Clinical characteristic and correlative factors of maintenance hemodialysis patients with restless legs syndrome

Objective To explore the prevalence and the correlative factors of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods The basic information and clinical laboratory results of 307 MHD patients were collected. The international RLS study group (IRLSSG) diagnostic criteria were applied to assess the presence and the severity of RLS. Binary logistic analysis was used for exploring correlative factors of RLS. Results The prevalence of RLS was 12.1% in the MHD patients, with 73.0% patients having mild-to-moderate symptoms and 83.8% having chronic RLS. There was no significant difference between MHD patients with and without RLS in age, gender, dialysis age, daily urine, Kt/V, history of smoking, drinking, hemoglobin, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), prealbumin, albumin and alkaline phosphatase. But the frequency of daily exercise in RLS group is significantly lower than that in non-RLS group (Z=-4.114, P＜0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that daily exercise was a correlative factor of RLS (B=-2.203, OR=0.111, 95%CI 0.033-0.371, P＜0.001). Conclusions RLS is a common complication in MHD patients, with chronic state and mild-to-moderate symptoms. RLS is correlated with daily exercise, which may be a scientific approach to treat or prevent this disease.     

终末期肾病患者开始透析时肾功能及相关因素分析

目的提供我国中等城市终末期肾病(ESRD)患者开始透析时肾功能水平的准确数据并分析相关因素,为选择合适的透析时机提供依据。方法查阅1998年1月至2004年8 月期间长沙市两大透析中心所有首次透析的终末期肾病住院患者的病案,其中514例数据齐全而人选并按不同条件分组。计算整组病例及各分组的平均Scr值、GFR预测值(eGFR)及其他统计指标,以及比较组间差异并与国外资料比较。结果 (1)男性较女性多;45岁以下患者占 50．4％;自费患者最多(55．4％),但比例逐年下降;医保患者占17．7％,而比例则逐年增高; 91．8％的患者选择血液透析为首次治疗方式;首位病因仍是肾小球肾炎(59．7％),其次为高血压肾病(10．9％)和糖尿病肾病(6．8%),肾小球肾炎患者所占比例逐年下降,而高血压和糖尿病患者的比例则逐年增高。(2)平均Scr浓度为(1121．92±458．24)μmol／L;平均eGFR为 (4．98±2．24)ml·min-1·(1．73 m2)-1。(3)年轻人、无费用保障的患者、无业或农民、在职人员、学生、选择血液透析的患者、原发病为非糖尿病的患者中,Scr值较高而eGFR值则较低,组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0．01)。男性患者的Scr和eGFR值均高于女性(P<0．01,P<0．05)。(4) 低白蛋白血症患者占总例数的53．1％。当eGFR<8．4 ml·min-1·(1．73 m2)-1时,eGFR与血清白蛋白(Salb)呈正线性相关(r=0．093,P<0．05)。(3)与美国1999年资料比较,本组514例患者的eGFR预测值低于美国患者(P<0．01)。结论本组以年轻男性患者多见。肾小球肾炎患者所占比例逐年下降,而高血压和糖尿病患者的比例则逐年增高。相当多的患者在肾功能非常差时才开始透析。患者普遍存在低白蛋白血症,eGFR下降到一定水平以后,Salb随eGFR下降而下降。本组514例ESRD患者开始透析的时机要较美国患者晚。     

