支气管镜原理及应用

支气管镜是医院对患者进行支气管疾病和肺部疾病诊断和治疗的重要医疗设备.本文主要对纤维支气管镜、电子支气管镜、荧光支气管镜的组成、工作原理以及它们的维护和应用进行了相关的阐述.同时对支气管镜有关的手术器械和辅助设备的应用和需要注意的事项进行了有关的探讨.     

纤维支气管镜结合硬质支气管镜治疗支气管胸膜瘘1例

支气管胸膜瘘为肺切除术后一种可危及生命的严重并发症,但由于其发生率较低,故临床上报道较少。现将2006年6月利用纤维支气管镜结合硬质支气管治疗的1例支气管胸膜瘘,结合文献分析报告如下：     

纤维支气管镜联合硬质支气管镜在多发性支气管异物治疗中的应用

目的探究纤维支气管镜联合硬质支气管镜在多发性支气管异物治疗中的应用效果。方法选取2016年1—12月开封市儿童医院收治的15例多发性支气管异物患儿,所有患儿均采用纤维支气管镜联合硬质支气管镜治疗,观察记录临床治疗效果。结果 15例患儿均一次性将异物取出,异物取出后有3例患儿出现支气管和喉痉挛,5例手术治疗期间出现短时缺氧,经对症处理后均得以消除;手术治疗1周后临床症状均消失,采用三维CT复查未见异物残留。结论纤维支气管镜联合硬质支气管镜辅助治疗多发性支气管异物临床效果较好,可提高一次性取出异物的成功率,减轻患儿痛苦。     

硬质支气管镜和软式支气管镜在儿童支气管异物中的应用比较

目的：比较硬质支气管镜和软式支气管镜在儿童支气管异物取出中的应用效果和安全性。方法 ：选取2019年9月至2021年9月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院收治的240例支气管异物的儿童作为研究对象,按照术中采用的支气管镜类型分为硬质支气管镜组（140例）和软式支气管镜组（100例）,比较一次性异物取出成功率、手术时间、术中氧饱和度、麻醉方式、麻醉时间、住院时间及不良反应。结果：软式支气管镜治疗儿童支气管异物的麻醉时间较硬质支气管镜短,术中氧饱和度更高,但手术时间更长,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;2组患儿一次性异物取出成功率、麻醉方式、住院时间、总体不良反应无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：硬质支气管镜和软式支气管镜均能有效治疗儿童支气管异物,两者各有优缺点,其有效性和安全性有待进一步探究,且应根据医院的具体情况选择手术方式。     

自发性荧光电子支气管镜与普通白光电子支气管镜在肺癌诊断上的价值比较

目的评价自发性荧光电子支气管镜(AFB)与普通白光电子支气管镜(WLB)检查在肺癌诊断中的价值。方法收集我院910例就诊患者,随机分为WLB组和AFB组,将获取的活检组织和(或)细胞学标本送我院病理科检查,观察镜下表现及病理检查结果。结果 AFB组肺癌、原位癌及不典型增生的检出率明显高于WLB组(P<0.05)。AFB组的肺癌检出率,特别是增生型伴浸润型肺癌的检出率明显高于WLB组(P<0.01)。气管镜下表现主要有:鳞癌、小细胞肺癌以增生型表现为主,腺癌以增生型及浸润型表现为主。结论 AFB检查可以通过荧光染色明确病变部位、范围,提高肺癌检出率。与传统气管镜检查相比可能成为提高肺癌诊断能力的重要辅助检查。     

支气管镜发展史

从1897年支气管镜问世至今,其发展经历了传统硬质支气管镜时代、纤维支气管镜时代和现代电子支气管镜、纤维支气管镜、电视硬质支气管镜共用的三个历史阶段.支气管镜技术在胸外科、呼吸内科等领域发挥着重要的作用.我国支气管镜技术起步略晚,但经过几代人的不懈努力已经接近或达到国际先进水平.支气管镜设备和技术的发展使介入性肺病学作为一门新兴学科诞生了,新技术的出现和进步必将使支气管镜技术在介入性肺病学领域中发挥更加重要的作用.     

支气管镜技术教学初探

目的探讨医学生对支气管镜技术的认知程度、支气管镜技术的教学方法及教学效果。方法对临床本科实习医师进行系统的支气管镜技术理论知识讲授、支气管镜技术操作训练,并作问卷调查。结果经过支气管镜技术的学习,医学生在呼吸系统解剖、病理学特征、影像学诊断、支气管镜技术的操作技能、学习主动性等方面明显提高。结论支气管镜技术引入临床教学,能提高呼吸内科临床教学的质量,有助于丰富医学生的临床技能。     

纤维支气管镜的临床应用

纤维支气管镜的临床应用Ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｆｉｂｅｒｏｐｔｉｃｂｒｏｎｃｈｏｓｃｏｐｅ沈渝菊沈寒放刘平（第三军医大学附属西南医院呼吸内科）重庆，６３００３８纤维支气管镜（纤支镜或ＦＢ）在肺部疾病的诊断、治疗方面的应用日趋广泛［１，２...     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.