral groove. CONCLUSIONS: Urethral groove depth appears to influence neourethral caliber after tubularized incised plate urethroplasty. A shallow groove predisposes to a narrower neourethra and meatal stenosis subsequently. We observed no evidence that incising the urethral plate increases the final urethral diameter. Urethral fistula after tubularized incised plate urethroplasty was associated with an initially narrow urethral plate.     

Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty: expanded use in primary and repeat surgery for hypospadias

PURPOSE: We evaluated the impact of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty on primary and repeat hypospadias repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all boys who underwent hypospadias repair at our institution during a recent 3-year period. The level of the hypospadias defect, technique of repair, primary repair versus reoperation, age at surgery and complications were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 520 hypospadias repairs were done from May 1996 through June 1999. We began to perform tubularized incised plate urethroplasty in November 1996. During the ensuing consecutive 32 months 181 primary and 25 repeat hypospadias repairs were done using this technique. Mean patient age at surgery was 22 months (range 3 months to 30 years). During the 6 months immediately before we began to use this method the Mathieu flip-flap procedure was the most commonly performed technique, accounting for 38% of all hypospadias repairs. In contrast, during the last 6 months reviewed tubularized incised plate urethroplasty accounted for 63% of all repairs, including 41 of 65 primary operations (63%) and 4 of 6 reoperations (67%), while no Mathieu procedures were performed. Postoperative followup was 6 to 38 months for tubularized incised plate repair. Overall meatal stenosis and a urethrocutaneous fistula developed in 1 and 14 boys, respectively (7% complication rate). CONCLUSIONS: Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty has become the preferred technique of primary and repeat hypospadias repair at our institution. The technique has few complications as well as proved success and versatility that continues to expand its applicability and popularity.     

保留尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗成人尿道下裂

目的 探讨保留尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(TIP)在成人尿道下裂治疗中的价值.方法 回顾性总结分析我院2004-2006年间采用保留尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗成人尿道下裂46例(年龄17～28.5岁,平均年龄为21.2岁).结果 术后5例出现尿瘘;2例尿道狭窄:3例术后仍有阴茎向下弯曲.结论 对于尿道及阴茎发育条件好的成人尿道下裂,TIP可以一期完成修复.阴茎向下弯曲严重或尿道瘢痕严重者一期尿道成形并发症较多.早期拔除尿道支架管,合理使用敏感抗生素和术后良好的处理是提高手术成功率、减少并发症发生率的重要冈素.     

Role of the urethral plate characters in the success of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty

Background:

Today, tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty is the most commonly performed operation for distal and mid-penile hypospadias. Reports from different centers worldwide confirm its nearly universal applicability and low complications rate.

Aim:

Evaluation of the urethral plate characters and its effect on the outcome of TIP urethroplasty.

Materials and Methods:

Between 2010 and 2013, 100 children with primary distal penile hypospadias underwent TIP urethroplasty. Urethral plates were categorized as flat, cleft, and deeply grooved. Postoperatively, patients were followed-up for evaluation of meatal stenosis, fistula formation, and glandular dehiscence at 1^st, 3^rd and 6^th months. Patients were followed-up for urethral calibration by urethral sound 8 Fr at 3^rd and 6 months follow-up. Data were statistically analysed using Epi info program to correlate between the width, plate shape, and complications.

Results:

Mean age at surgery was 4.3 years. Patients were followed-up for an average period of 6.4 months. Pre-operative location of the meatus was reported as coronal in 46, subcoronal in 50 and anterior penile in 4 cases. Urethral plate characters were flat in 26 cases, cleft in 52, and deeply grooved in 22. Urethral plate width was >8 mm in 74 cases and <8 mm in 26. Patients with urethral plate <8 mm had a statistically significant higher fistula rate (P = 0.004) and failed 8 Fr calibrations in 26.9% (P = 0.01) compared with the patients with urethral plate >8 mm. In addition, we also founds higher fistula rate and failed 8 Fr calibrations in flat urethral plate.