Risk factors for mortality in diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To investigate the risk factors of all-cause mortality in diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods As a single-center retrospective cohort study, all incident PD patients who were catheterized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University between November 1, 2005 and February 28, 2017 were included. Patients were divided into diabetes mellitus group (DM group) and non-diabetes mellitus group (NDM group). Outcomes were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to assess the risk factors of all-cause mortality. Results A total of 977 patients were enrolled. Compared with NDM group, patients in DM group were older (47.5±14.4 vs 59.3±11.3, P＜0.01), had more cardiovascular disease (CVD) (7.5% vs 20.3%, P＜0.01), higher levels of serum hemoglobin (78.2±17.2 vs 82.3±14.6 g/L, P＜0.01) , and lower levels of serum albumin (36.1±5.0 vs 32.7±5.6 g/L, P＜0.01). The one-, three- and five-year patient survival rates of DM and NDM group were 89.7%, 56.0%, 31.9% and 94.7%, 81.3%, 67.4%, respectively.Survival rate was significantly lower in DM group than in NDM group ( χ2=63.51, P＜0.01). Stratified analysis showed that DM group had significant lower survival rate than NDM group in patients younger than 70 years old ( χ2= 73.35, P＜0.01), while survival rate was similar between the two groups patients older than 70 years old ( χ2= 0.003, P=0.96). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that DM (HR: 1.74, 95%CI: 1.27-2.38, P＜0.01), age (HR: 1.05, 95%CI: 1.04-1.06, P＜0.01), leukocyte (HR: 1.06, 95%CI: 1.00-1.12, P=0.04) and triglyceride (HR: 1.19, 95%CI: 1.07-1.32, P＜0.01) were all independent risk factors for all-cause mortality of PD patients. However, age (HR: 1.05, 95%CI: 1.04-1.07, P＜0.01) and alkaline phosphatase (HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.01, P=0.02) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality of diabetic patients. Conclusions Long-term survival rate was lower in diabetic PD patients than in non-diabetic PD patients. DM, age, leukocyte and triglyceride were independent risk factors of mortality in PD patients. Age and alkaline phosphatase were independent risk factors of mortality in diabetic patients.     

Assessment of frailty and its influence factors in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the frailty in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients and its influence factors. Methods A total of 127 adults undergoing hemodialysis from January 2015 and January 2016 in our center were recruited. Their clinical data and blood biochemical data were collected. Frailty was assessed using Fried's Frailty Phenotype. Quantification of coronary artery calcification (CACs) was determined by multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT). According to the frailty scores, patients were divided into non-frailty, pro-frailty and frailty group. Their in clinical and biochemical index as well as CACs were compared. The correlations of frailty scores with above index were assessed by Spearman's correlation. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the effect factors of frailty on MHD patients. Results Among 127 selected patients, 46(36.22%) patients without frailty, 45(35.43%) patients with pro-frailty, and 36(28.35%) patients with frailty. The age, diabetes, haemoglobin, albumin, pre-albumin, C-reactive protein, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), CACs and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) of the 3 groups had statistical differences (all P＜0.05). The degrees of calcification among 3 groups were also different statistically (F=31.769, P＜0.001). In patients with MHD, frailty was positively correlated with age (r=0.545, P＜0.001), diabetes (r=0.236, P=0.008), C-reactive protein (r=0.245, P=0.006), FGF23 (r=0.189, P=0.034) and CACs (r=0.396, P＜0.001), while negatively correlated with haemoglobin (r=-0.257, P=0.004), albumin (r=-0.380, P＜0.001), pre-albumin (r=-0.313, P＜0.001). Age (OR=1.076), C-reactive protein (OR=1.176), albumin (OR=0.796) and artery calcification (OR=2.465) were independent influence factors for frailty in MHD patients (all P＜0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of frailty is high among MHD patients. Frailty is associated with age, C-reactive protein, albumin and artery calcification in MHD patients.     

