氯己定全身擦浴对中心导管相关血流感染的影响

目的探讨氯己定全身擦浴对ICU行中心动脉/静脉置管患者导管尖端细菌定植率、中心导管相关血流感染发生率的影响。方法将241例中心静脉或动脉置管患者,按照时间顺序分组,2015年2~7月118例为对照组,2015年8月至2016年1月123例为干预组,两组均实施中心静脉或动脉置管常规护理,在此基础上,对照组采用温水全身擦浴,干预组采用氯己定全身擦浴,观察两组预防中心导管相关血流感染的效果。结果两组导管尖端细菌定植率及中心导管相关血流感染发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论对ICU行中心动脉/静脉置管患者行氯己定全身擦浴,可减少导管尖端细菌定植,降低中心导管相关血流感染的发生率。     

重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原菌分布及耐药性研究

目的:了解重症监护病房( ICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌的菌群分布及其耐药性状况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法:细菌鉴定及药敏试验应用英国先德Tiek微生物鉴定药敏分析仪,药敏结果分析应用spss13.0软件进行分类分析.结果:ICU近四年来,呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)痰标本中共分离出致病菌538株,其中革兰阴性杆菌373株,分离率69.3％,铜绿假单胞菌居首位;革兰阳性球菌143株,分离率26.6％,金黄色葡萄菌居首位;真菌22株,分离率4.1％.大多数致病菌对亚胺硫霉素、万古霉素及奎奴普汀/达福普汀保持较高的敏感率,对其他抗生素耐药率较高,并呈逐年上升趋势.结论:VAP病原菌种类多而复杂,呈多重耐药.应重视并强调对抗生素药物的合理应用,加强耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物,提高治愈率.     

外科重症监护病房老年患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关因素分析及防治

目的：了解外科重症监护病房（SICU）老年患者呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的发生率、病死率、易感因素,指导VAP的临床防治。方法：对近3年内我院SICU65例机械通气的老年患者进行回顾性分析。结果：VAP发生率为66．2％,病死率为67．4％,长时间机械通气及高APACHE Ⅱ分、低GCS分和不恰当初始抗菌治疗等是VAP的易感因素。结论：在SICU病房,通过有效的防治措施,可降低老年患者VAP的发生率,提高治愈率。     

预防外科ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎的护理

<正>呼吸机相关性肺炎(Ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)是指接受机械通气48 h后或气管拔管48 h以内发生的肺炎,是机械通气治疗最常见的并发症之一[1]。根据患者人群不同,呼吸机相关性肺炎的患病率为6%⁵2%。与其他住院患者相比,ICU收治患者病种复杂、病情危重、侵入性操作多,是医院感染的高发区,VAP的患病率增加1052%。与其他住院患者相比,ICU收治患者病种复杂、病情危重、侵入性操作多,是医院感染的高发区,VAP的患病率增加10²0倍[2]。VAP会造成患者脱机困难,延长住院时间,增加经济负担,严重者会导致死亡[3]。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎患者下呼吸道和胃液分离菌的分布特点及耐药性分析

目的 监测呼吸内科重症监护病房(ICU)中呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者下呼吸道、肺部及胃液标本病原菌的分布，测定其药敏，为临床治疗VAP提供选药依据。方法 采集患者的痰、下呼吸道分泌物、保护性毛刷刷检物(PSB)、肺泡灌洗液(BAL)、气囊上滞留物和胃液标本，分离菌应用棚细菌鉴定系统鉴定，药敏检测应用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法，统计软件应用WHONET5．1软件。结果 呼吸道标本共分离出513株病原菌，革兰阴性杆菌416株．占总分离菌的81．1％，其中以铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌居多，分别占31．4％和25．7％，革兰阳性球菌32株，以金黄色葡萄球菌居多，占3．5％。酵母样真菌65株，白色念珠菌居多，占5．1％。胃液标本共分离出病原菌120株，其中革兰阴性杆菌73株(60．8％)，革兰阳性球菌15株(12．5％)，酵母样真菌32株(26．7％)。铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林(AMK)较敏感，耐药率为11．9％，其次是头孢吡肟(FEP)、亚胺培南(IMP)和头孢他啶(CAZ)，耐药率分别为23．4％、29．8％和36．4％。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南较敏感，耐药率为13．8％，对其他抗菌药物的耐药率多在80％以上。大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美洛培南(ME)较敏感，耐药率分别为0和2、7％。金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素(VAN)100％敏感，对苯唑西林(OXA)的耐药率已达55．6％。白色念珠菌对两性霉素B(AMPHO)和氟胞嘧啶(FLUl)较敏感，耐药率均为4．5％，所有分离的酵母样真菌对灰黄霉素(GRIS)的耐药率较高，在83％以上。结论 ICU中呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的感染菌多为多重耐药菌，一旦怀疑感染．则应立即经验性应用足量的广谱抗菌药物，以降低感染的死亡率。     