Conclusions:

An adequate urethral plate width (>8 mm) is essential for successful TIP repair. Lower success rates with flat plates may need buccal mucosal augmentation to improve the results.KEY WORDS: Hypospadias, tubularized incised plate, urethra     

尿道板纵切卷管法和加盖岛状皮瓣法尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的比较

目的总结尿道板纵切卷管法（TIP）与加盖岛状皮瓣法（OIF）尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的疗效,并对其进行比较,探讨术式选择的条件。方法回顾性总结42例TIP术和26例OIF术治疗尿道下裂的临床资料。TIP术组年龄2～13岁,平均4．76岁;其中Ⅱ型3例,Ⅳ型1例。38例为初次行尿道成形术者,4例为初次尿道成形术失败、再次行尿道成形术者。OIF术组年龄2～10岁,平均4．72岁,其中Ⅱ型23例,Ⅲ型3例,均为初次行尿道成形术者。结果TIP术平均手术时间80min,有尿瘘7例,阴茎头裂开1例,无尿道狭窄,但有尿道外口狭窄1例,3例再次尿道成形术者未发生并发症;OIF术平均手术时间115min,有尿瘘5例,阴茎头裂开l例,无尿道狭窄。两种手术方法的尿瘘、尿道狭窄、阴茎头裂开、一次手术成功率,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而两组平均手术时间的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论TIP与OIF尿道成形术可用于阴茎头冠状沟、阴茎体、阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂的治疗,TIP术操作简单,且更适用于初次手术失败、需再次行尿道成形术的病例。对于阴茎发育差,尿道板条件不好的初次手术病例,仍以选择OIF术为宜。     

Single stage dorsal inlay buccal mucosal graft with tubularized incised urethral plate technique for hypospadias reoperations

AIM: To report the experience with single stage dorsal inlay buccal mucosal grafts using the Snodgrass technique for complex redo cases. METHODS: From May 2004 to December 2005, a total of 53 patients aged from 3 to 34 years old (average 11.62 +/- 7.18 years) with failed previous hypospadias surgery were included in the present study. Indications included urethral strictures and repair breakdown. The unhealthy urethra was unroofed from the meatus in the ventral midline, a buccal mucosal graft was inlayed between the incised urethral plate and fixed to the corpora cavernosa. The neourethra was tubularized, and covered with subcutaneous (dartos) tissue and penile skin. Glanuloplasty was also performed in all cases. Outcome analysis included clinical follow-up, and endoscopy in 2 selected cases. RESULTS: The buccal mucosal graft was 3.0-7.5 cm in length and 0.7-2.0 cm in width. All patients required glanuloplasty, with buccal mucosal grafts extended to the tip of the glans. After a follow-up of 14-30 months (mean 22.6 months), the total complication rate was 15.1%, with five cases of fistula and three cases of stricture. CONCLUSION: Inlaying dorsal buccal mucosal grafts applying the Snodgrass technique is a reliable method for creating a substitute urethral plate for tubularization. The recurrent rate of urethral stricture and fistula is at an acceptable level for redo cases. This approach represents an effective, simple and safe option for reoperations.     

肉膜瓣覆盖在尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术中的应用

目的:探讨肉膜覆盖在尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(TIP)中预防尿瘘的应用。方法:140例尿道下裂患者均行TIP术式修复,其中85例远端型尿道下裂采用纵行腹外侧阴茎肉膜瓣覆盖新尿道;55例近端形尿道下裂采用阴囊前动脉带蒂肉膜瓣覆盖新尿道。结果:12例患者出现尿道皮肤瘘,其中远端型尿道下裂患者7例;近端型尿道下裂5例。结论:远端型选择腹外侧阴茎肉膜瓣覆盖,近端型选择阴囊前动脉带蒂肉膜瓣覆盖,较少出现尿瘘的并发症,是TIP术中较理想的覆盖方式。     

Biochemical analysis of urethral collagen content after tubularized incised plate urethroplasty: an experimental study in rabbits

The aim of the present study was the biochemical analysis of tissue hydroxyproline levels in incised urethral plates in order to show the total collagen content after the Snodgrass operation in the hypospadiac rabbit model. The study comprised 21 male New Zealand rabbits, (2.2–2.4 kg). The animals were randomly allocated to three groups each containing seven rabbits as follows: group 1, the ventral urethra was completely excised and a model of hypospadias formed. A full-thickness incision was made on the distal dorsal urethra, a feeding tube was placed as an urethral catheter and both urethral wings were sutured ventrally. Group 2, inserting an iris knife into the urethra, the ventral wall was incised mimicking an urethrotome. Group 3 consisted of normal control rabbits to determine the basal tissue hydroxyproline level. A slight increase in the hydroxyproline level was observed in the ventral part of the urethral tissue compared to the dorsal part in both groups 1 and 2; however, these differences were not significant. After the Snodgrass operation in the rabbit model, no significant differences were observed in the hydroxyproline levels of the dorsal and ventral parts of the urethra or between these and of the controls. Further studies are required in order to determine the mechanism underlying urethral healing through normal re-epithelization without excess collagen deposition after incised urethral plate urethroplasty.     