维持性血液透析患者睡眠质量及其影响因素的研究

目的 调查维持性血液透析(MHD)患者的睡眠状况,了解影响MHD患者睡眠质量的相关因素.方法 采用方便抽样方法,抽取中山大学附属第一医院、中山大学附属第二医院、广东省东莞市东华医院、江门市新会区人民医院、河源市人民医院、佛山市顺德区中医院及云南省楚雄市人民医院的MHD患者424例为研究对象.以匹茨堡睡眠质量指数量表( PSQI)、不安腿综合征诊断及评分标准、社会支持评定量表、综合主观性营养评估、家庭关怀度指数问卷、疾病家庭负担量表及自设的一般情况调查表调查MHD患者的睡眠状况并分析其影响因素.结果 395例(93.2％)患者PSQI总分≥5分.家庭关怀度及社会支持与睡眠指数得分呈负相关(r=-0.133,P=0.006;r=-0.105,P=0.031).疾病负担与睡眠指数得分呈正相关(r=0.215,P=0.000).营养状况(F=46.123,P=0.000)、不安腿综合征(F=9.392,P=0.000)、睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(F=5.645,P=0.001)与睡眠指数得分密切相关.结论 MHD患者睡眠质量差的发生率相当高,其睡眠质量与家庭关怀度、社会支持等多个因素相关.     

糖尿病与非糖尿病维持性血液透析患者血管钙化的对比研究

目的探讨糖尿病维持性血液透析（MHD）患者血管钙化的影响因素。方法选择我院MHD患者90例,其中糖尿病组21例、非糖尿病组69例。检测2组透析前、后血压、心率、相关血生化指标以及全段甲状旁腺素（iPTH）、1,84-PTH、25一羟一维生素功,比较2组血管钙化情况,探讨糖尿病组患者血管钙化的相关因素。结果与非糖尿病组相比,糖尿病组透析前血肌酐较低,三酰甘油较高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇较低（P〈0．05）。糖尿病组iPTH达标率高于非糖尿病组,而钙磷乘积低于后者（P〈0．05）。糖尿病组钙化发生率和钙化积分高于非糖尿病组（P〈0．05）。对糖尿病MHD患者,血管钙化积分与糖尿病病程、慢性肾脏病（CKD）病程、透析时间、iPTH、碱性磷酸酶呈正相关（r值分别为0．491、0499、0．652、0．727和0．564,P值均〈0．05）。结论与非糖尿病患者相比,患有糖尿病的MHD患者有较高的血管钙化发生率及较重的血管钙化程度;其中糖尿病病程、CKD病程、透析时间、iPTH、ALP可能参与糖尿病患者血管钙化的发生和发展。     

维持性血液透析患者炎症状态与血清热休克蛋白70的关系

目的探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者热休克蛋白70（HSP70）检测与炎症状态的关系。方法将MHD患者92例根据超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平分为2组：非炎症组（hs-CRP〈3mg／L）58例;炎症组（hs-CRP≥3mg／L）34例。检测2组患者血清前白蛋白（PA）、血白蛋白（Alb）、hs-CRP、血红蛋白（Hb）、HSP70、铁蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）等。结果尿毒症患者血清HSP70与hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、铁蛋白等炎症指标无明显相关性;与Hb、Alb、总胆固醇等营养指标也无相关性。非炎症组透析前HSP70水平较低,透析后迅速升高（P=0．013）;而炎症组透析前后的HSP70水平差异无统计学意义（P=0．871）。结论炎症状态可能是导致炎症组HSP70升高的原因;但HSP70不能反映MHD患者是否存在慢性炎症状况,也不能反映其蛋白质营养状态。透析前、后HSP70水平检测可反映机体抗应激反应能力。     