查验表在预防ICU患者呼吸机相关性肺炎中的应用

目的探讨查验表在预防ICU患者呼吸机相关性肺炎中的应用效果。方法选取机械通气患者41例作为对照组,实施预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的常规措施;44例患者作为观察组,采用查验表对执行呼吸机相关性肺炎防控措施进行落实。结果两组呼吸机相关性肺炎相关预防措施执行率及呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。结论查验表的应用有助于提高预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的各项防治措施落实,降低呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。     

ICU护士预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的循证护理认知调查

目的 了解lCU护士预防呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)循证护理的认知现状及影响因素.方法 采用自行设计的问卷调查表,对江苏省某地区危重症护理人员专科知识培训班的72名学员进行问卷调查.结果 ICU护士预防VAP循证护理的认知评分为4.54±1.55.影响其认知的因素有不同的科室、学历、ICU工作年限等.阻碍护士认知的主要因素有"科室没有预防VAP的教育墙报或操作图片强化学习和提醒、没有可依从的预防VAP的护理指南和操作规范"等.结论 应加强ICU护士VAP专业知识的培训和循证护理教育,逐步完善相关的护理指南和操作规范,确保有效落实预防VAP的循证护理.     

ICU护理人员呼吸机相关性肺炎认知现况及其影响因素调查

目的了解ICU护理人员呼吸机相关性肺炎认知现状,探讨相关影响因素,为加强VAP护理教育和培训提供借鉴和参考。方法采用便利抽样法抽取江门市ICU护理人员,对其进行一般资料、VAP护理知识及其影响因素开展调查。结果 ICU护理人员VAP认知得分为(6.58±1.66)分,多元线性逐步回归分析结果表明,学历、职称和ICU工作年限进入回归方程。结论 ICU护理人员VAP知识欠缺,应加强VAP知识培训和学习。     

Incidence and risk factors for the development of acute renal failure in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia

AIM: Infections are one of the most important risk factors for the development of acute renal failure (ARF) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) has been reported as one of the most frequent infection in intensive care units (ICU). Sepsis, shock, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS), use of nephrotoxic antibiotics and mechanical ventilation are potential risk factors for development of ARF during VAP. The objective of the study was to evaluate the incidence of ARF in patients with VAP and the role of VAP-related potential risk factors in the development of ARF. METHODS: One hundred and eight patients who were admitted to the pulmonary ICU of a university hospital and developed VAP were included in this prospective observational cohort study. Only first episodes of VAP were studied. Diagnosis was based on microbiologically confirmed clinical findings. Potential outcome variables including responsible pathogens, recurrence, polymicrobial aetiology, bacteraemia, multidrug resistance of microorganisms, late/early VAP and sepsis and other known risk factors for development of ARF were evaluated. Risk factors were analysed by logistic regression analysis for significance. RESULTS: Incidence of ARF was 38% (n = 41). Pneumonia with multidrug resistant pathogens (odds ratio, (OR) 5; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 1.5-18; P = 0.011), sepsis (OR, 5.6; 95%CI, 1.7-18; P = 0.005) and severity of admission disease (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score: OR, 1.1; 95%CI, 1.02-1.3; P = 0.017) were independent risk factors for the development of ARF during VAP episodes in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: These results showed that the incidence of ARF is high during the VAP episodes and that VAP developed with multidrug resistant pathogens and sepsis have an independent effect on the development of ARF.     

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目的分析重症加强治疗病房呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原菌分布特点及变迁。方法对中国医科大学附属第一医院重症加强治疗病房(ICU)2003年1月至2006年12月间VAP病人的痰培养病原菌及药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果4年中ICU中VAP发生率为19.1%。铜绿假单胞菌为最常见菌,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌4年中均排在前6位。金黄色葡萄球菌在2003-2005年间逐年增加,2006年有所下降;脑膜败血黄杆菌在2005、2006年分离率明显下降;近两年肺炎克雷伯杆菌的分离率增加。2004年铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗生素耐药率高(均在75%以上)。4年中对亚胺培南的耐药率均超过40%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和左氧氟沙星耐药率较低,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对复方磺胺甲恶唑、环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星耐药率较低。分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)所占比例高。结论铜绿假单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌等非发酵菌仍为VAP主要致病菌。4年中VAP致病菌的分布特点和耐药性发生了改变。     