分期包皮岛状皮瓣尿道板重建术式治疗重度尿道下裂的疗效评价

目的:评价分期包皮岛状皮瓣尿道板重建术式治疗重度尿道下裂的疗效.方法:回顾性分析南京医科大学附属儿童医院泌尿外科2014年5月至2019年2月收治的重度尿道下裂患者91例的临床资料.按手术方法不同分为一期手术组和分期手术组.分析比较两组患者手术年龄、阴茎头直径、矫直后尿道缺损长度及术后尿道瘘、阴茎头裂开、尿道憩室、尿道...     

Repair of hypospadias complications using the tubularized, incised plate urethroplasty

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Secondary procedures to correct complications after hypospadias repair remain challenging especially for "hypospadias cripples." The tubularized, incised plate urethroplasty was first introduced by Snodgrass for the repair of primary hypospadias in 1993. The authors used this procedure to correct the complications after hypospadias repair in patients who had no abundant local skin flaps to be used for a neourethra. METHODS: Six patients underwent tubularized, incised plate urethroplasty for the correction of complications of hypospadias repair performed the previous year, including a large urethrocutaneous fistula (n = 1) and disruption of the neourethra (n = 5). Prior surgical procedures included transverse island tube urethroplasty in 4 cases and 2-stage urethroplasty in 2 cases. The average patient age at the time of secondary procedure was 4.6 years (range, 1 to 12 years). RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 6 months (range, 2 months to 1 year). All the patients obtained a functional neourethra with a vertical, slitlike meatus. A small fistula developed in one child and mild meatal retraction in another. CONCLUSIONS: The tubularized, incised plate urethroplasty offers few complications and good cosmetic results. The authors recommend its use for patients who have had repeated surgeries for hypospadias repair, especially those in whom only limited local skin flaps can be utilized for a neourethra.     

改良尿道板纵切卷管技术在尿道下裂治疗中的临床应用

目的:探讨尿道板纵切卷管技术(TIP)在尿道下裂治疗中的临床应用和体会。方法:收集行TIP手术的尿道下裂患儿169例,年龄1.5~12岁,平均3.68岁,术后平均随访2年(6个月至3年)。TIP技术在Snodgrass手术的基础上进行改进,即纵切开尿道板,术后留置尿道支架,平均住院时间10 d。结果:169例患儿中18例(10.6%)术后有并发症,最常见并发症为尿道狭窄(9例,5.3%),其次为尿道皮肤瘘(8例,4.7%)。结论:TIP技术是一种可以适用于大多数尿道下裂的手术方法,临床经验和技术的总结,有助于提高使用这种方法的成功率,减少并发症的发生。     

Achieving a natural glanular meatus for distal hypospadias with a narrow and shallow plate: Tubularized incised plate versus modified Barcat repair

Objectives:   Although the tubularized incised plate (TIP) repair has become the most popular surgical procedure for distal hypospadias, some authors suggest that this is not suitable for hypospadias with a narrow plate or shallow groove.
Methods:   The configuration and position of the reconstructed meatus were postoperatively analyzed in patients with distal hypospadias whose preoperative urethral plates were shallow or narrow. The findings were compared between six patients undergoing TIP repair and seven patients undergoing modified Barcat (BAVIS) repair.
Results:   Among those undergoing the TIP procedure, a slit-like meatus at the tip of the glans was achieved in one patient, a slit-like meatus at the mid portion of the glans in four patients and a round meatus at the mid portion of the glans in one patient. In those repaired by the BAVIS procedure, a slit-like meatus at the tip of glans was achieved in three patients, a round or irregularly shaped meatus at the tip of the glans in two patients, an irregularly shaped meatus at the mid portion of the glans in one patient and neourethral dehiscence in one patient.
Conclusions:   The present study confirms that a higher rate of achieving slit-like meatus but a lower rate of locating in the glans tip can be attained after TIP repair. On the other hand, there is a higher rate of locating the meatus in the glans tip but a lower rate of achieving a slit-like meatus after BAVIS repair.