Clinical significance of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To explore how neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is related with inflammation and atherosclerosis, and the role of NLR in hospitalization in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods MHD patients treated in hemodialysis center of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from June till November 2013 were enrolled. Patients with severe infection, cardiovascular events and malignant carcinoma were excluded. NLR was determined from complete blood count differential. Clinical parameters such as serum albumin, lipids, intact parathormone, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), 25-(OH) vitamin D, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were collected. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) were used to evaluate the arterial stiffness. Spearman analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between NLR and these parameters. All patients were divided into low NLR group (NLR≤3.25) and high NLR group (NLR＞3.25) on the median NLR, and their differences in these indexes were analyzed. During the one-year follow-up, the reasons and rates of hospitalization and survival were analyzed. Results One hundred and thirteen MHD patients including 58 males and 55 females were enrolled with (69±49) dialysis age and (54±15) average age. (1) The NLR was significantly correlated with whole blood count (WBC, r=0.538, P＜0.001), ABIL (r=0.201, P=0.033), ABIR (r=0.235, P=0.012) and total cholesterol (TC, r=-0.414, P＜0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, r=-0.378, P＜0.001). (2) Low NLR patients had increased TC, LDL-C and IL-6 as compare with high NLR patients, however decreased ABIL and ABIR (all P＜0.05). (3) Forty one patients were hospitalized 63 times during the follow-up period. Annual hospitalization rate was 558/1000 and the mortality rate was 17.7/1000. (4) NLR in patients at least hospitalized once a year was significantly lower than in patients without hospitalization, while ALP was higher (all P＜0.05). Compared with those in other patients, NLR and hemoglobin (Hb) were significantly lower in patients with hospitalization due to infection, while ALP was higher (all P＜0.05). Conclusions NLR is related with WBC, ABI, TC and LDL-C in MHD patients. Lower NLR may indicate high risk for cardiovascular, atherosclerosis and hospitalization, probably different form non-MHD patients, which needs more studies to verify.     

Exercise capacity and physical fitness in pediatric dialysis and kidney transplant patients

Studies of exercise capacity in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are limited. We tested 25 pediatric kidney transplant (TX) recipients and 15 pediatric dialysis (DX) patients. Nine children in the DX group received kidney transplants and were retested 3 months following surgery (pre/post). Testing involved treadmill testing with measurement of peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak), muscle strength, body composition (percent fat), and “field” tests of physical fitness using the FITNESSGRAM, which included the PACER test. Values obtained were compared with gender- and age-based criterion-referenced standards [healthy fitness zone (HFZ)]. The previous day physical activity recall (PDPAR) was used to assess physical activity participation. There were no differences between TX and DX subjects for VO_2peak and muscle strength measurements, and all values were below the normative values. The TX group achieved significantly higher PACER scores, but only one TX and no DX subjects achieved the HFZ for the PACER test. No improvement in any measures were observed from pre- to post-TX in the nine subjects tested, except for a significant increase in percent fat, which negatively affected the change in muscle strength and VO_2peak. All subjects were physically inactive, with less than 10% of nonschool time being physical activity participation. Pediatric patients with CKD had low exercise capacity, were physically inactive, and gained significant fat weight following TX. Counseling and encouragement for more physical activity is warranted as a part of routine medical care in these children. Funding source This study was supported by Satellite HealthCare Research Grants Program. This study was carried out in part in the General Clinical Research Center, Moffitt Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, with funds provided by the National Center for Research Resources, MO1 RR-0079, US Public Health Service.     

维持性血液透析患者透析通路相关缺血综合征发病率及相关因素

目的 调查维持性血液透析患者透析通路相关缺血综合征及窃血现象发病率,对缺血综合征发生的危险因素进行分析.方法 采用横断面研究,选取2012年1至3月在北京市海淀医院以头静脉-桡动脉端侧吻合自体动静脉内瘘为通路行维持性血液透析者71例,询问并检查患者是否存在内瘘侧肢端发凉、发绀等缺血症状;应用彩色多普勒超声观察动静脉内瘘吻合口桡动脉近心端、远心端是否存在反向血流,测量内瘘吻合口、桡动脉、肱动脉内径及血流量;记录入组患者性别、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟和动脉硬化等,对上述指标进行量化后行logistic回归分析.结果 透析通路相关缺血综合征发病率为19.7％（14/71）.彩色多普勒超声显示,桡动脉远端血流方向及频谱方向均为反向者42例（59.2％）.多元回归分析显示,内瘘口径大小、肱动脉血流量、女性、糖尿病、动脉硬化不是缺血综合征的危险因素（均P＞0.05）.结论 动静脉内瘘后,缺血综合征发生率不低,目前尚不能通过控制内瘘口径大小等方法预防其发生.     

