Sonographically guided percutaneous ethanol treatment of a symptomatic complex nodule with a large cystic component in a patient with thyroid hemiagenesis

Thyroid hemiagenesis is a rare anomaly that is usually discovered incidentally during the evaluation of unrelated thyroid disorders. We present the case of a patient with hemiagenesis of the left thyroid lobe and a large, recurrent, symptomatic complex nodule with a large cystic component that occupied most of the right lobe. She had previously undergone multiple unsuccessful aspirations of the cyst. The patient was successfully treated with an intranodular injection of ethanol under sonographic guidance. The success of this procedure resulted in the resolution of symptoms and avoidance of surgical resection of the right lobe, with resulting hypothyroidism. We recommend that ethanol injections be considered for treatment of symptomatic cystic or benign solid nodules in patients with thyroid hemiagenesis and in those who have undergone hemithyroidectomy and have symptomatic nodules.     

A case of Graves' disease in association with hemiagenesis of the thyroid gland

Hemiagenesis of the thyroid gland is a rare anomaly. Few cases have been reported in the world literature. We present a case of Graves' disease in association with hemiagenesis of the thyroid gland. In this case, preoperative diagnosis was difficult because of the marked hyperplasia of the single thyroid lobe and the isthmus. Preoperative diagnosis of this anomaly is important to avoid unnecessary exploration of the side where the thyroid lobe is absent and to plan for the extent of thyroid tissue excision to avoid postoperative hypothyroidism. An ultrasound scan of the neck would have been helpful in this case.     

471例肺不张纤维支气管镜下诊断及治疗

目的探讨肺不张的好发部位和病因。方法收集该院呼吸内科471例肺不张的影像学（X线或CT检查）、纤维支气管镜检查和病理检查等临床资料。分析肺不张的发生部位和病因。结果右中叶肺不张141例，约占29．9％，右上叶肺不张114例，约占24．2％，右下叶肺不张47例。约占10％，左上叶肺不张70例，约占14．9％，左下叶肺不张53例，占11．3％。左全肺肺不张42例。占8．9％。右全肺肺不张4例，约占0．9％；普通炎症120例，占25．5％，结核98例，占20．8％，癌肿145例，占30．8％，新生物45例，占9．6％，异物28例，占5．9％，未见异常28例，占5．9％，其他7例，为5血凝块，韦氏肉芽肿2例；右中叶肺不张病因中炎症63例，占44-7％，右上叶肺不张病因中，癌肿54例，占47．4％，右下叶肺不张病因中，癌肿22例，占46．8％，左上叶肺不张的病因中癌肿27例，占38．6％，左下叶肺不张病因中炎症20例。占37．7％。左全肺肺不张病因中新生物14例，占33．3％。结论以右中叶肺不张为多见，其次是右上叶肺不张、左上叶肺不张、左下叶肺不张、右下叶肺不张、左全肺肺不张，右全肺肺不张最少见；肺不张的病因以癌肿最为多见。其次是炎症。在我国结核仍然是引起肺不张很重要的原因；右中叶肺不张、左下叶肺不张以炎症最为多见。而右上叶肺不张、左上叶肺不张、右下叶肺不张以肿瘤多见。     

肝尾叶与右叶径线及比值变化与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关系

目的探讨肝尾叶与肝右叶的各径线及比值的变化与非酒精性脂肪性肝病之间的关系。方法选择在我院诊断为非酒精性脂肪性肝病变的病例147例及普通健康体检者227人为研究对象,分别测量其肝尾叶上下径、前后径、横径及肝右叶横径、最大斜径,计算肝尾叶横径与肝右叶的横径和肝尾叶上下径与肝右最大斜径比值,分析其与非酒精性脂肪性肝病之间的关系。 结果健康成人肝尾叶与不同程度的脂肪肝病人肝尾叶的上下径、前后径、横径及肝右叶横径、最大斜径均在统计学上显著性差异（P<0.05）,在各径线中重度脂肪肝>中度脂肪肝>轻度脂肪肝>正常肝脏;轻、中、重度脂肪肝肝尾叶横径与肝右叶横径比值,以及肝尾叶上下径与肝右叶最大斜径比值均比较接近,无显著性差异。 结论肝尾状叶与右叶各径线变化与非酒精性脂肪性肝病轻重程度密切相关,肝尾叶与右叶径线的（P>0.05）比值变化与非酒精性脂肪肝病轻重程度关系不密切。       