NICU环境卫生监测及医院感染的多中心现况调查

目的了解NICU环境卫生监测及医院感染的现况,为NICU医院感染管理和控制提供依据。方法选取7所综合性儿童医院NICU进行为期6个月的医院环境监测、医务人员手卫生依从性调查及医院感染病例监测。结果各医院NICU常规环境卫生监测合格率为98.87%,医院呼吸机相关性肺炎和中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的平均发生率分别为3.78‰和1.63‰,医院感染发生率与常规环境卫生监测合格率没有相关性。医务人员手卫生依从性为51.56%~67.19%。结论 NICU医院感染应更注重目标监测,医护人员的手卫生依从性有待加强,多中心调查可为全国范围内NICU医院感染管理和控制提供依据。     

Outcomes from intensive care in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to high demand for intensive care services worldwide. However, the mortality of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with COVID-19 is unclear. Here, we perform a systematic review and meta-analysis, in line with PRISMA guidelines, to assess the reported ICU mortality for patients with confirmed COVID-19. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane databases up to 31 May 2020 for studies reporting ICU mortality for adult patients admitted with COVID-19. The primary outcome measure was death in intensive care as a proportion of completed ICU admissions, either through discharge from the ICU or death. The definition thus did not include patients still alive on ICU. Twenty-four observational studies including 10,150 patients were identified from centres across Asia, Europe and North America. In-ICU mortality in reported studies ranged from 0 to 84.6%. Seven studies reported outcome data for all patients. In the remaining studies, the proportion of patients discharged from ICU at the point of reporting varied from 24.5 to 97.2%. In patients with completed ICU admissions with COVID-19 infection, combined ICU mortality (95%CI) was 41.6% (34.0–49.7%), I² = 93.2%). Sub-group analysis by continent showed that mortality is broadly consistent across the globe. As the pandemic has progressed, the reported mortality rates have fallen from above 50% to close to 40%. The in-ICU mortality from COVID-19 is higher than usually seen in ICU admissions with other viral pneumonias. Importantly, the mortality from completed episodes of ICU differs considerably from the crude mortality rates in some early reports.     

Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of delirium in adults admitted to the intensive care unit or post-operative care unit: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis

Objectives

To assess any benefit or harm, we conducted a systematic review of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) allocating adults to dexmedetomidine versus placebo/no intervention for the prevention of delirium in intensive care or post-operative care units.

Data Sources

We searched Medline, Embase, CENTRAL and other databases. The last search was 9 April 2022.

Data Extraction

Literature screening, data extraction and risk of bias volume 2 assessments were performed independently and in duplicate. Primary outcomes were occurrences of serious adverse events (SAEs), delirium and all-cause mortality. We used meta-analysis, Trial Sequential Analysis, and GRADE (Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation).

Data Synthesis

Eighty-one RCTs (15,745 patients) provided data for our primary outcomes. Results from trials at low risk of bias showed that dexmedetomidine may reduce the occurrence of the most frequently reported SAEs (relative risk [RR] 0.69; 95% CI 0.43–1.09), cumulated SAEs (RR 0.70; 95% CI 0.52–0.95) and the occurrence of delirium (RR 0.62; 95% CI 0.43–0.89). The certainty of evidence was very low for delirium. Mortality was very low in trials at low risk of bias (0.4% in the dexmedetomidine groups and 1.0% in the control groups) and meta-analysis did not provide conclusive evidence that dexmedetomidine may result in lower or higher all-cause mortality (RR 0.47; 95% CI 0.18–1.21). There was a lack of information from trial results at low risk of bias for all primary outcomes.

Conclusions

Trial results at low risk of bias showed that dexmedetomidine might reduce occurrences of SAEs and delirium, while no conclusive evidence was found for effects on all-cause mortality. The certainty of evidence ranged from very low for occurrence of delirium to low for the remaining outcomes.     