Analysis of early mortality and related risk factors in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To analyze the early mortality and related risk factors of new hemodialysis patients in Zhejiang province, and provide basis for reducing the death risk of hemodialysis patients. Methods The early mortality and related factors of new hemodialysis patients from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed using the database of Zhejiang province hemodialysis registration. The early mortality was defined as death within 90 days of dialysis. Cox regression model was used to analyze the related risk factors of the early mortality in hemodialysis patients. Results The mortality was the highest in the first month after dialysis (46.40/100 person year), and gradually stabilized after three months. The early mortality was 25.33/100 person year. The mortality within 120 days and 360 days were 21.40/100 person year and 11.37/100 person year, respectively. The elderly (≥65 years old, HR=1.981, 95%CI 1.319-2.977, P＜0.001), primary tumor (HR=3.308, 95%CI 1.137-5.624, P=0.028), combined with tumors (not including the primary tumor, HR=2.327, 95%CI 1.200-4.513, P=0.012), temporary catheter (the initial dialysis pathway, HR=3.632, 95%CI 1.806-7.307, P＜0.001), lower albumin (＜30 g/L, HR=2.181, 95%CI 1.459-3.260, P＜0.001), lower hemoglobin (every 0.01 g/L increase, HR=0.861, 95%CI 0.793-0.935, P=0.001), lower high density lipoprotein (＜0.7 mmol/L, HR=1.796, 95%CI 1.068-3.019, P=0.027) and higher C reactive protein (≥40 mg/L, HR=1.889, 95%CI 1.185-3.012, P=0.008) were the risk factors of early death for hemodialysis patients. Conclusions The early mortality of hemodialysis patients is high after dialysis, and gradually stable after 3 months. The elderly, primary tumor, combined with tumors, the initial dialysis pathway, lower albumin, lower hemoglobin, lower high density lipoprotein and higher C reactive protein are the risk factors of early death for hemodialysis patients.     

尿毒症血液透析患者乳酸脱氢酶水平变化

目的 探讨尿毒症血液透析患者乳酸脱氢酶变化及其临床意义.方法 纳入尿毒症未透析者、尿毒症透析者及正常健康人各15例,采用全自动生化分析仪分别检测血清血红蛋白、肌酐、尿素氮及乳酸脱氢酶水平.结果 尿毒症未透析患者血清乳酸脱氢酶水平较正常健康人明显升高(P＜0.05);尿毒症血液透析组患者透析后乳酸脱氢酶水平与透析前相比有升高,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 尿毒症未透析患者体内乳酸脱氢酶水平的升高无器官特异性,血液透析改变了尿毒症患者体内乳酸脱氢酶环境,乳酸脱氢酶有可能作为评价血液透析充分性的观察指标.     