脑节细胞胶质瘤MRI表现与临床病理联系

目的：探讨脑节细胞胶质瘤的MRI与临床病理的特点。方法：回顾分析20例脑节细胞胶质瘤的MRI和临床病理特点。结果：病灶全部为单发,幕上18例,幕下2例。额叶8例,颞叶7例,顶叶、枕顶叶、额颞叶及小脑、延颈髓各1例。17例为术前检出肿瘤,3例为术后检出肿瘤,其中2例为原发灶复发,1例为非原发灶部位新发肿瘤。MRI上肿瘤信号呈多样性,根据MRI表现可分囊性为主型和实性为主型,增强后,肿瘤强化呈多样性,囊性为主型可无强化或伴壁结节强化,实性为主型可局灶强化、弥漫强化。瘤周水肿多较轻或无。脑电联合同步功能磁共振成像结果显示,最大激活区与病理灶位置一致。结论：脑节细胞胶质瘤的MRI表现具有一定特征性,结合应用脑电联合同步功能磁共振成像有助于临床术前评价。     

儿童大脑局限性皮质发育障碍磁共振影像与临床分析

目的探讨儿童大脑局限性皮质发育障碍的MRI表现及与临床疾病之间的关系。方法搜集儿童17例大脑局限性皮质发育障碍的病例,其中男14例,女3例,回顾性分析MRI表现。结果局限性皮质发育障碍的病例中,额叶发育不良4例,中央前后回皮质发育不良2例,顶叶皮质发育不良2例,颞叶皮质发育不良3例,顶枕叶皮质发育不良1例,额顶叶皮质发育不良4例,颞顶枕皮质发育不良1例,其中3例伴有胼胝体发育不成熟。各种局限性皮质发育障碍病变的临床症状以癫痫与精神发育迟滞最常见,临床表现一般与病变的范围和位置有关。结论儿童大脑局限性皮质发育障碍在大脑皮质发育障碍占有重要地位,表现部位各异,临床表现不同,应引起人们的重视。     

下叶肺结核的CT诊断

目的：探讨下叶肺结桉的CT表现。方法：对我院34例下叶肺结桉的CT资料进行回顾性分析。结果：右肺下叶14例，左肺下叶9例，双肺下叶11例；其中：漫润型15例，肺炎型12例，肺不张型3例，肿块型4例。结论：下叶肺结核的CT表现多不典型，应全面分析。     

PET脑皮质分区法在AD诊断中的应用

目的：采用PET脑皮质分区法，在目视法基础上，结合脑皮质/小脑计数比值半定量分析对AD进行研究。方法：研究对象分为4组：正常对照组、轻、中、重度AD各15例。全部受检者行PET脑静态显像，经计算机处理获得横断面影像。在横断面影像上将脑皮质进行分区，即上额叶、中额叶、下额叶、上颞叶、中颞叶、下颞叶、上顶叶和下顶叶，双侧脑皮质共16个脑区。应用目视法观察各脑区的横断层影像，并将脑皮质各区放射性计数与小脑放射性计数相除，获得各脑区/小脑计数比值。结果：15例正常人可见大脑皮质各区放射性摄取呈双侧对称性均匀分布，并计算出了正常人各脑区计数比值。45例AD均可见脑内有放射性减低区。AD病人大脑皮质放射性减低区的范围随痴呆程度加重而扩大。轻度AD脑代谢比值仅在下顶叶和中颞叶与正常对照组有显著性差异；中度AD则扩大到上、下顶叶，上额叶和上、中颞叶；重度AD则整个脑区都有显著性差异。结论：脑皮质分区法对AD诊断较传统脑叶法更为精确，尤其对AD早期诊断更有意义。     

Contents and secretion of glucagon and insulin in rat pancreatic islets from the viewpoint of their localization in pancreas