Mortality in patients admitted to intensive care with COVID-19: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause critical illness and deaths internationally. Up to 31 May 2020, mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) with COVID-19 was 41.6%. Since then, changes in therapeutics and management may have improved outcomes. Also, data from countries affected later in the pandemic are now available. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and Cochrane databases up to 30 September 2020 for studies reporting ICU mortality among adult patients with COVID-19 and present an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The primary outcome measure was death in intensive care as a proportion of completed ICU admissions, either through discharge from intensive care or death. We identified 52 observational studies including 43,128 patients, and first reports from the Middle East, South Asia and Australasia, as well as four national or regional registries. Reported mortality was lower in registries compared with other reports. In two regions, mortality differed significantly from all others, being higher in the Middle East and lower in a single registry study from Australasia. Although ICU mortality (95%CI) was lower than reported in June (35.5% (31.3–39.9%) vs. 41.6% (34.0–49.7%)), the absence of patient-level data prevents a definitive evaluation. A lack of standardisation of reporting prevents comparison of cohorts in terms of underlying risk, severity of illness or outcomes. We found that the decrease in ICU mortality from COVID-19 has reduced or plateaued since May 2020 and note the possibility of some geographical variation. More standardisation in reporting would improve the ability to compare outcomes from different reports.     

Factors associated with treatment limitations in two Swedish intensive care units: Prevalence and patient involvement

The aim was to study the prevalence, documentation, and patient involvement in treatment limitations (TLs) in two Swedish intensive care units (ICUs). All patients admitted to the ICUs of two Swedish regional hospitals in 2019 were screened for inclusion. Exclusion criteria included postanesthesia care <24 h. Patients were identified using the Swedish Intensive Care Registry (SIR) and data were extracted from SIR and hospital charts. Uni- and multivariable logistic analysis was performed to investigate associations with the presence of TLs. A total of 3090 patients were admitted to the two ICUs in 2019. After exclusion, 1019 patients were included in the study. 45.5% were women and the mean age was 62.9 years. 26.5% of the patients had one or several TLs. Age (OR 1.04 per one year increase 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.05), SAPS3-score (OR 1.08 per one unit increase 95% CI 1.06–1.09) and ICU length of stay (OR 1.11 per one day increase 95% CI 1.05–1.17) were independently associated with an increased likelihood of receiving a TL. 17% of the patients were involved in the decision-making process and in >30% of cases neither the patient nor next-of-kin were informed. Women were to a larger extent involved in the decision process than men (24.5 vs. 12.5% p < .05). When the intensivist documented why a TL was established, patient autonomy was four times more commonly stated as the motivation for the TL among women compared to men (15.5% vs. 3.8% p < .05). TLs were common in two Swedish ICUs but a substantial number of patients and next-of-kin were not involved in the decision-making process or informed of the decision. Women were more often than men engaged in the decision to establish a TL.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎患者下呼吸道病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析重症监护病房（ICU）呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）患者下呼吸道分离病原菌的分布及耐药性。方法回顾性分析2008年7月—2011年12月温州市第三人民医院综合性ICU接受有创机械通气治疗的1324例患者的临床资料。根据患者发生VAP的时间将其分为早发性VAP（EOP,于气管插管后4d内发生）和晚发性VAP（LOP,气管插管4d后发生）。采用,检验和t检验比较2组患者下呼吸道分离的病原菌构成和药敏结果等。结果1324例患者中,552例发生VAP,发生率为41．7％,其中EOP患者74例（5．6％）,LOP患者382例（28．9％）,二者均发生96例（7．3％）。EOP患者分离前6位的病原菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌（72株,22．6％）、铜绿假单胞菌（45株,14．1％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（32株,10．0％）、白假丝酵母菌（31株,9．7％）、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌（31株,9．7％）和金黄色葡萄球菌（28株,8．8％）;LOP患者分离前6位的病原菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌（235株,21．2％）、白假丝酵母菌（201株,18．1％）、铜绿假单胞菌（111株,10．0％）、光滑假丝酵母菌（86株,7．8％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（81株,7．3％）和金黄色葡萄球菌（46株,4．2％）。其中,EOP患者金黄色葡萄球菌的分离率明显高于LOP患者（∥=10．780,P=0．002）,而白假丝酵母菌的分离率明显低于LOP患者（X2=12．907,P=0．000）。无论EOP还是LOP患者,革兰阴性杆菌（特别是鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌）的耐药形势均较为严重;金黄色葡萄球菌中大部分为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（EOP患者：67．9％,19／28;LOP患者：63．o％,29／46）;真菌中的白假丝酵母菌和光滑假丝酵母菌对目前临床常用抗真菌药物的敏感性较好。结论EOP与LOP患者下呼吸道分离的菌株均以革兰阴性菌为主,菌株耐药形势不容乐观。     

Admission to dedicated pediatric cardiac intensive care units is associated with decreased resource use in neonatal cardiac surgery

Objective

Neonates undergoing congenital heart surgery require highly specialized, resource-intensive care. Location of care and degree of specialization can vary between and within institutions. Using a multi-institutional cohort, we sought to determine whether location of admission is associated with an increase in health care costs, resource use and mortality.