腹膜透析患者左室肥厚的相关因素分析

目的探讨腹膜透析患者左心室肥厚的发生情况及相关影响因素。 方法选取2012年9月至2013年9月在广西医科大学第一附属医院腹膜透析中心随访的腹膜透析患者89人,规律腹膜透析6个月以上。排除标准：近一个月有腹膜炎或其他部位感染史,合并有急性心衰、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、恶性肿瘤、急性心脑血管病变、风湿性心脏病、严重肝功能不全及近3个月内使用糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂的患者。采集入选病例临床资料,并予心脏彩超检查,通过测量室间隔厚度(LVST)、左心室厚度(LVPWT)、左室舒张内径(LVEDD)计算左心室心肌重量指数(LVMI)。左室肥厚定义为LVMI男性≥115 g/m²,女性≥95 g/m²。分析患者的横断面资料,并将患者分为左室肥厚组及非左室肥厚组进行比较。采用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行数据分析。两变量相关分析用Pearson(正态资料)或Spearman(非正态资料)相关分析。左室肥厚的独立危险因素分析用二分类Logistic回归分析,P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。 结果89例患者中,男女比为1.47∶1,年龄(48.49±12.27)岁,腹膜透析龄(25.35±24.30)个月。病因：慢性肾小球肾炎61例(68.54%)、高血压肾病16例(17.98%)、糖尿病肾病2例(2.25%)、其他病因10例(11.24%)。左心室肥厚66例(74.16%)。将左心室肥厚组与非左心室肥厚组的相关指标进行比较。两组患者的血脑利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、腹膜透析液肌酐与血中清肌酐比值(D/P)、血白蛋白、左室射血分数(LVEF)、LVEDD、左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左房内径(LAD)、LVPWT及LVST等差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。左心室肥厚与NT-proBNP、D/P值、LVEDD、LVST、LAD、LVESD及LVPWT呈正相关(P<0.05),与LVEF呈负相关(r＝－0.222,P＝0.036)。NT-proBNP水平是左室肥厚的独立危险因素(B偏回归系数0.001,SE值：0.000,Wals值：13.45,95%CI为1.000～1.001, P<0.001)。 结论腹膜透析患者较易发生左心室肥厚,其左心室肥厚与营养状态、容量负荷及腹膜转运类型等相关,NT-proBNP水平有望成为腹膜透析患者左室肥厚的评估预测生物标志物。     

透析中心夜间血液透析治疗尿毒症患者的疗效及安全性分析

目的 探讨与分析透析中心夜间血液透析对尿毒症患者的临床治疗效果及安全性,评价血液透析对尿毒症患者营养状况的影响.方法 将2013年1月到2014年5月于本院接受治疗的80例尿毒症患者作为研究对象,随机将其分为对照组与观察组各40例,针对对照组给予常规血液透析治疗方案,对观察组则选用夜间血液透析治疗方案,治疗半年后,对两组患者的营养状况进行评分,并对比观察两组患者的临床治疗效果.结果 ①在完成6个月的血液透析治疗后,观察组患者在治疗后其上臂周径[(30.4±5.5)cm]显著高于治疗前期,同时显著优于对照组[(27.2±4.6)cm](t=4.326,P＜0.05),同时体重、皮褶厚度、握力等均得到不同程度的改善;②完成6个月的透析治疗,观察组患者的血液生化指标,包括血浆白蛋白、血钙等指标均有所提升,甲状旁腺激素与血磷均有所降低,其中以血磷降低更为明显,显著低于对照组,组间对比差异显著(t =6.264,P＜0.05).结论 夜间血液透析对比常规透析方式来说能够明显提升患者的营养需求量,提升治疗效果,保障治疗安全性,提高患者营养状况的目的,值得临床推广应用.     

终末期肾脏病腹膜透析患者的心血管疾病

目的 了解终末期肾脏病（ESRD）腹膜透析患者的心血管疾病（CVD）发病率和有关高发危险因素,以及并发CVD的腹膜透析患者治疗时需关注的问题。 方法 研究对象为上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院慢性肾脏病（CKD）5期接受腹膜透析的患者,共254例入选,采用横断面回顾性调查分析方法。平均随访时间中位数为49个月。采集病史、血生化检测结果、腹膜透析充分性评估、颈动脉及心脏彩色多普勒超声检测结果。评估CVD事件的发生、发展和预后,以及进行相关因素分析。 结果 CVD事件发生率为37%（93/254）。发生CVD的患者多伴有糖尿病、透析龄较长、血三酰甘油水平较高、血清白蛋白较低、前白蛋白较低。彩色多普勒超声显示,发生CVD组的左房内径（LAD）（mm）、室间隔厚度（LVST）（mm）、左室心肌质量指数（LVMI）（g/m2）显著高于未发生CVD组（43.16±4.93比 38.02±4.77、11.19±2.05比10.01±1.45、中位数192.03比150.28,均P < 0.05）;颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）较厚（中位数0.80比0.65）,颈动脉内径增宽;收缩期峰值流速（SPV）和舒张期峰值流速（DV）流速降低。既往无CVD的患者在随访过程中发生CVD时,其Ccr、Kt/V、D/Pr、理想体质量校正的蛋白分解率（nPCR）及血清白蛋白水平与无发生CVD组差异有统计学意义（P = 0.045、0.015、0.051、0.029及0.005）。在随访过程中出现新发CVD或CVD病情恶化的原有CVD的患者,都是透析龄较长以及三酰甘油水平较高者。LAD、LVST、LVMI及IMT在新发CVD和未发CVD两组间差异有统计学意义（P=0.033、0.022、0.045及0.029）。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,既往CVD史和CVD症状是生存的独立危险因素。血清白蛋白<330 g/L、LAD>39.6 mm及曾患腹膜炎的患者生存率较低。 结论 ESRD腹膜透析患者是CVD的高发群体,需了解这些患者的病史和伴随症状;保持透析的充分性;同时要防止腹膜炎的发生。     