Regional difference in secretion of glucagon and insulin from the rat pancreatic islets and their contents in pancreatic tissue and islets were studied. The glucagon content in the normal rat pancreas was the highest at the splenic part followed in order by the gastric, choledochal and duodenal parts. The effect of alloxan on the glucagon content was stronger in the dorsal lobe (combined gastric and splenic parts) than in the ventral lobe (combined duodenal and choledochal parts), and more increase of glucagon was found. The size of pancreatic islets was similar between the dorsal and the ventral lobe. The glucagon content in the islets was significantly higher in the dorsal lobe than in the ventral lobe, but the insulin content in the islets was similar in both lobes. The release of insulin from cultured pancreatic islets from the dorsal lobe was similar to that from the ventral lobe, but the release of glucagon was significantly high from the cultured islets of the former in the presence of glucose or arginine compared with that from the latter. Also in isolated pancreatic islets the release of glucagon was significantly more marked in the islets from the dorsal lobe by arginine administration. These findings show that the islets from the dorsal lobe secrete and contain more glucagon than those from the ventral lobe in contrast to there being a similar amount of release of insulin between them.     

难治性颞叶癫痫患者棘波灶及海马突触损伤的电镜观察

目的研究颞叶癫痫皮层棘波灶及海马突触的病理变化。方法原发性难治性颞叶癫痫行手术治疗患者9例，手术中在皮层脑电监测下取棘波灶的颞叶大脑皮质和海马组织，电镜下观察。结果颞叶皮质和海马突触数量及突触结构改变。缩论颡叶皮层和海马超微结构的改变，特别是突触重组，可能是癫痫反复自发性发作的形态学基础，该病理变化与痫样活动的产生及神经系统的兴奋抑制平衡失调有关。     

基于体素的COPD肺叶损伤及空间分布研究

目的 利用基于体素的定量CT，分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease，COPD) 患者的肺叶损伤程度及空间分布特点。方法 在“数字肺”多研究中心中连续性纳入双气相扫描的COPD患者，测定小气道病变（functional small-airway disease, fSAD）和肺气肿（emphysema, Emph）的定量值；使用方差分析或秩和检验分析COPD各个肺叶之间肺气肿及小气道病变的肺叶损伤程度及肺叶分布差异；并进行各个肺叶的定量CT分布与肺功能的相关性分析。结果 最终纳入COPD患者50例。肺气肿及小气道病变均为右肺中叶损伤最重，其次是两肺上叶，而两肺下叶的损伤程度最轻；肺气肿及小气道病变均主要分布于左肺上叶，其次是右肺上叶，而右肺中叶的分布最少；两肺下叶的Emph和fSAD与FEV1%的相关性较好。结论 COPD患者肺叶的损伤程度以右肺中叶及两肺上叶为重，尤其是右肺中叶；对于病变的分布，肺气肿和小气道病变主要分布于左肺上叶，其次是右肺上叶；而两肺下叶对COPD患者肺功能的影响更大。     

左右肘静脉注射对比剂对胸部CT血管成像的影响

目的：探讨左右肘静脉注射对比剂对胸部CT血管成像（CTA）的影响。方法将60例胸部CTA检查患者随机分为2组,每组30例,分别进行左右肘静脉注射对比剂,其他参数相同。扫描完成后,测量并比较降主动脉、肺动脉主干、右下肺动脉、左上肺动脉、左下肺动脉、右下肺静脉、左上肺静脉、左下肺静脉的CT强化值,并对胸部血管成像质量进行评价。结果2组患者的降主动脉、肺动脉主干、右下肺动脉、左上肺动脉、左下肺动脉、右下肺静脉、左上肺静脉、左下肺静脉的CT强化值分别为：（342.42±52.63）Hu和（369.04±88.87）Hu、（389.72±126.36）Hu和（411.46±110.98）Hu、（366.63±124.84）Hu和（392.67±115.59）Hu、（389.19±128.99）Hu和（390.24±114.47）Hu、（388.64±127.37）Hu和（404.64±124.47）Hu、（361.84±73.87）Hu和（370.40±91.42）Hu、（384.19±78.50）Hu和（401.68±96.32）Hu、（377.10±81.07）Hu和（388.59±74.89）Hu,差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。结论胸部CTA成像时,采用左右肘静脉注射对比剂,对血管的强化程度无明显影响。     

