Collisions with passenger cars and moose, Sweden.

The number of collisions between motor vehicles and moose is increasing in many countries. Collisions with large, high animals such as moose cause typical rear- and downward deformation of the windshield pillars and front roof, most pronounced for small passenger cars; the injury risk increases with the deformation of the car. A strengthening of the windshield pillars and front roof and the use of antilacerative windshields would reduce the injury risk to car occupants.     

禽流感的传播研究进展

从目前的疫情来看,H5N1亚型禽流感病毒尚未能形成持续的或社区人际传播能力,因此如何评估H5N1亚型禽流感病毒人-人传播能力、如何及时预警流行或大流行的到来成为了目前研究的热点.     

Nosocomial transmission of influenza

Influenza is a common nosocomial infection. Serious outbreaks occur typically in elderly long-term patients, but have also been reported in renal, transplant and oncology units, neonatal intensive care and paediatrics. It is likely that staff-patient cross-infection is common. Prompt diagnosis of an outbreak lies at the heart of an effective influenza control programme. This requires effective virological surveillance. There are a variety of strategies that can help to prevent spread of influenza in health care settings. Basic infection control should include isolating infected residents, restricting circulation of nursing staff between patients, and restriction of visitors. Annual influenza immunization should be offered to elderly patients, subjects with chronic disease, and those in long-term residential or nursing home care. Vaccination of health care workers has been shown to be effective in protecting elderly patients in long-term care. Use of oral amantadine or rimantadine is an additional possible strategy for prophylaxis or treatment during an outbreak.     

Seating position in cars and fatality risk.

Fatality risk in passenger cars according to seating position (front versus rear; left versus center or right) was examined using Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data for 1975 through 1985. Comparing the fatality risk of unrestrained occupants matched in sex and age (within three years) revealed effects attributable to seating position, and not to occupant characteristics correlated with use of different seats. Fatality risk to drivers was the same as fatality risk to right front passengers to within 1 per cent; this was so for crashes in all directions and for frontal crashes. Fatality risk in rear seats was (26 +/- 2) per cent lower than in front seats, and lower in center compared to outboard seats by (22 +/- 4) per cent for front seats and (15 +/- 4) per cent for rear seats. The center rear seat was associated with the lowest fatality risk.     

中小学流感暴发疫情病例居家隔离治疗对家庭传播影响分析

研究中小学校流感暴发后的家庭引入病例导致家庭内传播的继发感染率和影响因素,为制订家庭传播控制策略提供科学依据.方法 调查常州市2014年5月-2015年1月10起中小学校流感暴发事件中的发病学生及其家庭成员,探讨家庭继发感染状况,评估家庭传播的影响因素.结果 1 075例家庭接触者中报告流感样症状175例,继发感染率为16.28%(95%CI=14.19%~ 18.61%),代间距中位数为3d,集体宿舍和人均居住面积≤20 m2是家庭传播的危险因素(RR值分别为1.90,1.78),每天开窗通风可以减少家庭感染(RR=0.63).结论 学校流感暴发疫情处置“居家隔离治疗”措施,易发生流感病例家庭内传播继发感染,应加强家庭病例和密切接触者的卫生管理.     

The risk of avian influenza in birds in Australia

Avian influenza viruses may cause mild or severe disease in birds. There have been five recorded outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in birds in Australia, all of which were caused by the H7 subtype. These were quickly controlled and similar coordinated responses are expected for possible future outbreaks of avian influenza. Migratory birds are not regarded as the source of these outbreaks, and the prevalence of avian influenza viruses in wild birds in Australia is very low. Avian influenza H5N1, which emerged in birds in China in 1996, has spread to bird flocks in Asia, Europe and Africa. The main carriers of avian influenza, ducks, do not migrate to Australia, and currently the risk of H5N1 occurring in Australian birds appears to be low. Nevertheless, surveillance and response plans for outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza have recently been upgraded across Australia.     

Modelling the transmission of airborne infections in enclosed spaces

The Wells-Riley equation for modelling airborne infection in indoor environments is incorporated into an SEIR epidemic model with a short incubation period to simulate the transmission dynamics of airborne infectious diseases in ventilated rooms. The model enables the effect of environmental factors such as the ventilation rate and the room occupancy to be examined, and allows the long-term impact of infection control measures to be assessed. A theoretical parametric study is carried out to demonstrate how changes to both the physical environment and infection control procedures may potentially limit the spread of short-incubation-period airborne infections in indoor environments such as hospitals.     

Mouth shield to minimize airborne transmission risk of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in the dental office

Transmission of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and other infectious diseases is a significant risk during dental procedures because most dental interventions involve aerosols or droplets that could contaminate the surrounding environment. Current protection guidelines to address the high risk of droplets, aerosols, and airborne particle transmission of COVID-19 in the dental office recommend minimizing aerosol-generating procedures. In this paper, an innovative mouth shield is presented that should minimize water backsplash from the air-water syringe during dental treatment. The mouth shield can be added to the personal protective equipment to provide the dental team with extra protection. It can be made of different materials, is straightforward, inexpensive, and safe to fabricate, and is easy to use.     

芜湖市乘用车内孳生粉螨群落结构及其多样性研究

目的 了解芜湖市乘用车内粉螨的群落结构和多样性.方法 于2012年5-7月选取芜湖市车龄≥2年的出租车和私家车各60辆,采集坐垫、脚垫、后备箱等处的灰尘,对孳生的螨类进行分类鉴定.结果 共采集120份样本,阳性标本79份,共检出螨类786只,隶属5科15属23种.粉螨孳生率为65.83％;出租车中粉螨的孳生率和孳生密度均高于私家车(P＜0.05).出租车内检出的螨种数和个体数均高于私家车,丰富度指数(R)、多样性指数(H')和均匀度指数(J')均高于私家车,但优势度指数(D)低于私家车.结论 出租车和私家车内粉螨孳生情况严重,且物种多样性丰富.     

Mitigation strategies to reduce the generation and transmission of airborne highly pathogenic avian influenza virus particles during processing of infected poultry

Airborne transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has occurred among poultry and from poultry to humans during home or live-poultry market slaughter of infected poultry, and such transmission has been experimentally reproduced. In this study, we investigated simple, practical changes in the processing of H5N1 virus-infected chickens to reduce infectious airborne particles and their transmission. Our findings suggest that containing the birds during the killing and bleeding first step by using a disposable plastic bag, a commonly available cooking pot widely used in Egypt (halla), or a bucket significantly reduces generation of infectious airborne particles and transmission to ferrets. Similarly, lack of infectious airborne particles was observed when processing vaccinated chickens that had been challenged with HPAI virus. Moreover, the use of a mechanical defeatherer significantly increased total number of particles in the air compared to manual defeathering. This study confirms that simple changes in poultry processing can efficiently mitigate generation of infectious airborne particles and their transmission to humans.     

出入境旅客精神疾病风险调查分析与讨论

目的以调查表方式评估出入境人群精神类疾病风险,为口岸卫生检疫部门的监管工作提供参考和建议。方法随机抽取出入境旅客各400人,以2012年卫生部发布的精神疾病筛查表格为基础进行风险调查,对结果进行分析。结果 20.8%的出入境旅客认为存在精神疾病风险,排在前三位的异常行为是胡言乱语、暴力、冷漠,出境和入境人群间的差异没有统计学意义,船员这一职业感受到的风险最大(阳性率30.8%)。结论建议口岸卫生检疫部门加强精神疾病监管机制建设,加强与地方卫生部门沟通,建立有效的量化筛查体系,切实提高口岸精神疾病检出率。