血液透析患者动脉弹性功能及相关因素分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者在血液透析前、后脉搏波速度（PWV）和压力反射波增强指数（AIx）水平变化及其相关因素。方法选择92例MHD患者,采用标准袖带水银血压计测量非动脉一静脉内瘘侧上臂坐位血压,动脉脉搏波分析仪检测动脉弹性指数AIx和PwV,并分别与各因素进行单因素相关分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果血液透析患者的袖带血压、中心动脉压、PWV和AIx在血液透析前后均无显著性变化（P〉0．05）;多元逐步回归分析表明,AIx与患者的年龄、性别、主动脉收缩压有明显相关（P〈0．05）,而PWV与患者年龄、上臂舒张压、钙磷乘积、身高、透析时间和心率存在明显相关（P〈0．05）;PWV与AIx之间有明显相关（P〈0．05）。结论（1）血液透析患者的AIx与PWV、中心动脉压收缩压（C_SP）、身高、血清白蛋白、性别和年龄存在相关关系,其中与PWV、性别、年龄和C_SP呈正相关;而与身高和血清白蛋白呈负相关。（2）血液透析患者的PWV与AIx、年龄、舒张压、钙磷乘积、身高、透析时间和心率存在相关关系,其中与AIx、年龄、钙磷乘积、舒张压、透析时间及心率呈正相关,仅与身高呈负相关。     

青年维持性血液透析患者心血管疾病调查及危险因素分析

目的调查青年维持性血液透析（MHD）患者心血管疾病的发病情况和病变特点，并探讨其危险因素。方法采用横断面研究。MHD患者98例，以45岁为界分为青年组（47例）和中老年组（51例）。收集患者临床资料和生化指标。心脏超声检查测量心脏腔径及心功能参数。分析青年组患者心脏结构和功能异常的患病率、病变特点及其影响因素。结果（1）47例青年患者中有30例（63．8％）存在心脏结构异常，主要表现为左心室肥厚、左心房增大和瓣膜反流，患病率分别为61．7％、38．3％和34．0％。（2）青年组患者向心性肥厚的患病率为86．2％，离心性肥厚的患病率为13．8％，与中老年组相比，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（3）与无心脏病变青年MHD患者相比，伴心脏病变者的超滤量、收缩压、血磷和甲状旁腺激素明显增高，而Kt／V、血红蛋白和血清白蛋白明显降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示，超滤量、收缩压、血红蛋白和血甲状旁腺激素是青年MHD患者并发心脏病变的独立危险因素。结论青年MHD患者心血管疾病的患病率较高，主要表现为左心室肥厚、左房增大和瓣膜反流。超滤量、收缩压、血红蛋白和血甲状旁腺激素水平可能是影响青年MHD患者并发心脏病变的独立危险因素。     