声触诊组织量化技术测量肝硬度的可重复性研究

目的：研究声触诊组织量化（virtual touch tissues quantification,VTQ）技术测量肝硬度的可重复性.方法：应用德国西门子公司ACUSON S2000超声诊断仪对104例慢性乙型肝炎患者进行VTQ测量.104例患者中,男性81例、女性23例;平均年龄（46.2±12.7）岁.每位患者分别由2位医师行VTQ测量：1位为从事超声诊断工作20年的高年资医师,1位为低年资住院医师.每位医师对受检者的肝左、右叶分别测量5次,采用组内相关系数（intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC）评价测量VTQ的一致性.结果：高年资医师所测肝左叶及右叶VTQ值分别为（2.07±0.73）m/s与（1.83±0.63） m/s,住院医师所测VTQ值分别为（2.19±0.80）m/s与（1.82±0.69）m/s,2位医师对肝左叶测量VTQ的一致性好（ICC=0.859）,肝右叶测量VTQ的一致性很好（ICC=0.922）,肝右叶VTQ值的观察者间一致性较左叶好.高年资医师所测肝左、右叶VTQ值间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）,肝左、右叶VTQ的一致性尚可（ICC=0.589）;住院医师所测的肝左、右叶VTQ值间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）,肝左、右叶VTQ的一致性尚可（ICC=（0.510）.结论：VTQ技术检测肝硬度的重复性好,该技术可作为无创性评价肝纤维化的新方法.     

儿童自身免疫性脑炎MRI特点

目的 观察儿童自身免疫性脑炎（AE）的头部MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析16例临床确诊AE患儿的头部MRI表现，并进行MRI分型：1型，颅内无病变；2型，边缘叶型；3型，边缘叶外型；4型，混合型；2~4型均为异常表现。结果 16例AE中，头部MRI诊断为1型8例，3、4型各4例，未见2型病例。8例3、4型AE中，5例主要累及额叶、颞叶、岛叶、顶叶及基底核、海马等，表现为点状或斑片状T2WI及T2液体衰减反转恢复（FLAIR）高信号、弥散加权成像（DWI）等信号；2例主要累及颞叶、额叶、顶叶、岛叶及海马，表现为点状或斑片状T2WI及T2 FLAIR高信号、DWI高信号，其中1例大脑皮层增厚；1例小脑萎缩。结论 50% AE患儿存在脑部异常，主要累及是颞叶、额叶、岛叶及海马，MRI主要表现为T2WI、T2 FLAIR高信号。     

放射性核素甲状腺锥体叶显像的临床意义探讨

目的 :探讨甲状腺锥体叶显像的临床意义。方法 :常规肘静脉注射99mTcO-4 后 3 0分钟甲状腺静态显像 ,对 5 4例健康志愿者 ,2 60例甲状腺机能亢进症患者和 88例非甲亢患者行甲状腺静态显像 ,观察各组甲状腺锥体叶的出现情况。结果 :5 4例正常人中有 1例锥体叶阳性 ,2 60例甲亢患者中 78例锥体叶阳性 ,88例对照组中 3例锥体叶阳性 ,甲亢患者锥体叶阳性率明显高于正常人和非甲亢患者 (P <0 0 5 ) ;锥体叶阳性对甲亢诊断的敏感性为 3 0 0 % ,特异性为 96 6%。锥体叶可位于峡部或一叶上方 ,多呈舌状 ,放射性分布略低于左右叶 ,大小不等。甲亢术后原有锥体叶可长大。甲状腺癌可累及锥体叶。结论 :甲状腺锥体叶显像有助于甲亢、甲状腺癌的临床诊断、治疗。     

Dissociable concurrent activity of lateral and medial frontal lobe during negative feedback processing