腹膜透析并发甲状旁腺功能亢进患者的认知功能及其相关因素分析

目的探讨维持性腹膜透析并发甲状旁腺功能亢进(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)患者的认知功能及其影响因素。方法选择安徽医科大学第二附属医院透析时间超过3个月的维持性腹膜透析患者为研究对象并筛选出2组患者,A组21例患者的甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)630 ng/L合并骨痛、皮肤瘙痒等不适症状,B组45例患者的PTH630 ng/L未合并骨痛、皮肤瘙痒等不适症状。对每例患者详细询问病史并测定血常规、生化常规、电解质、甲状旁腺激素、25-羟维生素D_3[25(OH)D_3]等的检查,并在血液检查1周内采用智能评估量表(the modified mini-mental assessment amount,3MS)进行认知评分,分析2组患者临床指标间的差异及3MS得分的相关因素。结果 A组患者的血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、血肌酐(SCr)、血钙、25(OH)D_3及3MS得分等均高于B组,差别有统计学意义(均P0.05);A组患者的血磷、PTH水平等低于B组,差别有统计学意义(均P0.05)。相关性因素分析发现A组患者的3MS得分与年龄(r=-0.657,P=0.001)、有无脑血管疾病病史(r=-0.512,P=0.018)、PTH(r=-0.652,P=0.001)呈负相关,差别有统计学意义。B组患者的3MS得分男性高于女性,差别有统计学意义(r=-0.344,P=0.021)。3MS得分与Ca(r=0.958,P=0.000)、25(OH)D_3(r=0.983,P=0.000)呈正相关,与年龄(r=-0.804,P=0.000)、有无脑血管疾病病史(r=-0.425,P=0.000)、血磷(r=-0.965,P=0.000)、PTH(r=-0.941,P=0.000)呈负相关。多因素STEPWISE法回归分析发现,25(OH)D3(t=6.298,P=0.000)、血钙(t=3.233,P=0.002)、PTH(t=-2.632,P=0.012)是3MS得分的独立危险因素。结论维持性腹膜透析并发SHPT患者的整体认知水平与患者的性别、年龄、脑血管疾病史、血钙、血磷及25(OH)D_3水平及PTH等有关,改善维持性腹膜透析合并甲状旁腺功能亢进患者体内的钙磷代谢紊乱、降低血甲状旁腺激素水平也许是提高患者认知功能的重要手段。     

Improved long-term survival rate of chronic dialysis patients with diabetes mellitus

Background. The survival rate of diabetic dialysis patients has been poor. However, it is uncertain whether the survival rate of these patients has been improving. Methods. Using the Okinawa Dialysis Study (OKIDS) registry, in which the records of all chronic dialysis patients in Okinawa, Japan, are filed, we compared the prognosis of dialysis patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and that of dialysis patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). Using Cox proportional hazard analysis, we examined the effect of the start year of dialysis on survival after adjusting for confounding variables such as age, sex, and predialysis comorbid conditions. Results. Between 1976 and 1998, a total of 1256 DM patients and 2101 CGN patients started dialysis. In the DM patients who started dialysis between 1976 and 1990, the survival rate was 80.4% at 12 months and 42.1% at 60 months, and among those who started dialysis between 1991 and 1998, the survival rate was 87.9% at 12 months and 55.8% at 60 months. In both disease groups, the relative risk of death was significantly lower in patients who started dialysis between 1991 and 1998 than in those who started dialysis between 1976 and 1990. The adjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 0.65 (95% CI 0.54–0.77). The relative risk of death of DM to CGN was 2.23 (95% CI, 1.91–2.60) when comparing those treated between 1976 and 1990, and 2.00 (95% CI, 1.62–2.46) when comparing those treated between 1991 and 1998. Conclusions. While the prognosis of diabetic dialysis patients in both categories improved significantly with time, that of DM patients was still worse than that of CGN patients. Received: December 14, 2000 / Accepted: March 29, 2001