External feedback on results of one's behavior guides flexible adaptation to changing environments. It has been suggested that the lateral and medial parts of the frontal lobe are responsible for cognitive and emotional functions, respectively. In the present fMRI study, multiple mental components evoked by the presentation of negative feedback were dissociated along the cognitive-emotional axis in set-shifting paradigms. The double dissociation of the concurrent feedback-related activity was observed in the right frontal lobe: the lateral frontal lobe was associated with the inferential component, whereas the medial frontal lobe was associated with the emotional component. However, among the multiple right lateral frontal regions, a region of interest (ROI) analysis indicated that the inferential component was not dominant in the region near the inferior frontal junction. The medial frontal activations were observed ventral and anterior to the presupplementary motor area, and dorsal and posterior to the anterior cingulate cortex. The double dissociation in the right frontal lobe suggests that the lateral and medial frontal lobe cooperatively but differentially contributes to the negative feedback processing, demonstrating the lateral-medial dichotomy of the frontal lobe functions suggested by previous neuropsychological studies. At the same time, the functional heterogeneity in the lateral and medial frontal lobe demands modifications of the traditional view of the functional organization of the frontal lobe.     

Lobar atrophy of the liver

Lobar atrophy of the liver due to causes other than liver tumor or liver cirrhosis is a relatively rare pathological condition, and there are only a few reports in the literature. We report six such cases and try to evaluate the relationship between lobar atrophy and portal flow disturbance. The patients could be divided into two groups according to the site of the atrophy: those with atrophy of the left lobe (two cases) and those with atrophy of the right lobe (four cases). The two cases with atrophy of the right lobe had hepatholithiasis in the involved segments, but the cause was not determined in the remaining four cases. In all six cases, portal flow disturbance was noted, including invisibility of the portal vein in four cases, narrowing in one case, and portal thrombus in one case. Collateral circulation was not recognized in any of our cases. Of interest is the mode of lobar atrophy. Atrophy of the right lobe was always associated with marked enlargement of the left lobe, but that of the left lobe did not induce an enlargement of the right lobe. Received: 14 November 1996/Accepted: 24 December 1996     

Voxel-based morphometry of unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy reveals abnormalities in cerebral white matter

Voxel-based morphometric (VBM) investigations of temporal lobe epilepsy have focused on the presence and distribution of gray matter abnormalities. VBM studies to date have identified the expected abnormalities in hippocampus and extrahippocampal temporal lobe, as well as more diffuse abnormalities in the thalamus, cerebellum, and extratemporal neocortical areas. To date, there has not been a comprehensive VBM investigation of cerebral white matter in nonlesional temporal lobe epilepsy. This study examined 25 lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy patients (13 left, 12 right) and 62 healthy controls in regard to both temporal and extratemporal lobe gray and white matter. Consistent with prior reports, gray matter abnormalities were evident in ipsilateral hippocampus and ipsilateral thalamus. Temporal and extratemporal white matter was affected ipsilateral to the side of seizure onset, in both left and right temporal lobe epilepsy groups. These findings indicate that chronic temporal lobe epilepsy is associated not only with abnormalities in gray matter, but also with concomitant abnormalities in cerebral white matter regions that may affect connectivity both within and between the cerebral hemispheres.     

耳垂血、指尖血肝功能测定准确性的探讨

目的探讨耳垂血、指尖血肝功能测定的准确性。方法29例志愿者同时采集耳垂血、指尖血和静脉血,并分析其丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)测定值的差异。结果耳垂血、指尖血ALT与静脉血相比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但耳垂血、指尖血AST均高于静脉血,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),定量分析分别高14.21%和9.68%。结论耳垂血、指尖血ALT与静脉血相似,但AST显著高于静脉血,临床测定时需作相应校正。     

慢性肝炎肝硬化病肝左右肝叶体积变化规律

目的用实测法观察肝脏移植手术中切除的慢性肝炎肝硬化患者的病肝左、右叶体积分别占全肝体积比例的变化趋势。方法选择华西医院肝移植中心从2005年6月至2006年6月肝移植术中切除的48例慢性肝炎肝硬化病肝,用排水法测量体积,测量其左肝体积及其占全肝的体积比例的平均值,再探讨肝硬化左肝比率的变化规律。结果慢性肝炎终末期肝硬化的肝脏,左肝叶体积占全肝的体积比率的平均值为（45.8±11.3）%;右肝体积占全肝的体积比率的平均值为（54.2±11.3）%。终末期肝硬化肝脏与正常肝脏比较,在左右肝叶体积都减小的前提下,右肝叶减小的程度显著大于左肝叶。结论慢性肝炎肝硬化时肝左叶体积占全肝体积比率比正常肝脏有明显的增大。